24MAT11

APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS-I

Module 1: Elements of Linear Algebra

Module 2: Applied Linear Algebra and its Properties
Module 3: Differential Calculus
Module 4: Multivariable Derivatives

Common for All Branches

(AIM, CSE, CDS, ECE, EEE & MEE)

↓
 MODULE - 2

APPLIED LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS

PROPERTIES
 Course Code: Course:

24MAT11 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS-I

Syllabus:

Module 3:

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS:

Importance of cartesian and polar coordinate system:

➢ Angle between the radius vector and tangent,

➢ Angle between two curves,
➢ Pedal equation for polar curves.

Curvature and radius of curvature: Cartesian, Parametric, Polar and Pedal forms.

Applications: Math.h header file in C-programming, Digital gadgets, Handling different

geometries.
The math.h header file in C programming contains a large number of mathematical tools,
including:

• Trigonometry functions like sine, cosine, and tangent

• Exponential functions

• Logarithmic functions

• Absolute values

• Square roots

C mathematical operations are a group of functions in the C programming language's standard library
that implement basic mathematical functions. All functions use floating-point numbers in one way or
another.

A C header file is a text file that contains pieces of code written in the C programming language. The
name of a header file usually ends with the .h extension. To insert a header file inside a program, use
the #include preprocessor directive.

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses differential calculus to

study the geometry of smooth shapes and spaces. The two fields differ in their focus and the units
used:

• Differential calculus

Studies the rate of change of functions. The derivative of a function at a point is the slope of the
tangent line to the function's graph at that point. In differential calculus, the horizontal and vertical
units are typically different, such as height and time.

• Differential geometry

Studies the geometry of smooth shapes and spaces, also known as smooth manifolds. In differential
geometry, the vertical and horizontal units share the same dimensions. Differential geometry uses
techniques from differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra, and multilinear algebra.

Differential geometry has applications in many areas of mathematics and the natural sciences. For
example, Albert Einstein used differential geometry in his theory of general relativity.

Application of Calculus in Digital gadgets (Electrical Engineering)

Calculus forms the backbone of Electrical Engineering. It's instrumental in circuit analysis, signal
processing, electromagnetism, control systems, and in the understanding of most of the electrical
and electronic systems.

In circuit analysis, you frequently deal with electrical quantities that change over time, such as
voltages, currents, and powers. Differentiation and integration, the key operations of calculus, are
used to describe these changes mathematically. They allow you to model and analyse dynamic
circuits accurately.

The applications of calculus extend to signal processing and electromagnetism as well. Calculus helps
in decoding the details of complex waves and their behaviours using Fourier and Laplace
transformations. In electromagnetism, calculus elucidates the relationship between electric fields,
magnetic fields, current, and charge.
 MODULE – 4

MULTIVARIABLE DERIVATIVES
Module 5: Modular Arithmetic

for AIM, CSE & CDS Branches

↓
 Module-5

MODULAR ARITHMETIC
Module 5: Vector Calculus

for ECE & EEE Branches

↓
 MODULE 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

CONTENTS:

1). List of useful formulae.

2) Derivative of vector valued functions.
3). Velocity and Acceleration.
4). Scalar and Vector point functions-Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal and
Irrotational vector fields.
5). Vector identities-div(ɸA), curl (ɸA ), curl( grad ɸ), div(curl A) and curl(curl A).
6). Applications: Potential functions

If
 = ̂ +  ̂ +
LIST OF USEFUL FORMULAE.

Velocity =  = and Acceleration =  =

1) is the position vector then
  
  
grad ∅ = ∇∅ = ̂  + ̂  +
∅ ∅ ∅

2) = vector normal to the surface.
∇∅
Unit vector normal to the surface=|∇∅|.
Normal derivative |∇∅|.
3)
4)

5) Directional derivative ==∇∅. 

6) Directional derivative is maximum in direction of ∇∅ with magnitude |∇∅|.

Angle between two surfaces ∅  ∅

∇∅ .∇∅
is cos! =|∇∅ "||∇∅ |
" 
7)

$ = # ̂ + # ̂ + #% ,then div #
If # $ = &" + & + &'
  
8)

̂ ̂
$ = # ̂ + # ̂ + #% , curl #
If # $ =)   
)
  
# # #%
9)

$ = 0 → #
div # $ is solenoidal.
$ = 0 → #
curl # $ is irrotational.
10)
11)
DERIVATIVE OF VECTOR VALUED FUNCTIONS.
Introduction
Forces are three dimensional quantities, most of the work of engineers and scientists involves
forces. Associated with these forces are acceleration and velocity. Forces, acceleration and velocity
are common example of vectors.

If to each value of scalar variable t, there corresponds a value of a vector
, then
 is called a vector
Vector Function

function of the scalar variable t and we write
 =
,-. /

 = $$$$$$$$

0,-. .
For example, the position vector
 of a particle moving along a curved path is a vector function of
time t, a scalar.

$$$$$$$$ = 0 ,-.̂ + 0 ,-. ̂ + 0% ,-.

Since every vector can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of three fixed non-coplanar
vectors, therefore, we may write 0,-. where ̂, ̂, denote unit vectors
along the axis of x,y,z respectively , 0 ,-., 0 ,-., 0% ,-. $$$$$$$$
are components of 0,-. along the
coordinate axes.

$$$$$$$$ be the vector function of the scalar variable t, let 1- be the small increment in t and
Derivative of a vector function with respect to a scalar.
Let
 = 0,-.
1
 the corresponding increment in
.
Then
 + 1
 = 0,- + 1-. so that 1
 = 0,- + 1-. − 0,-.
4,5 3.64,.
=
3
3 3
And
4,5 3.64,.
If lim = lim
3 
3→: 3 3→: 3 
exists, then the value of this limit is denoted by and is called the

derivative of
 with respect to t.

