EXCLUSIVE PRACTISE

SETS.
[Keep Practicing. Keep Improving.]

*key is attached with detailed answers at the end of

this PDF.

TOPIC:
HUMAN REPRODUCTION

All Rights Reserved Pranav Pundarik

1. Milk secreted from the cells of alveoli of mammary lobes reaches to the nipple by Lactiferous
duct (L), Mammary duct (M), mammary Tubule (T) and mammary Ampulla (A) in following
order
a) T A M L b) T M A L c) M T A L d) A T M L
2. The diagram shows some of the changes in blood hormone concentration which occur during
the menstrual cycle. Match A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H of graph with the hormones and events given
below

Hormones and Events

I. Oestrogen
II. Ovulation
III. Repair of endometrium
IV. Luteinizing hormone
V. Menstruation
VI. Luteal phase
VII. Progesterone
VIII. Ovarian phase
a) I-H, II-G, III-F, IV-E, V-D, VL-C, VII-B, VIII-A b) I-D, II-E, III-F, IV-G, V-H, VI-A, VII-C, VIII-C
c) I-D, II-G, III-F, IV-C, V-H, VI-B, VII-E, VIII-A d) I-A, II-C, III-E, IV-G, V-H, VI-F, VII-D, VIII-B
3. In frog, gastrulation process involves
a) Epiboly b) Emboly c) Invagination d) All of theses
4. Name the most important hormone which causes the uterine contraction strongly
a) Oxytocin b) Inhibin c) Protection d) Progesterone
5. Correct sequence of hormone from beginning of menstrual cycle to the end is
a) FSH, progesterone, LH b) Oestrogen, FSH and progesterone
c) FSH, oestrogen, progesterone d) Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH
6. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
a) Rabbit – Microlecithal, isolecithal b) Frog – Mesolecithal, telolecithal
c) Human – Mesolecithal, centrolecithal d) Birds – Macrolecithal, telolecithal
7. Capacitation takes place in
a) 12 hrs b) 10 hrs c) 8 hrs d) 6 hrs
8. Grey crescent is the area
a) At the point of entry of sperm into ovum

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 b) Just opposite to the site of entry of sperm into ovum
c) At the animal pole
d) At the vegetal pole
9. Both corpus luteum and macula lutea are
a) Found in human ovaries b) A source of hormones
c) Characterized by a yellow colour d) Contributory in maintaining pregnancy
10. A cross section at the midpoint of the middle piece of a human sperm will show
a) Centriole, mitochondria and 9+2 b) Centriole and mitochondria
arrangement of microtubules
c) mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement of d) 9+2 arrangement of microtubules only
microtubules
11. Fertilization is
a) Fusion of male and female gametes b) Fission of male and female gametes
c) Formation of gametes d) Formation of embryo
12. Cleavage is
a) Meiosis of zygote into blastomeres b) Mitosis of zygote into blastomeres
c) Reductional division of zygote d) Reductional division of embryo
13. How many phases (stages) are there in menstrual cycle?
a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 5
14. Rapid secretion of LH in ovulation causes
a) Repturing of Graafian follicle b) Releasing of ove
c) Ovulation d) All of the above
15. The phase of menstrual cycle in humans that lasts for 7-8 days, is
a) Follicular phase b) Ovulatory phase c) Luteal phase d) Menstruation
16. Correct sequence in development is
a) Fertilization → zygote → cleavage → morula → blastula → gastrula
b) Fertilization → zygotes → blastula → cleavage → gastrula
c) Fertilization → cleavage → morula → zygote → blastula
d) cleavage → zygote → morula → zygote → blastula
17. Fertilization of ovum takes place in rabbit, man and other placental mammals in
a) Ovary b) Fallopian tube c) Cervix d) Uterus
18. Placenta acts as an
a) Endocrine gland b) Exocrine gland c) Apocrine gland d) Merocrine gland
19. Extraembryonic membranes, chorion and amnion are formed by
a) Inner mass cells b) Trophoblast c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
20. Extraembryonic membranes are also called
a) Foetal membranes b) Embryonic membranes
c) Outer membranes d) Inner membranes
21. Capacitation of sperm occurs in
a) Female genital tract b) Vas deferens c) Vas efferens d) Vagina
22. Temporary storage of sperms takes place in
a) Vasa deferentia b) Vasa efferentia c) Epididymis d) Rete testis

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23. The immediate cause of induction of ovulation in female is the large plasma surge of
a) Progesterone b) Oestriadiol c) LH d) FSH
24. Which hormone level increases in the luteal phase?
a) LH b) Progesterone c) Testosterone d) FSH
25. Process of maturation and development of sperm is called
a) Oogenesis b) Spermatogenesis c) Spermiogenesis d) None of these
26. The collective term used for acrosomal chemicals is
a) Sperm living b) Sperm lysins c) Pectinase d) Cellulase
27. Which of the following structures are derivatives of the endoderm?
a) Alimentary canal and respiratory structure b) Muscles and blood
c) Excretory and reproductive structure d) Skin and nerve cord
28. Graafian follicle contains
a) Oogaonial cells b) Corpus luteum
c) Theca externa and theca interna d) Corpus albicans
29. If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, which one of the following is unlikely?
a) Corpus luteum will disintegrate b) Oestrogen secretion further decreases
c) Primary follicle starts developing d) Progesterone secretion rapidly declines
30. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the following figure

a) A-Secondary spermatocytes, B-Primary b) A-Spermatids, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-

spermatocytes, C-Spermatids Spermatocytes
c) A-Spermatids, B-Secondary spermatocytes, d) A-Primary spermatocytes, B-Secondary
C-Primary spermatocytes spermatocytes, C-Spermatids
31. Which is regarded as urinary bladder of embryo?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Chorion d) Yolk sac
32. Each ovary is bout 2-4 cm in length connected to the …A… wall by …B… Each ovary is covered
by a thin epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma. Stroma is divided into two zones …C…
and …D…
Fill the suitable choices for A to D
a) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
b) A- pelvic, B- ligament, C- peripheral cortex, D- inner medulla
c) A- pelvic, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D- inner medulla
d) A-inner medulla, B-peripheral cortex, C-ligament, D-pelvic wall
33. The female structures that corresponds (homologous) to the scrotum of the male are

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 a) Labia Minora b) Labia majora c) Clitoris d) Urethral folds
34. Which part of ovary in mammals acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation
a) Graafian follicle b) Stroma c) Germinal epithelium d) Vitelline membrane
35. According to which theory, ageing is due to accumulation of harmful protein?
a) Error catastrophe b) Free radicle c) Cross linking d) Somatic mutation
36. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading from
a) Testicular lobules to rete testis b) rete testes to vas deferens
c) Vas deferens to epididymis d) Epididymis to urethra
37. Hormone injected by doctors to induce delivery is
a) Inhibin b) Oxytocin c) Oestrogen d) Prolactin
38. Which one of the following is the most likely reason of not occurring regular menstruation
cycle in females?
a) Fertilization of the ovum b) Maintenance of the hypertrophical
endometrial lining
c) Maintenance of high concentration of sex- d) Retention of well-developed cropus luteum
hormones in the blood stream
39. Corpus luteum release
a) Oestrogen b) Progesterone c) Both (a) and (b) d) Androgen
40. In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of
a) LH only b) Combination of FSH and LH
c) Combination of oestrogen and progesterone d) FSH only
41. Which of the following embryonic-membrane structure is excretory in function?
a) Amnion b) Allantois c) Yolk sac d) Vitelline chorion
42. I. Sperm cells the immediately when they are released from the body and are placed in a petri
plate.
II. Semen contains chemicals that causes females smooth muscles to contract
a) Statement I is true, but II is false b) Both statements I and II are false
c) Statement I is false, but II is true d) Both statements are true
43. The diagram shows the changes that take place in the endometrium during a normal
menstruation

a) A-ovulation; B-menstruation b) A-ovulation; C-menstruation

c) C-ovulation; A-menstruation d) B-ovulation; D-menstruation
44. Sertoli’s cells are found in
a) Ovaries and secrete progesterone b) Adrenal cortex and secrete adrenaline
c) Seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition d) Pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin
to germ cells