  
  
Since is itself a vector function of t, its derivative is denoted by and is called the second

derivative of
 with respect to t. similarly, we can define higher order derivatives of
.

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION.If the scalar variable t denotes the time and
 is the
position vector of a moving particle P, then 1
 is the displacement of the particle in time 1-. The

is the average velocity of the particle during the interval 1-.If  represents the velocity
3
3
vector

vector of the particle at P, then  = lim =  , and its direction is along the tangent at P.
3 
3→: 3
If 1  be the change in velocity  during the time 1-, then
$
3;
3
is the average acceleration of the

particle during the interval 1-.If  represents the acceleration of the particle at P, then  =

lim = = < == .
$
3; $
;    
3→: 3     

WORKED EXAMPLES.
1. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration of a particle which moves along the curve
x=2sin3t, y=2cos3t, z=8t at any time t > 0.
Solution.

 =  +   + $
Here the position vector of any point on the given curve is

 = 2sin3t$ + 2cos3t  + 8t $
Velocity  ,t. =


= 6cos 3t$-6sin3t
 $+8 $
|$$$| = F,6H/I3-. + ,6IJ3-. + 8 = √100 = 10

Acceleration  ,t. =
;


= -18sin3t$ -18cos3t$
|
$$$$$| = F,−18IJ3-. + ,−18H/I3-. = √324 = 18

2.Find the tangential and normal component of its acceleration at t = 1,where the position vector of

 = t $ − t % $+t N $$$ .

a moving particle at time t is given by

 = t $ − t % $+t N $$$ .

Solution.

Velocity  ,t. =
Here


= 2t$-3t
 $+4t % $
 $+4 $
 ,t. = 2$-3
|$$$ ,-. | = √4 + 9 + 16 = √29
At t = 1

Acceleration  ,t. = 
;

=2$-6t
 $+12t $
 $+12 $
 ,t. = 2$-6
$. Q
Tangential componential of acceleration = P R
At t = 1

$.
= P
$
;
|;$|

 $+12 $ ).
T $
= (2$-6
$6%
S $$5NU
√ V
W:
√ V
=
 = | − , $$$.
 . $$$|
= X,2$ − 6$ + 12 $ . − ,2$ − 3$ + 4 $ .X
Normal component
YZ
√[\
],−^2$ − 36$ + 68 $ .]

V
=
√12644

V
=

= _
N%`
V
PROBLEMS
1. A particle moves along the curve x=2t , y=t − 4t, z=3t -5 at any time t > 0. Find the
 $+2 $
components of velocity and acceleration at time t = 1 in the direction $-3

[Ans. 8_ , −_ ]
N N
W W
2. A particle moves along the curve x=t % + 1, y=t , z=2t + 5 at any time t > 0. Find the
 $+3 $
components of velocity and acceleration at time t = 1 in the direction $-

[Ans. √11 , −_ ]
`N


SCALAR AND VECTOR POINT FUNCTIONS-GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE,

CURL, SOLENOIDAL AND IRROTATIONAL VECTOR FIELDS.

Scalar and vector field.

A variable quantity whose value at any point in a region of space depends upon the position of a
point, is called a point function. There are two types of point functions.

Scalar point function: Let R be a region of space at each point of which a scalar ∅ = ∅,, , . is
given, then ∅ is called a scalar function and R is called a scalar field.
Temperature and atmospheric pressure are examples of scalar point functions.

Vector point function. Let R be a region of space at each point of which a vector  = ,, , . is
given, then  is called a vector function and R is called a vector field.
Gravitational force and velocity of moving fluid are examples of vector point function.
In many practical problems, like electric field due to static charge or temperature change due to
heat flow, it is require to measure rate of change of a scalar point function. The first development of
this was the concept of the gradient of a scalar point function.

Gradient.

Let ∅,, , . be a function defining a scalar field, then the vector ̂ + ̂ +

∅ ∅ ∅
  
is called the

gradient of the scalar field ∅ and is denoted by grad∅. Thus grad∅ = ̂ + ̂ +

∅ ∅ ∅
  
, gradient is

obtained by operating vector operator ̂ + ̂ + on ∅. This operator in denoted by ∇ known

  
  

as del or nabla. Thus grad ∅ = ∇∅.

Geometrically gradient of a scalar field ∅ is a vector normal to the surface ∅ = H and has a
magnitude equal to the rate of change of ∅ along normal.

Directional derivative is the rate of change of ∅,, , . along any direction and is given by
Directional derivative.

∇∅.  where  is unit vector along the required direction. Thus Directional Derivative = ∇∅. .
∇∅ gives maximum rate of change ∅ and the magnitude of this maximum is |∇∅|.

Rate of change of a vector point function can be obtained by combining ∇ with a vector a in two
Derivatives of a vector point function.

ways i.e., ∇. a and ∇ × a .

$ = # ̂ + # ̂ + #% $
Divergence of a vector field.
The divergence of a differentiable vector point function # is denoted by div #
$ = ∇. #
and is defined as div # $ = <̂  + ̂  + 
= . c# ̂ + # ̂ + #% d =
&"
+
&
+
&'
     
.

$ gives the rate of outflow per unit volume at a point of the

If we consider the motion of a fluid, div #
fluid.

$ = 0 everywhere in some region R of space, then #

$ is called solenoidal vector point
Solenoidal
If div #
function.

Curl of a vector point function

 $ = # ̂ + # ̂ + #%
The curl(or rotation) of a differentiable vector point function # is denoted by
$ and is defined as
curl #
̂ ̂
$ = ∇ × #
curl # $ = <̂ + ̂ +   
= × c# ̂ + # ̂ + #% d=)
  
)
     
# # #%

If we consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis with uniform angular velocity, then the
angular velocity at any point is equal to half the curl of the linear velocity at that point of the body.

$ = $0
$ is called irrotational, if curl #
Irrotational vector
Vector #

WORKED EXAMPLES:

1. If the surface ∅ = 3 −  % ,find

a) grad ∅ at the point (1,-2,-1).
b) Normal derivative and (c) Unit vector normal to the surface at (1,-2,-1).
Solution.

a) grad ∅ = ∇∅ = ,̂  + ̂  + ., 3 −  % .

  


, 3 −  % .+ ̂ (3 −  % .+ ,3 −  % .

  
  
=̂

=̂,6. + ̂,3 − 3 .+ ,−2 % .

= -12̂ − 9 ̂ − 16 at the point (1,-2,-1)
grad ∅ = -12̂ − 9 ̂ − 16

b) Normal derivative = |∇∅| = F,−12. + ,−9. + ,−16.

= √481
Normal derivative = √481
∇∅ 6 Ŝ6VT̂ 6`U
c) Unit vector normal to the surface = |∇∅| =
√Ne
□

2. Show that the angle between the surfaces  +  + = 9 and  +  − 3 =

point (2,- 1, 2) is H/I 6 ,%√ ..
e
at a

Proof. We know that the angle between two surfaces ∅  ∅

∇∅ .∇∅
is given by cos! =|∇∅ "||∇∅ |
" 
 Let ∅ =  +  + − 9 and ∅ = +  − 3 −
fg ghi jklmg , ,6, .
Then ∇∅ = 2̂ + 2 ̂ + 2 nooooooooooooop ∇∅ = 4̂ − 2 ̂ + 4
fg ghi jklmg , ,6, .
∇∅ = 2̂ + 2 ̂ − nooooooooooooop ∇∅ = 4̂ − 2 ̂ −

|∇∅ | = √16 + 4 + 16 = √36

|∇∅ | = √16 + 4 + 1 = √21

∇∅" .∇∅ c4Jq −2r+4 s d.,4Jq −2r− s . ` e

|∇∅" ||∇∅ | √ 36 √ 21 `√  %√ 
Now cos! = = = =

! = H/I 6 ,%√ ..

e

Hence proved □

3. Find directional derivative of the function 0 =  −  + 2 at the point P(1,2,3) in the

direction of the line PQ where Q is the point (5,0,4).
In what direction it will be maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum.

Solution. ∇0 = ,̂  + ̂  + .,  −  + 2 .
  


= ̂  ,  −  + 2 . + ̂  ,  −  + 2 . + , − +2 .
  

fg ghi jklmg ,, ,%.
=̂,2. + ̂,−2. + ,4 . noooooooooooop =2̂ − 4 ̂ + 12

Now, $$$$$
tu = vu $$$$$ = ,5̂ + 4 w. − ĉ + 2 ̂ + 3 d
$$$$$$ − vt

= 4̂ − 2 ̂ +
$$$$$ ,then
If  is a unit vector in the direction tu
4̂ − 2 ̂ + 4̂ − 2 ̂ +
 = =
√16 + 4 + 1 √21
Then Directional derivative in direction of $$$$$
tu =∇0. 

= (2̂ − 4 ̂ + 12 w. .
w
,NŜ6 T̂ 5 U.
√ 
e5e5 e
√  √ 
= =

The directional derivative is maximum in the direction of the normal to the given surface
i.e. in direction of ∇0 =2̂ − 4 ̂ + 12
The maximum value of this directional derivative =|∇0|=F,2. + ,−4. + ,12.
 =√164
□

4. If the directional derivative of  + x + H % at point (-1,1,2) has maximum

magnitude of 32 units in the direction parallel to y-axis,find a,b,c.

Solution. Let ∅ =  + x + H %

y z{,6,, .
=  + 3H noooooooop  + 12H
∅

y z{,6,, .
= 2 + x noooooooop 2x − 2
∅

y z{,6,, .
= x + 2H % noooooooop x − 4H
∅


So ∇∅ = 0̂ + 32 ̂ + 0
Directional derivative is maximum in direction of gradient,which is parallel to y-axis here

, + 12H.̂ + ,2x − 2. ̂ + ,x − 4H. = 0̂ + 32 ̂ + 0

, + 12H. = 0,,2x − 2. = 32,,x − 4H. = 0
Solving a=-12,b=4 and c=1.

5. If | =  +  + , =  +  + , } =  +  + , then show that grad u, grad v

□

and grad w are coplanar.

Solution. | =  +  + , = + + , } =  +  + 

=+
~ ; 
  
=1 =2
=+
~ ; 
  
=1 =2

=+
~ ; 
  
=1 =2

Now grad∅ = ∇∅ = ̂  + ̂  +
∅ ∅ ∅


So, ∇| = ̂  + ̂  + = ̂ + ̂ +
~ ~ ~


∇ = ̂  + ̂  + = 2x̂ +  ̂ + 2
; ; ;


∇} = ̂  + ̂  + = ,y + z.̂ + , + . ̂ + , + .
  