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45. Ovum receives the sperm in the region of
a) Animal pole b) Vegetal pole c) Equator d) Pigmented area
46. hCS (Human Chorionic Somatomammotrophin) previously called
a) Human placental lactogen (hPL) b) Chorionic thyrotrophin
c) Chorionic corticotropin d) Relaxin
47. Women who consumed the drug thalidomide for relief from vomiting during early months of
pregnancy gave birth to children with
a) No spleen b) Hare-lip
c) Extra fingers and toes d) Under developed limbs
48. Which of the following is not correct for gasrtulation?
a) Archenteron is formed b) All germinal layers are formed
c) Morphogenetic movements d) Some blastomeres and blastocoel degenerate
49. Release of semen by penis into vagina during copulation (coitus) is called
a) Insemination b) Fertilisaton c) Zygote d) Gametogenesis
50. Temperature of human testis is
a) 2-2.5 below body temperature b) 38°C
c) 33°C d) 2.25 above body temperature
51. Follicular phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Luteal phase c) Proliferative phase d) Menstrual phase
52. Name 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 chormones in the given figure

a) A-Prostaglandin, B-Oxytocin, C-Oestrogen

b) A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin
c) A- Oestrogen, B- Prostaglandin, C- Oxytocin
d) A-Prostaglandin, B- Oestrogen, C- Oxytocin
53. The vasa efferentia leave the testis and opens into the …A…, located along the …B… surface.
Here A and B refers to
a) A-rete testis; B-epididymis b) A-epididymis; B- rete testis
c) A-epididymis; B-posterior d) A-epididymis; B-anterior
54. Where do sperms get matured?
a) In seminal vesicle b) Seminiferous tubules
c) In epididymis d) Vasa efferentia

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55. Sertoli cells are also called
a) Subtentacular cells b) Sperm cells c) Interstitial cells d) Leyding cells
56. Given below the diagram refers to the TS of testis showing sectional view of a few seminiferous
tubules

a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Secondary spermatocyte, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms

b) A-Interstitial cells, B-Spermatogonia, C-Sertoli cells, D-Sperms
c) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatozoa, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
d) A-Sertoli cells, B- Spermatogonia, C-Interstitial cells, D-Sperms
57. Lobules contain cluster of cells called …A… which secretes …B… . Alveoli opens into mammary
tubules, which joins to form ….C…
A, B and C here, refers to
a) A-milk, B-alveoli, C-mammary duct b) A- mammary duct, B-alveoli, C- milk
c) A- mammary duct, B- milk, C- alveoli d) A- alveoli, B- milk, C-mammary duct
58. Female pronucleus is
a) Cytoplasm of ovum
b) Nucleus of ovum
c) Nucleus of quaternary oocyte
d) Both (b) and (c)
59. Correct statement with reference to a test tube bay is
a) The fertilized egg is placed in the womb of the mother where the gastrula period is
completed
b) Unfertilized egg is placed in the womb and allowed to grow parthenogenetically
c) A prematurely born baby is reared in an incubator
d) Fertilized egg is taken out and grown in a large test tube
60. Ovum is
a) Secondary oocyte b) Primary oocyte c) Tertiary oocyte d) None of these
61. Sperm lysins contains
a) Hyaluronidase
b) Corona penetrating enzyme
c) Acrosin
d) All of the above
62. The seminal plasma along with the sperm is called
a) Spermatid b) Spermatozoa c) Semen d) All of these

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63. The superior portion of the uterus is
a) Body b) Cervix c) Fundus d) Infundibulum
64. hCG (Human Chorionic Gonado trophin) and hPL (Human Placental Lactogen) are released
a) Before pregnancy
b) During pregnancy
c) At parturition
d) During lactating stage
65. Process of delivery of the foetus is called
a) Parturition b) Implantation c) Fertilization d) Lactation
66. At which stage of the cell cycle, secondary oocyte gets arrested before pregnancy?
a) Anaphase-I b) Prophase-II c) Metaphase-III d) Telohase-I
67. Lactation produces milk
a) Towards the end of pregnancy b) Towards the beginning pregnancy
c) Towards the beginning of puberty d) Through out the life cycle
68. Which one of the following statements with regard to embryonic development in humans is
correct?
a) Cleavage divisions bring about considerable increase in the mass of protoplasm
b) In the second cleavage division, one of the two blastomeres usually divides a little sooner
than the second
c) With more cleavage divisions, the resultant blastomeres become larger and larger
d) Cleavage division results in a hollow ball of cells called morula
69. Which of the following hormones is not a secretory product of human placenta?
a) Human chorionic gonadotropin b) Prolactin
c) Oestrogen d) Progesterone
70. Hyaluroniadase acts on ground tissue of …A… cells. Corona penetrating enzyme dissolves the
…B… and zonalysin dissolve the ….C… . Here A, B and C refers to
a) A-follicle, B-corona radiata, C-zona pellucida
b) A- zona pellucida, B-corona radiata, C- follicle
c) A-follicle, B- zona pellucida, C-zona radiata
d) A- corona radiata, B- zona pellucida, C- follicle
71. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which negatively feeds back and inhibits the release
of
a) ABP and ICSH b) LH and ICSH c) LH and FSH d) FSH and TSH
72. Find out spermatid and Sertoli cell in given diagram

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 a) D to E b) E to F c) A to C d) B to E
73. During embryonic development, endoskeleton and muscle develop from which germinal layer?
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm c) Mesoderm d) Blastopore
74. Eggs which have yolk in the centre surrounded by cytoplasm are called
a) Centrolecithal b) Homolecithal c) Microlecithal d) Alecithal
75. Whether a child died after normal birth or died before birth can be confirmed by measuring
a) Tidal volume of air b) Residual volume of air
c) The weight of the child d) The dead space air
76. The movement of spermatozoa, from the epididymal duct and seminal fluid into the ejaculatory
duct to urethra is under the control of
a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve
b) Parasympathetic nerve only
c) Sometimes sympathetic and sometimes parasympathetic nerves
d) Sympathetic nerve only
77. Sertoli’s cell are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as
a) FSH b) GH c) Prolactin d) LH
78. Inflammation of the seminiferous tubules could interfere with the ability to
a) Make semen alkaline b) Secrete testosterone
c) Produce spermatozoa d) Eliminate urine from the bladder
79. The gestation period of elephant is about
a) 11 months b) 15 months c) 22 months d) 32 months
80. Which one of the following systems is not mesodermal in origin?
a) Circulatory system b) Muscular system c) Nervous system d) None of the above
81. In the diagram of section of Graafian follicle, different parts are indicated by alphabets; choose
the answer in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts they indicate.

a) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum

D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum, F-Membrana granulosa
b) A - Membrana granulosa, B- Theca externa, C- Ovum
D-Cumulus oophorus, E-Antrum,
F-Theca interna,
c) A - Membrana granulosa, B-Theca interna,
C-Ovum,D-Cumulus oophorus,
E-Antrum,
F-Theca externa
d) A –Theca externa, B-Theca interna, C-Ovum
D-Membrana granulosa, E-Antrum,
F-Cumulus oophorus,