 ~ ~ ~

∇|   
1 1 1
) ; ; )
ƒ ∇ ƒ =  = ƒ 2 2 2 ƒ=0
;
)  )
+ + +

∇}   
  

Hence grad u, grad v and grad w are coplanar.

6. If
 = ̂ +  ̂ +
□

(i) ∇„/
= (ii) div
 = 3 (iii) curl
 = 0

, prove that



=∇„/

Solution. (i) Solving LHS

+ ̂ + ., „/
.
  
  
=(̂

+ ̂ +
,†‡ˆ. ,†‡ˆ. ,†‡ˆ.
  
=̂

= ̂ + ̂   +
     
   

= ̂   + ̂   + [
=  +  + , = , = , = ]
        
      

[as
 = ̂ +  ̂ + ]


=

(ii) div
 = ∇.
 =(̂  + ̂  + ..( ̂ +  ̂ + .

=RHS
  


+ +
,. ,. ,.
  
=
= 1+1+1
=3

(iii) curl
 = ∇ ×
 =(̂  + ̂  + . × ( ̂ +  ̂ + .

Hence proved
  

̂ ̂
=)   
)
  
 

= ̂ Š , . −  ,.‹ + ̂[ ,. −  , .] + [ ,. −  ,.]

     

= ̂,0. + ̂,0. + ,0.

$
=0
Hence proved

$ = , .̂ + ,3 . ̂ + ,

7. Find the divergence and curl of the vector # − . at the
point (2,-1,1).
 $ = ∇. #
Proof. div # $ =(̂ 
+ ̂

+

..[, .̂ + ,3 . ̂ + , − . ]
  

=  , . +  ,3 . +  , − .
  

= + 3 + 2 − 
=-1+12+4-1 at (2,-1,1)
= 14

$ = ∇ × #
curl # $ =(̂ 
+ ̂

+

. × , .̂ + ,3 . ̂ + , − .
  
̂ ̂
)
  
  
=)
 3   −

= ̂ Š , − .− ,3 .‹ + ̂[ , . − , − .] + [ ,3 . −

    
    

, .]


=−2 ̂ + , − . ̂ + ,6 −  .
= 2̂ − 3 ̂ − 4 at (2,-1,1)
□

8. Find div a and curl a where a =grad( % +  % + %

− 3 ..

Solution. a =grad ( % +  % + %
− 3 .
=(̂  + ̂  + )(  % +  % + − 3 .
   %

=,3 − 3 .̂ + ,3 − 3 . ̂ + ,3 − 3.

Then div a =  ,3 − 3 . +  ,3 − 3 . +  ,3 − 3.

  

=6 + 6 + 6

̂ ̂
curl a = ) )
  
  
,3 − 3 . ,3 − 3 . ,3 − 3.

s − 3 + 3. + s,− 3 + 3. + ,−3 + 3 .

$
=,
=0
□

9. If the vector a = , +  + 1.̂ + ̂ − , + . ,show that a . H|
„a = 0.

 ̂ ̂
curl a = ) )
  
  
, +  + 1. ,1. ,− − .
Solution.

s − 1 − 0. + s,0 + 1. + ,0 − 1..
=,

=−̂ + R −

Now a . H|
„a =[ , +  + 1.̂ + ̂ − , + . ].[−̂ + R −

=− −  − 1 + 1 +  + 
]

=0

10. If vector a = ,2 −  .̂ + ,3 +  . ̂ + ,4 − . find ∇. c∇ × a d.

Jq rq s
Solution. ∇ × $$
a=)
  
  
)
2 −  ,3 +  . ,4 − .

=̂ Š ,4 − 2.

−  ,3 + 2 .‹ + R Š ,2 − 2 . −  ,4 − 2 .‹
+ [ ,3 + 2 . −  ,2 −
     

2 .]

=̂[4 − 3] + R[0 − 0] + [2 + 2]

∇. <∇ × $$
a= =  ,1. +  ,0. +  ,2 + 2.
  

=0
□

11. If a =−̂ +  ̂ +  , is the velocity vector, find the value of angular velocity at (1,3,2).

Solution. Angular velocity = curl (linear velocity) = curl(−̂ +  ̂ +  .

 

̂ ̂
= ) )
   
  
,−. ,. , .
 s  − 0d + s,0 −  . + ,1 + 1.]
= Ž,


At (1,3,2) angular velocity =̂ − 3R +

□

12. If a = , + 3 + 4 .̂ + , − 2 + 3 . ̂ + ,3 + 2 − . is solenoidal find a.

Solution. If a is solenoidal means div a = 0

, + 3 + 4 . + , − 2 + 3 . + ,3 + 2 − .=0
  
  
− 2−1=0
=3
□

Show that a =   5  is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Ŝ5T̂
13.

Solution. div a =  <  5  = +  <  5 = +  ,0.

    

  5  6     5  6  
,  5  . ,  5  .
= +

=0

̂ ̂
Hence solenoidal

Curl a = )) )
  
   )
<  5 = <  5  = ,0.
 

s 0d + s,0. + , 6  + 6  .]
,  5  . ,  5  .
=Ž,

=0
Hence irrotational
□

1. Find Normal derivative for  + 2 + 3 = 6 at a point (1,1,1).

PROBLEMS

[Ans. √56 ]
2. Find a unit vector normal to the surface  % =4 at the point (-1,-1,2).

]
6NŜ6 T̂ 5NU
√W`
[Ans.
3. Find a unit vector normal to the surface  % +  % + 3 = 3 at the point (1,2,-1).
6%Ŝ5VT̂ 5`U
√ `
[Ans. ]

+  % at a point (2,-1,1) in direction of vector ̂ + 2 ̂ + 2 s.