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82. Which part of a sperm enters into an ovum during fertilization?
a) Head b) Tail c) Whole of it d) Middle piece
83. Graafian follicle after releasing ovum is called
a) Corpus luteum b) Polar body c) Nuclear body d) Ootid
84. External genitalia of male are called
a) Testis b) Penis c) Scrotum d) All of these
85. Enzyme present in sperm acrosome to dissolve egg membrane is
a) Sperm lysine b) Ovolysin c) Spermatogenolysin d) Spermatocynin
86. The second maturation division of the mammalian ovum occurs
a) Shortly after ovulation before the ovum makes entry into the fallopian tube
b) Until after the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm
c) Until the nucleus of the sperm has fused with that of the ovum
d) In the Graafian follicle following the first maturation division
87. Luteal phase is also called
a) Secretory phase b) Bleeding phase
c) Menses phase d) Ovulatory phase
88. Spermatogenesis is influenced by
a) Progesterone b) FSH c) STH d) LTH
89. How many mature, functional follicles are produced by a female in a lifetime?
a) About 1 million b) 400 c) 4000 d) 350000
90. Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and inhibin are secreted by
a) Interstitial cells b) Leydig cells
c) Sertoli cells d) Germinal epithelium
91. Neubenkern is a part to
a) Human ovum b) Foetus c) Human sperm d) Graafian follicle
92. Enlarged end of penis (called the glans penis) is covered by the skin called
a) Foreskin b) Prepuce c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
93. Interstitial cells secrets
a) Androgens b) Oestrogen c) FSH d) Inhibin
94. Most mammals have their testis sac called scrotal sac which is for
a) Protection b) Ova formation
c) Sperm formation d) Temperature regulation
95. The main function of trophoectoderm in mammalian embryo is
a) Protection of the developing cells b) Drawing food for the developing cell
c) Formation of future ectoderm d) Formation of placenta
96. The correct sequence of male reproductive structures of rabbit through which sperms pass out
is
I. Rete testes
II. Vasa efferentia
III. Epididymis
IV. Vasa deferentia
a) I, II, III, IV b) II, III, IV, I c) II, III, I, IV d) I, III, II, IV

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97. Label the following diagram which illustrates the fertilization followed by cleavage and the
early stages of embryonic development. Identify 𝐵, 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝐻

a) B-Ovary, E-Morula, F-Blastocyst, G-Cervix, H-Vagina

b) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G-Cervix, H-Vagina
c) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F- Morula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix
d) B-Ovary, E- Blastocyst, F-Gastrula, G- Vagina, H- Cervix
98. Binary fission is a mode of
a) Micropropagation b) Vegetative propagation
c) Macropropagation d) Sexual reproduction
99. Read the graph and correlate the uterine events that takes place according to the hormonal
levels on A. 6-15 days B. 16-25 days C. 26-28 days (if the ovum is not fertilized)

a) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Myometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to

receive and implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
b) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B-Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized, ready to
receive and implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
c) A-Degeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thicknes, becomes vascularized, ready to
receive and implant embryo, C-Regeneration of endometrium
d) A-Regeneration of endometrium, B- Endometrium thickens, becomes vascularized ready to
receive and implant embryo, C-Degeneration of endometrium
100. In human beings
a) Chorion and amnion are well developed b) Allantois and yolk sac are less developed
c) Yolk cell have very little yolk d) All of the above
101. The part of fallopian tube closest to the ovary is
a) Isthmus b) Infundibulum c) Cervix d) Ampulla
102. Human male ejaculates …A… to …B… million sperm. Atleast …C… should have normal shape
and size and …D… should show vigorous motility. Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-100, B-200, C-30%, D-40% b) A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40%

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 c) A-300, B-400, C-60%, D-40% d) A-400, B-500, C-60%, D-40%
103. Acrosome secretes
a) Hyaluronic acid b) Hyaluronidase c) TSH d) Fertilizin
104. Find out the spermatogonium and spermatozoa in above figure
a) A and F b) C and D c) F and A d) D and E
105. Second meiotic division in ovum leads to the formation of
a) Haploid ovum b) Second polar body c) Tertiary polar body d) Both (a) and (b)
106. In implantation the blastocyst attached to the …… wall of uterus
a) Endometrium b) Myometrium c) Perimetrium d) Mesoderm
107. Which of the following groups of cell in the male gonad, represent haploid cells?
a) Spermatogonial cells b) Germinal epithelial cells
c) Secondary spermatocytes d) Primary spermatocytes
108. Parturition is
a) Child birth
b) Expulsion of the baby from uterus
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
109. Several mammary ducts joins to form a wider mammary ampulla, which is connected to
a) Lactiferous duct b) Seminiferous duct c) Seminiferous tubules d) Lactiferous canal
110. External opening of penis is called
a) Ureter b) Urinary bladder c) Urethral meatus d) Prepuce
111. Insemination is
a) A sperm injection to increase male fertility b) A cure of male infertility
c) Inability of male to produce sperms d) The transfer of sperms by male in to the
genital tract of female
112. Sertoli’s cells are found
a) Between these seminiferous tubules b) In the germinal epithelium of ovary
c) In the upper part of the fallopian tube d) In the germinal epithelium of the
seminiferous tubules
113. The maximum growth rate occurs in
a) Stationary phase b) Senescence phase c) Lag phase d) Exponential phase
114. Heart is formed is embryo during …… of development
a) 15 days b) One months c) 1.5 months d) 2 months
115. The figure given below illustrates the changes taking place during the human menstruation
cycle

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 Identify hormones 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 from the figures
In the boxes shown in the figure write the name of the hormone (or hormones) controlling the
stage in the human menstrual cycle
a) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
b) A- LH, B- FSH, C-LH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
c) A-FSH, B-LH, C- FSH, D-Oestrogen, E-Progesterone
d) A-FSH, B-LH, C-LH, D- Progesterone, E- Oestrogen
116. Organogenesis is the formation of
a) Organs b) Tissue c) Ova d) Spinal cord
117. …A… is composed of endoderm inside and splanchonopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. In humans it is small and non-functional except for …B… to placenta. A and B in the
statement refers to
a) A-Allantois; B-blood vessel b) A- Blood vessel; B- allantois
c) A-Amnion; B-amniotic cavity d) A-Endoderm; B-ectoderm
118. In vitro fertilization is a technique that involves transfer of which one of the following into the
fallopian tube?
a) Embryo only, upto 8 celled stage
b) Either zygote or early embryo upto 8 celled stage
c) embryo of32celled stage
d) Zygote only
119. What happens during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Proliferation of endometrium wall b) Reduction of endometrium wall
c) Shadding of endometrium wall d) No effect on endometrium wall
120. Adrenal gland is derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Ectoderm and endoderm
121. The males of honey bee are produced by
a) Sexually b) Budding c) Spore formation d) Parthenogenesis
122. During pregnancy which one of the following is excreted?
a) hCG b) FSH c) LH d) Progesterone
123. Identical twins are
a) Monozygotic b) Isozygotic c) Bizygotic d) All of these
124. If for some, reason, the vasa efferentia in the human reproductive system get blocked, the
gametes will not be transported form
a) Epididymis to vas deferens b) Ovary to uterus

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 c) Vagina to uterus d) Testes to epididymis
125. Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its
deficiency?
a) Luteinizing hormone – failure of ovulation b) Insulin - Diabetes insipidus
c) Thyroxine - Tetany d) Parathyroid hormone - Diabetes mellitus
126. Pouch in which is the testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity, is
a) Tunica albuginia b) Inguinal canal c) Epididymis d) Scrotum
127. Hormone which causes the parturition is
a) Oestrogen b) Oxytocin c) Prostaglandin d) All of these
128. Select the correct statement.
a) Cleavage follows gastrulation b) Yolk content in egg has no role in cleavage
c) Cleavage is repeated mitotic division of d) Gastrulation and blastulation are followed by
zygote each other
129. Colostrum is important for newly born because
a) Colostrum have antigen
b) Colostrum have antibody
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Colostrum have more nutrients than ordinary milk
130. A pair of bulbourethral gland also called …A… gland present on the either side of …B… . It
secrets …C… fluid and …D… for lubricating the penis. Here A, B, C and D are
a) A-Cowper’s, B-Urethra, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
b) A-Prostate, B-Urethra, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
c) A-Cowper’s B-Scrotum, C-Acidic, D-Mucous
d) A-Prostate, B-Scrotum, C-Alkaline, D-Mucous
131. ZIFT is
a) Transfer of zygote into the fallopian tube
b) Transfer of embryo into the uterus
c) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the fallopian tube
d) Transfer of mixture of sperms and ova into the uterus
132. Maturation of sperm before penetration is called
a) Spermatogenesis b) Spermiogenesis c) Capacitation d) Spermatid
133. Attachment of blastocyst of uterine wall is called
a) Fertilization b) Implantation c) Deplantation d) All of these
134. In testis, the immature germ cells produce sperm by …A… at puberty …B… present on the
inside wall of seminiferous tubules multiply by …C… division and increase their number.
Identify A, B and C from the above statement
a) A-secondary spermatocytes, B-primary b) A- primary spermatocytes, B- secondary
spermatocytes, C-mitosis spermatocytes, C-mitosis
c) A-spermatogenesis, B-spermatogonia, C- d) A- spermatogonia, B- spermatogenesis, C-
mitosis meiosis
135. Ovaries are the …A… sex organs which produce ovum and several steroid hormone called …B…
Here A and B refers to

Pranav Pundarik - 13 -
 a) A-secondary; B-testosterone b) A-tertiary; B-inhibin
c) A-primary; B-ovarian hormones d) A-primary; B-testosterone
136. Ceasation of menstrual cycle at the age of 50 is called
a) Ovulation b) Gametogenesis c) Menses d) Menopause
137. Programmed cell death is scientifically termed as
a) Autotomy b) Cell lysis c) Apoptosis d) None of these
138. During spermatogenesis, which stage is the first to contain haploid number of chromosomes?
a) Spermatogonium b) Primary spermatocyte
c) Secondary spermatocyte d) Spermatid
139. The figure given below depicts a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive
system of humans. Which one set of three parts out of A-F have been correctly identified?

a) C-Infundibulum, D-Fimbriae, E-Cervix b) D-Oviducal funnel, E-uterus, F-Cervix

c) A-Perimetrium, B-Myometrium, C-fallopian d) B-Endometrium, C- Infundibulum, D-
tube Fimbriae
140. Middle piece of sperm contains
a) Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, centriole
b) Axial filament, centriole, axial filament
c) Mitochondria, centriole, axial filament
d) Golgi bodies, axial filament, centriole
141. Ejaculation is the …A… response. Erection is a …B… response. Here, A and B refers to
a) A-parasympathetic, B-sympathetic b) A-parasympathetic, B-parasympathetic
c) A-sympathetic, B-parasympathetic d) A-sympathetic, B-sympathetic
142. The polar body of human ovum is formed
a) Before birth b) After birth c) During birth d) Both (a) and (b)
143. Find out primary follicle and tertiary follicle in question number 114
a) B and C b) C and D c) D and E d) A and F
144. With increasing age, secretion of which of the following reduces to almost half?
a) GTH b) Melatonin c) hGH d) Oestrogen
145. Soon after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiation into outer ….A…. and inner …B…
occurs ….C…. soon appears between ectoderm and mesoderm. A, B and C in the above sentence
are
a) A-mesoderm, B-ectoderm, C-endoderm
b) A-ectoderm, B-mesoderm, C-endoderm
c) A-ectoderm, B-endoderm, C-mesoderm
d) A-mesoderm, B-endoderm, C-ectoderm
146. Luteal phase last for how many days?
a) 15-20 days b) 15-28 days c) 15-25 days d) 15-22 days
147. Saheli is a oral contraceptive containing

Pranav Pundarik - 14 -
 a) Oestrogen and progesterone b) Oestrogen
c) Progesterone d) Testosterone and FSH
148. What stage of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the event labelled 𝐴 in the figure of
previous question?
a) Corpus luteum formation b) Ovulation
c) Flow d) Fertilization
149. Cauda epididymis lead to
a) Vas efferens b) Vas deferens c) Ejaculatory duct d) Rete testis
150. After implantation, finger-like projections on the trophoblast are called …A…. which are
surrounded by …B… and maternal blood.
Here A and B refers to
a) A-chorion; B-foetal cell b) A-chorionic villi; B-uterine tissue
c) A-uterine tissue; B-chorionic villi d) A-foetal cell; B-chorion
151. Ovulation takes place in menses between
a) 9-14 days b) 14-16 days c) 16-28 days d) 20-26 days
152. Male’s testes are contained in the scrotal sacs because
a) Other organs do not make space of the testes in the abdominal cavity
b) Testes in the abdomen will hamper maturation of sperms
c) It provides temperature that is slightly lower than body temperature required for formation
of functional sperms
d) It facilitates ejaculation
153. Two major entities seen in human testis TS are
a) Sertoli cells and interstitial cells b) Spermatozoa and Sertoli cells
c) Seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells d) Seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells
154. Oviducts are also called
a) Fallopian tubes b) Uterus c) Vagina d) Ovary
155. Seminal plasma in human males in rich in
a) Fructose and calcium
b) Glucose and Calcium
c) DNA and testosterone
d) Ribose and potassium
156. Given a diagram showing a portion of a seminiferous tubule. Identify the marked alphbates

a) A-Sertoli cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-

Spermatids, F-Leydig cell

Pranav Pundarik - 15 -
 b) A- Leydig cells, B- Primary spermatocyte, C- Spermatogonium, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cells
c) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
Spermatozoa, F- Sertoli cell
d) A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E-
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cell
157. The egg of frog is
a) Telolecithal b) Microlecithal c) Alecithal d) centrolecithal
158. Which hormone level reaches peak during luteal phase of menstrual cycle?
a) Luteinizing harmone b) Progesterone
c) Follicle stimulating harmone d) Oestrogen
159. Skin epidermis, tooth, enamel, lens and corner of outer ear, brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscles
of human head are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (c) and (d)
160. Primary sex organ is males is
a) Testes b) Sertoli cells c) Ovum d) Spermatogonia
161. The signals for parturition originates from
a) Placenta only b) Placenta as well as fully developed foetus
c) Oxytocin released from maternal pituitary d) Fully developed foetus only
162. Infertility could develop when the sperm cells display
a) A count of 120 million/mL semen b) Increased acrosomal activity
c) Normal morphology d) Count of less than 20 million/mL semen
163. Exact time of human gestation period is
a) 9 month ± 15 days b) 9 month ± 20 days c) 9 month ± 7 days d) 9 month ± 1 days
164. Vitellogenesis occurs during the formation of
a) Primary oocyte in the Graafian follicle
b) Oogonial cell in the Graafian follicle
c) Ootid in the fallopian tube
d) Secondary oocyte in the fallopian tube
165. In mammals, corpus luteum is found in which organ?
a) Brain b) Ovary c) Liver d) Eyes
166. External genitalia develops in the …… of development
a) 2nd month b) 5th month c) 3rd month d) 1st month
167. Acrosome is the modified
a) Mitochondria b) Lysosome c) Golgi body d) Nucleus
168. The following is a diagram of the just spawned frog’s egg; with the parts labelled from A to E.
identify the parts and choose the correct option from those given figure.

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 a) A –cytoplasm, B-plasma membrane, C- b) A –cytoplasm, B- vitelline membrane, C-
vitelline membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat plasma membrane, D-yolk, E-jelly coat
c) A -yolk, B- plasma membrane, C- vitelline d) A - yolk, B-jelly coat, C- vitelline membrane,
membrane, D- cytoplasm, E- jelly coat D- cytoplasm, E-plasma membrane
169. The chemical substance released by activated spermatozoa that acts on the ground substances
of the follicle cells is known as
a) Progesterone b) Hyaluronidase c) Relaxin d) Gonadotropin
170. The haemoglobin of a human foetus
a) Has lower affinity for oxygen than that of the b) has affinity for oxygen same as that of an
adult adults
c) Has only two protein subunits instead of four d) Has higher affinity for oxygen than that of an
adult
171. When did the structure labelled 𝐵 in the given figure starts to form

a) Infancy
b) Before birth
c) At the start of the menstrual cycle
d) At puberty
172. In human, cleavage/divisions are
a) Slow and synchronous b) Fast and synchronous
c) Show and asynchronous d) Fastand asynchronous
173. There is no DNA in
a) An enucleated ovum b) Mature RBCs
c) A mature spermatozoan d) Hair root
174. Natural parthenogenesis is found in
a) Housefly b) Honey bee c) Drosophila d) All of these
175. Inner cell mass contains certain cells called ……, which have the potency to give rise to all the
tissues and organs. The suitable word for blank in the above sentence is
a) Stem cell b) Germ cell c) Mesodermal cell d) Special cell