4. Find directional derivative
a)  %

at a point (1,-1,1) in the direction of vector ̂ − 2 ̂ + s.


  5 
b)

c)  + 4 s − ̂ − 2 s.
at a point (1,2,-1) in direction of vector 2
[Ans.7/3, 1/2√6 , 13/3 ]
5. Find directional derivative for 5 − 5  + 2.5 at a point (1,1,1) in direction of line

= =
6 6% 
6 
.

6. Find directional derivative for 4 %

− 3 
[Ans.35/3 ]
at a point (2,-1,2) along Z-axis.
[Ans.144 ]
7. Find angle between the given surfaces
a) „/ =  − 1 and   = 2 − -  /J- ,1,1,1..
b)  = at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3). ..

[Ans. H/I 6 < =,

6
√%:
H/I 6 , .]
6V
√%% בN
8. In what direction from (3, 1,-2) is the directional derivative of   N N = 3 maximum? Also find

[Ans. ̂ + 576 ̂ − 288 , 96√46 ]

magnitude of maximum.

9. Given the scalar function of position ∅,, , . =   + 3 − 3 find the value of grad∅ at the
point (3,2,1).Also find the directional derivative of ∅ at point (-1,2,1) in the direction of normal to
the surface „/ −  = −3 .
6V:
√W
10. The temperature of points in space is given by “,, , . =  +  − .A mosquito is located
[Ans. ]

at (1,1,2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm as soon as possible.In what direction
Ŝ5 T̂ 6U
%
should it move? [Ans. ]

11. Find values of a and b such that the surface  − x = , + 2.  4  + %
= 4 cut
orthogonally at (1,-1,2).

12. If
 = ̂ +  ̂ +
[Ans. a=5/2,b=1 ]

(i) ∇0,
. = 0 ” ,
.∇
(ii) ∇c•  d = 2• 


,prove that
 

(iii) grad|
| = 2

 (iv) ∇,
– . = 
–6


13. Find divergence and curl of the vector a = ,2 −  .̂ + ,3 +  . ̂ + ,4 − . at the point
(1,2,3). [Ans.-4,  + 6 ]
14. If a = ,2 .̂ + ,−3 . ̂ + , . and ∅ = 2 −  % , compute
(i)a . ∇∅
(ii)a × ∇∅
(iii)∇ ∅.at the point (1,0,1) s, Z ]
[Ans. 2,—̂ − ˜™̂ − [š

15. Compute curl(curla .

(i) a = xŷ + , . ̂ + , .
(ii) a = ,2 .̂ + ,−3 . ̂ + , .
s , (2z)—̂ − œš
[Ans. (1+2z)—̂ + [›š s ]
17.Evaluate (i) div[,3 .̂ + ,5 . ̂ + ,5 % . ] at the point (1,2,3).
(ii) curl[•  ,̂ + ̂ + .]
[Ans. 296,•  ,̂, − . − ̂, − . + , −
 .]
18.Find diva and curla where a =
, % ..
[Ans.6xy[ + [ž›œ , Z ]
19. Show that a =
,Ŝ5T̂ 5U.
F  5 5 
is irrotational.
$ = -ŷ + ,. ̂ + , . ,is the velocity vector, find the value of angular velocity at (1,3,2).
20. If #
[Ans. ̂ − 3 ̂ + ]

APPLICATIONS: POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS

14.Show that, a = , −  .$ + , − .$ + , − .$$$

WORKED EXAMPLES:

function ∅ such that, a = ∇∅.

is irrotational. Also find the scalar

Solution :
$
  $$$
  
∇ × a = )) )
)
  
, −  . , − . , − .$$$
=$,− + . − $,− + . + $$$,− + .

⇒ a is irrotational
=0

Given a = ∇∅

, −  .$ + , − .$ + , − .$$$ =  $

 +   +  $$$
∅ ∅ ∅
∅ ∅ ∅
Comparing the corresponding coefficients, we get

= , −  ., = , − ., =, − .
  
∅ = , −  . + 0 ,, . , ∅ = , − . + 0 ,, . , ∅ = , − . +
0% ,, .

∅ = % −  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = % −  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = % −  + 0% ,, .

' ' '

Choose 0 ,, ., 0 ,, ., 0% ,, . =0 ,we get unique value of ∅

⇒∅ = + + − 
' ' '
% % %
is the required scalar function.

15 . Find a, b, c so that a = , +  +  .$ + ,x + 2 − .$ + , + H + 2 .$$$ is

irrotational. Also find the scalar function ∅ such that, a = ∇∅.
Solution:
$
  $$$
∇ × a = )
  
  
)=0
, +  +  . ,x + 2 − . , + H + 2 .$$$

 + 1. − $,1 − . + $$$,x − 1. = 0
$,H
,H + 1.=0, ,1 − . = 0 , ,x − 1. = 0
,H = −1.,  = 1. x = 1
Given a = ∇∅

, +  +  .$ + ,x + 2 − .$ + , + H + 2 .$$$= $ +  + $$$

∅ ∅ ∅
  

∅ ∅ ∅
= , +  +  ., = ,x + 2 − ., = , + H + 2 .
  

∅= +  +  + 0 ,, . , ∅ =x +  −  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = + H + +0% ,, .



⇒∅ = +  +  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = +  −  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = −  + +0% ,, .



Therefore ⇒∅ = +  +  +  −  +

is the required scalar function.