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176. The given diagram refers to ovum surrounded by few sperms. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the
diagram

a) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona reticulata

b) A-Zona pellucida, B-Viteline membrane, C-Corona radiata
c) A-Zona pellucida, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
d) A-Oolemma, B-Perivitelline space, C-Corona radiata
177. Which chemical event of fertilization involves the presence of hyaluronidase enzyme?
a) Acrosomal reaction b) Cortical reaction c) Amphimixis d) Activation of egg
178. Leydig’s cells are concerned with
a) Ovary b) Seminiferous tubule c) Liver d) Pituitary gland
179. Tunica albugenia is the covering of
a) Liver b) Spleen c) Testis d) Penis
180. Which of the following cells present in the mammalian testis and nourishes the sperm?
a) Leydig cells b) Oxyntic cells c) Interstitial cell d) Sertoli cell
181. Progesterone is needed for the maintenance
a) Of ovary b) Of ovum
c) Of endometrium wall d) Of ootid
182. The target ICSH is
a) Prostate b) Seminiferous tubule c) Interstitial cells d) Seminal vesicle
183. Proliferation of endometrium of uterus is controlled by
a) Relaxin b) Oxytocin c) Progesterone d) Oestrogen
184. Sugar fructose is present in the secretion of
a) Bartholin’s gland b) Cowper’s gland c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate gland
185. …A… are the certain agents that causes abnormal development in the developing embryo. The
most well known is …B… which causes phenomelia is foetus
a) A-Barbiturates, B-anesthetic
b) A-Thalidomide, B-teratogens
c) A-Teratogens, B-thalidomide
d) A-Aspririn, B-anesthetis
186. The number of autosomes in human primary spermatocyte is
a) 46 b) 44 c) 23 d) 22
187. Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
a) Penis b) Bladder c) Testis d) Prostate gland
188. The main function of fimbriae of Fallopian tube is

Pranav Pundarik - 18 -
 a) Help in development of ovary
b) Help in collection of the ovum after ovulation
c) Help in development of ova
d) Help in fertilization
189. Saheli is a
a) Oral contraceptive for females b) Surgical sterilization method for females
c) Diaphragm for females d) Surgical method of sterilization in males
190. The nutritive cells found in seminiferous tubules are
a) Leydig cells b) Sertoli cells c) Spermatogonial cells d) Follicular cells
191. Label 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 in following diagram

a) A-Ureter, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate, D- b) A-Ureter, B-Prostate, C- Seminal vesicle, D-

Bulbourethral gland Bulbourethral gland
c) A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C- d) A- Vas deferens, B-Vesicle, C-Bulbourethral
Prostate, D-Bulbourethral gland gland, D-Prostate
192. The following diagram refers to the female reproductive system of human. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹

a) A-Ampulla, B-Isthums, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus

b) A- Isthums, B- Infundibulum, C- Ampulla, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
c) A- Isthmus, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
d) A-Ampulla, B- Infundibulum, C-Isthmus, D-Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
193. Identify the odd one
a) Labia minora b) Fimbriae c) Infundibulum d) Isthmus
194. FSH is given to a rat which don’t have anterior lobe of pituitary. What will not happen in rat?
a) Proliferation of endometrium
b) Development of corpus luteum
c) Maturation of Graafian follicle
d) Build-up of oestrogen in blood stream

Pranav Pundarik - 19 -
195. Ejaculatory duct contains
a) Sperms b) Secretion of seminal vesicles
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Androgen
196. At what stage in test tube babies, the zygote is implanted in human female?
a) 32-celled stage b) 64-celled stage c) 100-celled stage d) 164-celled stage
197. Notochord, skeletal system and dermis of the skin are the derivatives of
a) Mesoderm b) Endoderm c) Ectoderm d) All of these
198. Chorionic villi are formed by the modification of
a) Outer layer of trophoblast b) Inner layer of trophoblast
c) Inner mass cell d) Blastocyst
199. Male pronucleus is
I. Head of sperm
II. Neek of sperm
III. Middle piece of sperm
IV. Tail of sperm
a) I and III b) III and IV c) I d) II and IV
200. Hormones plays a very significant role in puberty. …A… secreted by …B… stimulates …C… lobe
of pituitary to secrete …D… and …E… hormones. Testosterone brings developmental of
secondary sex organs and secondary characters.
A, B, C, D and E in the above statement are
a) A-FSH, B-hypothalamus, C-posterior, D-LH, E-ICSH
b) A-GnRH, B-hypothalamus, C-anterior, D-LH, E-FSH
c) A- GnRH, B- anterior, C- hypothalamus, D-LH, E- FSH
d) A- GnRH, B-hypothalamus, C-posterior, D-LH, E- FSH
201. Which cells come earliest in the sequence of sperm production?
a) Spermatozoa b) Spermatocyte c) Spermatid d) Spermatogonia
202. Superficial meroblastic cleavage occurs in
a) Reptiles b) Birds c) Mammals d) Insects
203. Which of the following is viviparous?
a) Running birds b) Whales c) Bats d) Both (b) and (c)
204. The dominant hormone controlling the proliferative phase of the uterine endometrium is
a) Oestrogen b) FSH c) LH d) Progesterone
205. Test tube baby means a baby born when
a) The ovum is fertilized externally and thereafter implanted in the uterus
b) It develops from a non-fertilized egg
c) It is developed in a test tube
d) It is developed through tissue culture method
206. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation?
a) Oestrogen b) FSH c) FSH-RH d) Progesterone
207. Fertilization takes place in
a) Cervix
b) Isthmus

Pranav Pundarik - 20 -
 c) Ampullary isthmic junction
d) Follicle
208. In teloecithal egg
a) Yolk is present in the centre b) Yolk is unevenly distributed
c) Yolk is absent d) Yolk is present all over the ovum
209. Which hormone is produced throughout the menstrual cycle?
a) FSH b) Oestrogen c) LH d) Progesterone
210. Accessory sexual character in female is promoted by
a) Androgen b) Progesterone c) Oestrogen d) Testosterone
211. Uterine endometrium, epithelial glands and connective tissue are broken in menstrual phase.
This is due to
a) Over secretion of FSH b) Lack of oestrogen
c) Lack of progesterone d) Over production of progesterone
212. Which one of the following statements is incorrect about menstruation?
a) During normal menstruation about 40 mL b) The menstrual fluid can easily clot
blood is lost
c) At menopause in the female, there is d) The beginning of the cycle of menstruation is
especially abrupt increase in gonadotropic called menarche
hormones
213. Ovulatory phase lasts for
a) 1 day b) 2 days c) 3 days d) 4 days
214. In the beginning of menstruation what will happen?
a) Ovulation takes place b) Corpus luteum degenerates
c) Levels of LH and FSH increases d) Progesterone and oestrogen land increase
215. Type of cell division taking place at I, II and III stages of previous question are
a) I-meiosis, II-mitosis, III-mitosis-II
b) I- mitosis, II-mitosis, III- meiosis
c) I-meiosis-I, II- meiosis-II, III-mitosis
d) I- mitosis, II-mitosis-I, III- meiosis -II
216. Fusion of dissimilar gametes is known as
a) Fertilization b) Dichogamy c) Autogamy d) Allogamy
217. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the figure given below

a) A-Yolk sac, B-Amnion, C-Allantois, D-Chorion

b) A-Chorion, B-Amnion, C- Yolk sac, D- Allantois
c) A-Chorion, B-Amnion, C-Allantois, D- Yolk sac

Pranav Pundarik - 21 -
 d) A-Chorion, B- Allantois, C- Amnion, D- Yolk sac
218. At the time of birth, the oocyte have the stage
a) Prophase-I b) Prophase-II c) Meiosis-II d) Mitosis
219. Vaginal orifice, urethral orifice are open in
a) Vulva b) Labia majora c) Labia minora d) Cervix
220. The extra-embryonic membranes of mammalian embryo are derived from
a) Trophoblast b) Follicle cells c) Formative cells d) Inner cell mass
221. Relaxin (a hormone) is secreted by
a) Placenta b) Ovary
c) Anterior lobe of pituitary d) Posterior lobe of pituitary
222. Leydig cells secretes …. hormone
a) Testosterone b) Inhibin c) Oxytocin d) FSH
223. Which of the following is correct about mammalian testes?
a) Graafian follicles, sertoli’s cells, Leydig’s b) Graafian follicles, sertoli’s cells, seminiferous
cells tubules
c) Sertoli’s cells, seminiferous tubules, Leydig’s d) Graafian follicles, Leydig’s cells,
cells, seminiferous tubules
224. Given the diagrammatic sectional view of mammary gland. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷

a) A-Alveolus, B-Mammary duct, C-Lactiferous b) A-Alveolus, B- Lactiferous duct, C- Mammary

duct, D-Areola duct, D-Areola
c) A-Alveolus, B-Mammary duct, C-Lactiferous d) A- Mammary gland, B-Mammary duct, C-
duct, D-Lactogenic spot Lactiferous duct, D-Areola
225. During oogenesis, the small structure separated from egg is
a) Polar bodies b) Secondary endosperm
c) Herring bodies d) Hela cells
226. Structure connecting the foetus to placenta is
a) Umbilical cord b) Amnion c) Yolk sac d) Chorion
227. Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of head, neck, …A… and …B… Sperm head contains
elongated haploid nucleus, which is covered by cap like structure called …C… .
A, B and C in the above statement refers to
a) A-middle piece, B-tail, C-acrosome
b) A- tail, B- middle piece, C-acrosome
c) A- tail, B- acrosome, C- middle piece

Pranav Pundarik - 22 -
 d) A-middle piece, B- acrosome, C- tail
228. Which part of the sperm is motile?
a) Head b) Neck c) Middle d) Tail
229. Cytoplasm of ovum does not contain
a) Golgi complex b) Centrosomes c) Mitochondria d) Ribosomes
230. Appearance of hair on head is observed during …… of development
a) 2nd month b) 3rd month c) 4th month d) 5th month
231. A. Humans reproduces…..
B. Humans are…….
C. Fertilization is …. in humans
D. Male and female gametes are…..
E. Zygote is…..
F. The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called…..
G. Ovulation is induced by a hormone called……
H. The fusion of male and female gametes is called…….
I. Zygote divides to form… which is implanted in uterus
J. The structure which provides vascular connection between foetus and uterus is called……
Blanks in the statements A to J in the above statement is
a) A-asexually, B-viviparous, C-external, D-diploid, E-haploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation,
I-blastocyst, J-placenta
b) A-sexually, B-viviparous, C-external, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation,
I-blastocyst, J-placenta
c) A-asexually, B-viviparous, C-internal, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation,
I-blastocyst, J-placenta
d) A-sexually, B-viviparous, C-internal, D- haploid, E- diploid, F-ovulation, G-LH, H-fertilisation,
I-blastocyst, J-placenta
232. Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of a portion of human male reproductive system. Select
the correct set of the names of the parts labelled A, B, C, D.

A B C C
a) Ureter prostat seminal bulbouret b) Vas Seminal prostat bulbouret
e vesicle hral gland deferens vesicle e hral gland
c) Vas seminal bulbour prostate d) Ureter seminal prostat bulbouret
deferen vesicle ethral vesicle e hral gland
s gland
233. Blastopore is found in
a) Blastula and is opening of archenteron b) Blastula and is opening of blastocoels
c) Gastrula and is opening of archenteron d) Gastrula and is opening of blastocoels
234. Seminal vesicle secretes 60% of semen content, these contents are
a) Glucose, prostaglandin, clotting protein b) Cellulose, prostaglandin, clotting factor

Pranav Pundarik - 23 -
 c) Fructose, prostaglandin, clotting protein d) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, prostaglandin,
clotting factor
235. A sectional view of mammary gland shows
I. Nipple areola
II. Mammary lobes (alveolus) and duct
III. Antibody and ribs
IV. Ampulla and lactiferous duct
Choose the correct option from the above
a) I, II, IV b) I, II, III c) III, IV, II d) I, IV, III
236. The Bartholin glands of female resembles the male’s
a) Cowper’s gland b) Vastibular gland c) Seminal vesicles d) Prostate gland
237. Cleavage in frog’s zygote is
a) Diplobalstic b) Heteroblastic c) Holoblastic d) meroblastic
238. Post-embryonic period is also called
a) Prenatal b) Postnatal c) Embryonal period d) None of the above
239. Match each function below with its associated part (or parts) of the human female
reproductive system shown in the figure

I. Where is the egg produced?

II. Where does fertilization occur?
III. Where would implantation of a fertilized egg take place?
IV. Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?
V. What part receives the penis during copulation?
a) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-E, V-A b) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A, V-E
c) I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-D, V-A d) I-E, II-C, III-B, IV-D, V-A
240. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty due to
a) GnRH b) Lactin c) Testosterone d) Oestrogen
241. Mark the odd one
a) Acrosome b) Endometrium c) Corpus luteum d) Graafian follicle
242. Name the hormone, which stimulates growth and development of breast in preparation for
lactation?
a) Oestrogen b) Human placental lactogen
c) Progesterone d) Chorionic gonadotropin
243. At which stage of the development, ovum is released from the ovary of human female?
a) Primary oocyte b) Oogonium c) Secondary oocyte d) Ootid
244. The 60% of semen is produced by the
a) Prostate gland b) Seminal vesicle c) Cowper’s gland d) Testes

Pranav Pundarik - 24 -
245. Choose the correct combination of the labelling for the following structure.

a) A-Oviduct, B-Uterus, C-Cervix, D-Ovary b) A- Cervix, B-Uterus, C-Ovary, D- Tumor

c) A- Uterus, B-Uterus cavity, C-Oviducal funnel, d) A- Cervix, B- Uterine cavity, C-Fallopian tube,
D-Ovary D-Ovary
246. Foetus develops limbs and digits in its … of development
a) 2nd month b) 3rd month c) 4th month d) 5th month
247. Spermatogenesis is induced by
a) FSH b) ACTH c) ICSH d) ATH
248. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐹 in the diagram given below

a) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C-Caput epididymis, D-Vas deferens, E-Septa of testis, F-
Cauda epididymis
b) A-vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C- Cauda epididymis, D-Mediastinum testis, E- Vas deferens, F-
Caput epididymis
c) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C- Cauda epididymis, D-Vas deferens, E-Tunica albuginea,
F- Caput epididymis
d) A-Tunica vaginalis, B-Rete testis, C-Caput epididymis, D- Mediastinum testis, E- Vas deferens,
F-Cauda epididymis
249. Sertoli’s cells are nourishing cells in the testis. They also secrete a hormone. Identify the same
a) Gonadotropin b) Testosterone c) Relaxin d) Inhibin
250. Through invagination of which of the following, mesoderm is formed?
a) Primitive streak b) Inner mass of cell c) Endoderm d) Ectoderm
251. The receptor site of acrosome are exposed and become active to penetrate the egg. This
process is called
a) Activation b) Capitation c) Reactivation d) Deactivation
252. Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells is called
a) Secondary follicle b) Ootid c) Primary follicle d) Tertiary follicle
253. In human secretion, which of the following is used to confirm implantation of emryo?