16. A fluid motion is given by a = , + .$ + , + .$ + , + .$$$

(a) Is this motion is irrotational ? if so , find the velocity potential .
(b) Is this motion is possible for an incompressible fluid.
Solution:
 $
  $$$
∇ × a = ) )
  
  
, + . , + . , + .
 − 1)- ,1 − 1.+ $$$,1 − 1.
= $,1

⇒ a is irrotational
=0

Given a = ∇∅

, + .$ + , + .$ + , + .$$$= $ +  + $$$

∅ ∅ ∅
  

∅ ∅ ∅
= , + ., = , + ., = , + .
  
∅ = +  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = +  + 0 ,, . , ∅ = +  +0% ,, .
Therefore ∅ = +  +  is the required scalar function.

(b) ∇. a = <$  + $  +  $$$= . ,, + .$ + , + ., r + , + .$$$.

  ∅

= 0
Therefore the motion is incompressible.

= ,6 N − 16 ` .
¡ ¢

− 16 .‹
¡ ¢
N `
=Š,6

a . 
= −
Ẁ
£

PROBLEMS

1. Find a, b so that a = , + % .

$ + ,3 − .$ + ,x − .$$$ is irrotational.
Also find the scalar function ∅ such that, a = ∇∅.

[Ans. a=6,b=3, ∅ = 3  +  %
− .]

2. A fluid motion is given by a = ,.$ + ,.$ − 2 $$$

a) It is possible to find the velocity potential ? if so ,find it.
b) Is this motion is possible for an incompressible fluid?

[Ans. ∅ = 2 + 2 −  2 ]
 
2 2
3. Determine whether a = , H/I + $ + ,2IJ − 4.$ + ,3 + 2.$$$ is a
% .

conservative vector field? if so find the scalar potential ∅. Also compute the
work done in moving the particle from ,0,1,-1. to , , -1,2. (
´

[Ans : ∅ = , + IJ + 2 − 4]

%

4. Show that a = cIJ + d$ + ,H/I − .$ + , − .$$$ is irrotational. Also

find the scalar function ∅ such that, a = ∇∅. [Ans : ∅ = xsiny + xz − yz]

□□□
Module 5: Partial Differential Equations

for MEE Branch

↓
 Mzule-2
MODULE 5 PDE
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Stomdand Notam
3 )
Lo

= P 9=i 2=, 3=4,= t .

FOmatem PDE
The PD E Cam be homed eithen by eliinafi anbithany Cmdlomte

anbtany tcRms tlom a nalatm havig t m a s Uaia bley.

the

Fomatt m 4 PDE by elmi nati onbithan Cen3fom

9 5 tRe numbn dr anbiiay Conslamt ane eanal to the nwmbe y
mdopenderd ootaba, thon by eliinati tke ambiaamy Coklale
e gtk a PDE . 1Tadtn.
tham thu no.d imderemdarm
) he no z anbiiay Conslamt ne ma

M L hon by elimhnati tke nliimConglam thon se 9

a PDE higher ade (nae tRan Yaden)

Fmatim r PDE hy eminotJ anbikay c t m

The PDE obtaimed a e the elimimattndhanbiianyt Ran hay

m 9enial t i dden efual b he Mo.anbthang Rm -
 Modue-2
MODULE 5
PDE
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

F m Bhe PDE b eltminatta te anbir) Confam tm the eg,

(-a)+(-+3=4 2
a n b i t Cmgtamy a,b
9- 2
dGivem (%-aj+-(9-5)+=4 deemdin roobly X,
Cmfam= no
no-h nohonloEyndenemder
di O w0t x partly, tR yataly
A1ToNdn PDE
a(x-a) +0 +23-0
(x-a) +P =o P=3x
a ) = - 3P
wnt 9 pantaly, te
d
0 2(9-b)+24y=0

y- =-3 -
P + (-39)+-4
( + + ) =4Lh ¢ tAe Aapined PDE(}e0
F dtAR PDE the t tall &phee? hede Comes ie n tka
plame 3-0 omd haue a CesnStomarcdiuy .

Comfhe d phea t plane 3=o, u (a,b,0) be. Contie phne,

Aadiss (umxtom)
= n nodb mbiE
E 49irem dpheny i -a)+(3-b)+8-°)=7| Coi 2[yE
9doremde
(7-A+(3-bj+ a = - PLade 2-/313)
dlh.wt x patRallg, ttn 2(n-a) +0+23:3F020 4 ndn
P DE
-a)+RP=o (x-a)=-3P
dilo w.nt 3 partialy, ton 0-+a(-9+233O

(-)+34 =o (9-b) =-34 3

& O (- P)+(-3t)+3
MODULE 5
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1
+

N
N

(
T
C
S

AN

N
 Moduo-ZPDEE
MODULE 5
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

F a m ka pOt by ei natia tRe anbi Constäm.

-ax-+b n 2XP+9V (P=xV- 9)

A Y=Tomd
(M-aj-+(9-b= N=0 s) -o (89 t=O
(6) ax b)+ C=1|
2 *P+3%

P+*
An:= Px+i 9+
ax+b) +a+
-(+a) (+) And: 4x=P%
An XP=9
103aNY+b
=are+4d
-(-a+(9- 4 = b++4