Pranav Pundarik - 25 -
 a) Gastrula b) Trophoblast c) Inner mass of cell d) Blastocyst
254. When both ovaries are removed from rat, which hormone is decreased in blood?
a) Oxytocin b) Prolactin
c) Oestrogen d) Gonadotrophic releasing factor
255. Study the following sentences.
V. Testosterone influences the male secondary sexual characters.
VI. Gestation period in rabbit is approximately 276 days.
VII. Bulbourethral glands secrete a vaginal lubricant.
VIII. Placenta secretes oestrogen
Identify the correct statements.
a) I and IV b) II and III c) III and IV d) I and II
256. Secretion from which of the following structures is preparing inner wall of uterus for
implantation?
a) Ovary b) Pituitary gland c) Corpus luteum d) Ovarian follicle
257. At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called
a) Embryo b) Blastocyst c) Zygote d) Foetus
258. Vas deferentia receives a duct from …A… and opens into the …B… as ejaculatory duct.
A and B in above statement is
a) A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder b) A-seminal vesicles; B-urethra
c) A-urethra; B-seminal vesicles d) A-urethra; B-urinary bladder
259. In numans, dermis of skin, circulatory system and muscles are derived from
a) Mesoderm b) Ectoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (a) and (b)
260. …A… completely surrounds the embryo and protect it. It also take part in formation of ….B… .
A and B here refers to
a) A-Chorion; B-Placenta b) A-Ammion; B-Amniotic cavity
c) A-Allantois; B-Endoderm d) A-Yolk sack; B-Endoderm
261. Cu ions released from copper- releasing Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
a) Make uterus unsuitable for implantation b) Increase phagocytosis of sperms
c) Suppress sperm motility d) Prevent of ovulation
262. Which one of the following is the most widely accepted method of contraception in India, at
present?
a) Tubectomy b) Diaphragm
c) IUDs (intra uterine devices) d) Cervical caps
263. Which of the following undergoes, the meiosis-I division?
a) Primary spermatocytes b) Secondary spermatocytes
c) Sertoli cell d) Leydig cell
264. The following graph of relative concentrations of the four hormones present in the blood
plasma of a woman during her menstrual cycle. Identify the hormones 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷

Pranav Pundarik - 26 -
 a) A-FSH, B-Progesterone, C-LH, D-Oestrogen
b) A- LH, B-Progesterone, C- FSH, D-Oestrogen
c) A-FSH, B- Oestrogen, C-LH, D- Progesterone
d) A- LH, B- Oestrogen, C- FSH, D- Progesterone
265. A chemical fertilizin is produced from
a) Polar bodies b) Middle piece of sperm
c) Acrosome d) Mature eggs
266. Milk secretion is maintained by …A… . This hormone inhibits the release from the pituitary and
counters the …B… and …C… . Hence in nourishing mother, the menstrual cycle is suppressed.
Here A, B and C are
a) A-FSH, B-LH, C-prolactin
b) A-prolactin, B-FSH, C-LH
c) A-LH, B-FSH, C-prolactin
d) A-LH, B-prolactin, C-FSH
267. Which one of the following events is correctly matched with the time period in a normal
menstrual cycle?
a) Release of egg - 5th days
b) Endometrium regenerates - 5 -14 days
c) Endometrium secretes
Nutrients for implantation - 11-18days
d) Rise in progesterone level - 1-15 days
268. A single ejaculation contains …A… to …B… million spermatozoa. Semen has pH of …C… to …D… .
Its alkalinity helps to neutralize the acidity of urethra. Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-300, B-400, C-8, D-9
b) A-200, B-300, C-7.35, D-7.50
c) A-100, B-200, C-5, D-6
d) A-150, B-200, C-7, D-8
269. Some important events in the human female reproductive cycle are given below. Arrange the
events in proper sequence.
I.Secretion of FSH
II.Growth of cropus luteum
III.Growth of the follicle and oogenesis
IV.Ovulation
V.Sudden increase in the levels of LH
a) III → I → IV → II → V b) I → III → V → IV → II
c) I → IV → III → V → II d) II → I → III → IV → V
270. Mammary gland is a

Pranav Pundarik - 27 -
 a) Modified sweat gland b) Modified perineum
c) Modified ear wax gland d) Both (a) and (c)
271. The tertiary follicle changes into
a) Graafian follicle b) Oocyte
c) Megaspore mother cell d) ovum
272. Male accessory glands includes …A…, …B… and …C… . Here A, B and C represents
a) A-one seminal vesicle, B-a pair of prostate gland, C-a bulbourethral gland
b) A-pair of seminal vesicle, B-prostate gland, C-a pair of bulbourethral gland
c) A-two pairs of seminal vesicle, B-two pairs of prostate gland, C-two pairs of bulbourethral
gland
d) A-three pairs of seminal vesicle, B-three pairs of prostate gland, C-three pairs of
bulbourethral gland
273. GnRH stimulates two hormones from anterior lobe of pituitary
a) FSH and GH
b) FSH and LH
c) LH and testosterone
d) Testosterone and LH
274. Female gamete mother cell are called
a) Oogonia b) Ovum c) Ootid d) Oocyte
275. Why the fusion of sperm and ova do not occur during pregnancy?
a) High levels of oestrogen and progesterone maintained by corpus luteum or placenta during
pregnancy inhibit the secretion of gonadotropin and ovulation
b) Woman cannot intercourse during pregnancy
c) High level of HCl kill the releasing ovum
d) The ova releasing during pregnancy is abnormal
276. Identify of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the figure given below

a) A-Secondary oocyte, B-Oogonia, C-Primary oocyte

b) A- Oogonia, B- Primary oocyte, C- Secondary oocyte
c) A-Secondary oocyte, B- Primary oocyte, C- Oogonia
d) A- Oogonia, B- Secondary oocyte, C-Primary oocyte
277. 2𝑛=16 is a primary spermatocyte, which is in metaphase of first meiotic division. What shall be
the total number of chromatids in each of the secondary spermatocyte?

Pranav Pundarik - 28 -
 a) 32 b) 8 c) 16 d) 24
278. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) hCG, hPL and relaxin are produced women only during pregnancy
b) During pregnancy the level of other hormones like oestrogens, progestogens, cortisol,
prolactin, thyroxine, etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood
c) Increased production of hcG, hPL, progesterone, etc., is essential for supporting the foetal
growth, metabolic changes in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy
d) All of the above
279. …A… are the paired folds of tissue under the labia majora. The opening of vagina is covered
partially by …B… …C… is the finger-like projection, which lies at the upper junction of two labia
minora and urethral opening.
A, B and C in the above statements are
a) A-Labia minora, B-Hymen, C-Clitoris b) A-Labia minora, B- Clitoris, C- Hymen
c) A- Hymen, B-Clitories, C- Labia minora d) A- Hymen, B- Labia minora, C- Labia majora
280. The seminiferous tubules of the testis opens into the vasa efferentia by
a) Vasa deferentia b) Rete testis
c) Epididymis d) Seminiferous tubules
281. …A… is made up of trophoblastic mesoderm inside and somatopleuric extraembryonic
mesoderm outside. The space between embryo and the amnion is called …B… which is filled
with clear watery fluid secreted by both embryo and membrane. It protects the embryo from
shock and desiccation. A and B in above sentence are
a) A-Chorion; B-Placenta b) A-Amnion; B-Amniotic cavity
c) A-Chorion; B-Amniotic cavity d) A-Yolk sac; B-Amniotic cavity
282. Placenta secretes
a) hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) b) Human placental lactogen
c) Oestrogen d) All of the above
283. Scrotum remains connected with abdomen or pelvic cavity by
a) Spermatic cord b) Inguinal canals c) Testis d) Lobules
284. Hormone responsible for ovulation is
a) LH b) FSH c) Progesterone d) Testosterone
285. Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of a single layer called
a) Germinal epithelium
b) Germ cell
c) Spermatogonia
d) Spermatozoa
286. Reproduction in larval stage is called
a) Neoteny b) Parthenogenesis c) Parthenocarpy d) Paedogenesis
287. The …A… secrete human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. The hCG maintains the …B… and
stimulates it to secrete …C… The latter maintains the …D… of the uterus and causes it to grow
throughout pregnancy
This also prevents …E… Progesterone also cause increased secretion of mucous in the cervix of
the uterus that forms a protective plug during pregnancy

Pranav Pundarik - 29 -
 A to E in above paragraph, is
a) A-trophoblastic cell, B-corpus luteum, C-progesterone, D-endometrium, E-menstruation
b) A-trophoblast, B-corpus luteum, C-progesterone, D- menstruation, E- endometrium
c) A-trophoblast, B-corpus luteum, C- endometrium, D- menstruation, E- progesterone
d) A-trophoblast, B- progesterone, C- corpus luteum, D- menstruation, E- endometrium
288. Human placenta is derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Trophoblast c) Endoderm d) Mesoderm
289. In which of the following animal, cleavage divisions are restricted to a small part of cytoplasm
and nucleus in animal pole of egg?
a) Cockroach b) Frog c) Chick d) Rabbit
290. Fertilization is
a) Fission of sperm and ova
b) Fusion of sperm and ova
c) Zygote formation
d) Gamete formation
291. Maturation of sperm before penetration is called
a) Spermatogenesis b) Spermiogenesis c) Capacitation d) Spermatid
292. At menopause, there is rise in urinary excretion to
a) FSH b) STH c) LH d) MSH
293. Identify 𝐸, 𝐹, 𝐺 and 𝐻 in the diagram of previous question
a) E-Glans penis, F-Foreskin, G-Testis, H-Urethra
b) E-Testis, F-Foreskin, G-Glans penis, H-Urethra
c) E-Urethra, F-Testis, G-Foreskin, H-Glans penis
d) E-Glans penis, F-Foreskin, G-Testis, H-Urethra
294. The events of the menstrual cycle are represented below. In which of the following option the
level of FSH, LH an progesterone is mentioned correctly