- a (+9)+b(-9)+abt+C A R -
t e anblaay tncim z $(x-3)
(14) Fnm e pDE by elimt nati
S Given 3 S ( 2 ) - O
zbs.wnt pantallg,
than , = 5(*9).ex-oj

te s ' ( ) - [o-2)
923-5
JP =- P+XY=0
Lch fee PDE O
(15) Fom tka PDE b eliminati-g tka anbrhara tCtiens f 3=phtai)+l-a)
SoGaia a=¢(xfa9)+&-a9) -O
dbpO o0:t t Pattall taan , = ¢(ta)-1 +YX-4)-)
ikCo.0t Pantalh, fra 3 ¢'(ta»)+Y'(-a)
dibb Dont posl tn ay = (+a)-a
a+y' (x-a). Ea)4
tayy '(v+43)-a+y "(7-a).a
A»=a*etrnar) + a-a)-6
 Moztuk 2
MODULE 5
PDE
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Fam Re PDE = fox)+X dr) Le & ¢ae mbithay

1

i Ownt i& P a t l , fea

3 5 ' (x)+ ¢0) & 32 3)

db wnt Pnaly,tken
f')+$)-9

e O
a PDE

(17) Fan the PDE 4am = +5 (+looa)

S Gigem = +5(+g ) - O
dibsDwa t x, tkim 0+ S ( t o ) { )

*
-S(+o»)
oigO0t tvw 29 +S(% +eg9)
2s*+3G+ Lo33)

an +03=23tte PpEO
 S

T S
T

N
S
1 ses
e
s

s
 Modulk 2 PDE

oFom e PDE b elimnstip tte ambEgthctim f tum

ld+m+n3 = S(*++3)

Given +mI+n3 $ (x+t+3) =

del D Co. 0.t Potialy thom ,

+0+ 22 =Sd+3).2x+o+233
l+P S(*+t+*) 2(7+3P)
dib.wnt patally, tken
o4m +n = £'(+S+2).o+20 +2a
Ce m4 n4 =f(t+3+. 29+3)
e &3
+YnP +AE , the PDE O

Fo the PDE by eliminut tRe an ham -dm f trom 3=f(1

S: Giren 3=5()-0
eb20 w.nt partially, then

a, P=s'( ) ( P ) -
to-.t potially, than
R
,t-f()-*{ -
(3-P)
x (a-94)
 S

aS
9

N
O

S
AJ

O
aS

A
 Macuule 2
PDE
Eminatim d anbiany twattfon Se ufcheem
Whea
The PDE CO nSNonclig to the bwntttan f (u, V)=0
u, v aebnttiosg z,2,3 4 the bom|P+GY=R{
Which knouwn as Lagamgs 2 , Whe

) UD) ,)
P (3,) a(,X) R-ax,)
CSichane the JaCobiang.

(O Fom te PDE b emimadf- the tunctin f 9ittm by

S(29+, +9+2)=0
S L e f(u,)=0Sane U=X+A, V =X+9+3

P DE O PP+A=R
(,) alU )
R:

no P= 23
-23

G - 23-

R- 4-13 -

P DE O (x-23) F (23-9) =3-xX

F o m he PDE by eimmnadt te mctmf, iren y

S*+293, +23x)=o Ad x-)P+(33-*)4= (x3-2)y
f(x+9-+2, +s-=0 Ar: (+)P- (x+3)V - 3 =

( * , R-*a) =O Arg -9p= x-y

&(++3,-a)=o A +30) P-+(-92-xa)V= Y
 Module 2 PDE

Ans: -xV = ?

s(an+b)-+C3,1+)=0 AnS:b3ca)p+(cx-aa)7 =a1-bx.

p-1)

Hint: ¢-) a F(M-3)=0 A P+Y= 23

Selution d Lagnanges PDE

Loamg PDE P P+QV=R 0
Ga eminal Sllustin ( O f tivm by fcu, u) = 0 - 2)

L e U=u(X,9,a) & V=V (x,9,3).

wog meha Re -mite tRe iven e m &famdand fom PP+0%=R

A:6%0 d d-
Casdt) Coider tio setg tm
nnd tohiCh 8hodd be éóhrabe, tRin e ger u&
Completa 82 SCu,v)= 0

Cagei) Some tmes we uR u=C to b d V=G

tmcfimg
Caci) Considen a se dmulipkrg , m,neen

dn+dy +nd
P+m+nR
L9 P+ ma-+ nR=0 than ldx+mdi+nd = 0,
b taki ntogal, s e Ge S2
OR) dz4 mdy+nd3 f am enachderirahi're O P-+m@+nR
Cagev) Considen t e multptes , m, Y, & 2m2,
u&.
 'èp2=Xpx (
rqu w
5
L ]
Vpgus)
.
lo-()C
an -xlo
.
p aPx p
add 7-7p
 Modale PDE

Sowe - = baa+) 2

hee P=l, Q -I, R= ka ke)

aGiuen P-V- bj(x+1)
d da
ogoea) R
dx d
oxe0)
Take d = Cey d=-d) ,
m
mlegetan = - ) +C

+ =C )
agam talce d =
Loo+9)
da brum )
x+3=c
|
=
c ) d x =d
e g a t , xge = +G
xlnc -= Ci
lnC+i)-3 =q - )
) 8 i i ) , Gs G0 f(X+3, oat+)-3)=O
Sohet &(3+x) (Px-9)=x*
G i e 3(+*7) P- (3*3)E =r
So Gie P-xa(+x3)
, R=xT
AEO
dy
9(a43)
d
TAKe (and d tactims) ax)-9a(+x))
om
nagram, le_ade logu= -o9+lge, on+ loys=lage,
lon = loge, = aI=C1
again take (1*& 3nd natkis)a dx =dx = a(3+*o)d3
a(-+%I)
TaEA i - l (aax= (34G3)da ^ - +G

DE).asao¢ f(x9, -a-ax1)=0 )

 Motule 2 PDE

R=x3
Giren RP-+33V=*3hee P=xä,Q-34,
Ce

Take (1anmd 2ackians) dx= d2 d

9
m
mEnatTom, lenx =leay +lq lojx-loj= ee
()- ls =C()
gain take
3 dl= d3 d =da xd -2d3
Cd9= da lus 2) =qx=G]
m itegratm,

C
+ C *3-=C )

Sore a-9)+(x-a)% = 9-

SGtren -)+(%-3)) =9-*_ P=3-3, =-3, R=9-

=d da E)
-
Ran-
Cnidn one er db mul ng I,1,1S
= d - dl dx+d9+1d3
-9)+(x-a)+1(3-K)
da +da3 dx+d +d3=0
3-
n inteatlen , X+ I+2=C
gain Cmsd anston -set d multpkeng *9,3
Soha ( = dx+ dy +3dz
(3-3) +9(x-3)-+ (-z)
e, dh+ad9-3d3 xdi+3d3+do
2
S b CO f(a+0+3, +3+=0
 Moclul- 2 PDE

Soke (J-+3x)p-(%49 3) =-
Gtive(3+3*)p-(+ 3)9 -2-9hae P-y-+2X,=-l+33)
AG:OY dx_ a = R
dx
(x+3)
Considen me 3et d} multtptem x, 3, -3
So Rav dn+d +d3
(+3x) -3 (+93)-3(x

(T) = dx-+ 9d)-33

O

dxf 3da-3dz=0,
o ntagutm, x + 3 - G -
mLdon amtin se
mulples ,X, )
id3
So tRar (= 9d+dy +

39+3x) +xE(*+93)]+(7)
= dt-+dy+ d3

d+xd +d =o
d « ) +d=0
n nteguttn, +=Ca
x+3)=o
e ) , Gs-4Ot f(x+*,
8Sove (+2)P-x3V+X=0
hee P +3,=-X3, R=-3
SGirenG+2)P-x34 = - ax -O
AEGOÅ dX
n &tegastEn, log 9=lejz+legc lks-yz=lsc()-lhc
C-()
ongdu me Eerg mulphers, X, I, a
xd+3do+3d
KotRer =Xdx+ad+3d2 O
X(544 9Xb)+3(Gx)
)-0
c+ad9+3d3=o, an fegatën, z+040(7 C
S

Q
 Module-2 PDE
Soure the tollosi
P +V=X f(x-9,x)=0

12 Xp+9Y= (3)-0
Ar f(3%-29, 3-33) =O
(12P +3=I
(14p+sy=* Ar f(-5 ==0
(15 9+3x=XI rd5s, y-a) =0

3[p-9)=RA(+7* A: f+3, e"] +(x+9) =0 0

(xP-99) = ** S(xa, +s+3) =o

am-n)p-+ (nxa)y=l3-mx A S(++,x4my+n3)=0

2x(9-3) P-+(3-=3(x-0) : 5(7+9+a, «93)=O
- ) p+(x-1)V =-x ++3, +3)=0
24+3) P+(3+x)7=+3 Anl:S( -3 9 -
25 x-3)P+S3)-() ( a 3 , +5* )=0
(24) x()P+(*A=R2P) Ag(&s+3 x93) =o
(21) 3-9)P+(*9+3) =xo-x Ar S(+5+ a03-3)=o
-9a)P+(7-3«}0=x An 5 ++3X)=O
( x - - + 2 x == 23. A s( , D=o
423) -+(43x-5)=ea S(0-, 9-)=o
H:,X,-23 ,
aX,-1,= sr4 multiplon

p.TO
6

7
 U UU

D
99
(
29
(

(O

TIS
 Moctule-2 PDE

(3) Set U-U=0 b3 3enanatinVeiables

SS Givtm U o UU(X,))
-
Lo U-XY e OCee X=KX), Y=YC3)
& Xy -xy=o
x"y = Xy
= Y k n k ýa pqlatlmal Cangta
x= kx, y=ky
X-kX=0 , y-kY=op
-
Seui ) , (0-k)X=0, PE
A EYm-k ao m ={k,Jk
Ponam

Sour, (D-k)y=0; D=
A EP m-k =o m=k
lana
Y =G e, c a
Fx) Ge*
4=(CgeGgR*) e*?
U=A e ) e*,A=Gc
B-C23
0 e tRe sAatTm ( \aniables techaist Sdre
3 U+2 u=o suh u ( 0 ) = 4 e AnU= 4e ax-33)

S o tre bzlnr b fa meth od a nuble flanab

Ux+Uy 3u ad u (o, 9) =e5

Angs
= e - 5 9
 Mscule2 PDE

2x -333O :)=A" ) + x0
3 2b ce k( )
Ax
U Uy+2u, U(93)=o
U 4Uy U(O,1)=8 e ul0,9) = I+eS9
-12M-3
U= 8e h : U= h a+e
U e Cnx, ulzo) =O
and uloE) 0
at

Souttgn db oye-di meniiaral heae2.k the method epanatëom d

VenablRA
Oe chimmengional heale- 2u=cu U=U(Z,E)
n UXT be BdPg0, X= X(), T=T(t).

O S® xT'cCx"T.
= k Saq Lk' ra paquntml Can
X= KxT kcT
XKx= KCT=o
-
Cos) K>o, lek k=¥, P#o
, (D'- K) X=o;D= (D-kc)T=o; D=dF
d
D-Pa) T=o
( - ) X =o A E m-c-o
A6 m- P-o >m=}, -P m = C

X =Ge+GeP T Ce

GSCD U=XT
 a

3
+
 X O

3
 1.

6
S
-6

S
S