13-14 Day 21st to 23rd

day
FSH LH Proges FSH LH Proges
terone t
erone
a) Hi Hi Low Low Low Hi-
- - gh
gh gh

Pranav Pundarik - 30 -
 b) Hi Hi Hig- Low Low Lo-
- - h w
gh gh
c) Lo L Low Hig- Hig- Hi-
-w o h h gh
w
d) Lo L Hig- Hig- Low Lo-
-w o h h w
w
295. Mammary glands are modified
a) Sweat gland b) Sebaceous gland c) Lacrimal gland d) Endocrine gland
296. Primary sex organ in man is
a) Scrotum b) Accessory gland c) Testis d) Urinary bladder
297. Find out 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the figure given below

a) A-Sertoli cell, B-Testosterone, C-Inhibin

b) A- Inhibin, B- Sertoli cell, C-Testosterone
c) A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Inhibin
d) A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Testosterone
298. In menstrual phase, the production of LH considerably
a) Reduced b) Increases c) Does not change d) None of these
299. Cytoplasm surrounding mitochondria present in the middle piece of sperm is
a) Manchette b) Centroplasm c) Microplasm d) Acrosome
300. During menstrual phase, the hormones which show reduction in sufficient quantity are
a) Progesterone b) LH c) Inhibin d) Both (a) and (b)
301. A woman with a typical 28 day menstrual cycle is most likely to become pregnant as a result of
sexual intercourse on ….. of cycle
a) 1-3 days b) 5-8 days c) 12-15 days d) 24-28 days
302. What is the purpose of polar bodies during oogenesis?
a) Polar bodies serves both as a dumping ground for extra sets of chromosomes and ensure
that the ovum will have most of the cytoplasm
b) They rid the body of defective sets of chromosomes, leaving the ‘good’ set within the ovum
c) They are merely the by-product of meiosis and serve no function
d) They prevent the development of most sets of multiple birth

Pranav Pundarik - 31 -
303. Funnel-shaped part closer to the ovary is called
a) Filmbriae b) Infundibulum c) Ampulla d) Isthmus
304. Give the name of two hormones 𝐴 and 𝐵 in the figure given below

a) FSH and GH b) LH and androgen c) GH and LH d) GH and lactin

305. Which of the following represents a condition, where the motility of the sperms is highly
reduced?
a) Oligospermia b) Athenospermia c) Azoospermia d) Poolyspermy
306. Male reproductive system contains a pair of …A… along with accessory …B… and …C… and an
external …D… . Here A, B, C, and D refers to
a) A-genitalia, B-glands, C-ducts, D-testis
b) A- testis, B-glands, C-ducts, D- genitalia
c) A-urethra, B-testis, C-foreskin, D-rete testis
d) A-uterus, B-vasa deferentia, C-epididymis, D-rete testis
307. The wolffian duct gives rise of
a) Scrotum b) Labia majora c) Both (a) and (b) d) Epididymis
308. Second meiotic division in ova takes place
a) After ovulation b) After spermatogenesis
c) After fusion of sperm and ova d) After sperm reaches to the oviduct
309. Which of the given option maintains?
I. Endometrium wall
II. Pregnancy
a) Graafian follicle b) Secondary oocyte c) Corpus luteum d) Corona radiata
310. Which of the following provides nutrition to sperm?
a) Leydig’s cell b) Scrotum c) Sertoli’s cell d) Epididymis
311. Identify 𝐴 and 𝐵 and their respective functions

A B Function of 𝐴 Function of 𝐵
a) Trophoblast Inner cell get attached to the differentiated as
Mass endometrium embryo
b) Inner cell Trophoblast get attached to the differentiated as
Mass endometrium embryo

Pranav Pundarik - 32 -
 c) Trophoblast Inner cell differentiated as get attached to the
Mass embryo endometrium
d) Ectoderm Endoderm differentiated as get attached to the
embryo endometrium
312. The leydig’s cells secrete
a) Oestrogen b) Testosterone c) Progesterone d) Corticostierone
313. Germinal epithelium gives rise to
a) Sertoli cells b) Interstitial cells c) Spermatogonium d) Scrotum
314. The cells of the trophoblast in contact with inner mass of cells, are called
a) Cells of embryo
b) Cells of rauber
c) Cells of organogenesis
d) Cells of blastula
315. The cell division that takes place in a zygote is known as
a) Meiosis b) Mitosis c) Cleavage d) Differentiation
316. If the size of a fertilized egg of frog is compared with the size of its blastula and gastrula stages,
which of the following observations will be correct?
a) There is a progressive increase in size from zygote to blastula to gastrula
b) All the three will be of the same size
c) Zygote will be smaller, while blastula and gastrula will be larger
d) Gastrula will be larger, while zygote and blastula will be of same size
317. Bartholin glands are also called
a) Vestibular glands b) Lenticular glands c) Rudimentary glands d) Does not exist
318. Sperm acrosome is derived from
a) Golgi bodies
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Lysosome
d) Mesosome
319. Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigiated with each other and jointly form
a) Trophoblast b) Inner cell mass c) Placenta d) Implantation
320. Menstruation is due to sudden
a) Reduction of FSH b) Increase of LH
c) Reduction in oestrogen and progesterone d) None of the above
321. Anti-fertilizin is present on
a) Egg b) Tail c) Ovum d) Spermatozoa
322. During early and middle fetal life, the testis are located in the
a) Inguinal canal b) Abdominal cavity c) Pelvic cavity d) Scrotal saes
323. Human egg is
a) Alecithal b) Centrolecithal c) Telolecithal d) Megagalecithal
324. Cleavage forms 2-4-6-8-16 cells. These cells are called
a) Blastocysts b) Blastomeres c) Morula d) Trophoblast
325. In frog , chromosome number is reduced to half

Pranav Pundarik - 33 -
 a) When 2nd polar body is separated b) When 2nd polar body is divided
c) When 3 polar body is separated
rd d) When 1st polar body is separated
326. Testicular lobules contains
a) 3-5 seminiferous tubules b) 2-6 seminiferous tubules
c) 5-7 seminiferous tubules d) 1-3 seminiferous tubules
327. Lowest regeneration power is found in
a) Amoeba b) Sponges c) Coelenterates d) Brain cells
328. Which of the following is a mechanical barrier used in birth control?
a) Tubectomy b) Dalcon shield c) Vasectomy d) Diaphragm
329. Amphimixis is
a) Fusion of sperm with egg b) Fusion of pronucleus of sperm with egg
c) No fusion d) Fusion of diploid cells
330. Our all bones are derived from the mesoderm. Except
a) Facial b) Femur c) Redula d) Occipital
331. Layers of an ovum from outside to inside is
a) Corona radiate, zonapellucida and vitelline b) Zona pellucida, Corona radiate, and vitelline
membrane membrane
c) vitelline membrane, zona pellucida, and d) Zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, and
Corona radiate Corona radiate
332. A human female has the maximum number of primary oocytes in her ovaries
a) At birth b) Just prior to puberty
c) Early in her fertile years d) Midway through her fertile years
333. Onset of menstruation of human female is called
a) Menopause b) Puberty c) Gestation d) Menarche
334. Ovulation takes place in a month between
a) 11-14 days b) 14-16 days c) 15-28 days d) 21-26 days
335. The best definition of the process of gastrulation is that it is a process where the
a) Single layered blastula become two layered b) Archenteron is formed
c) Zygote gets converted into larva d) Cells move to occupy their definite position
336. A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that
FSH is no longer released, but LH secretion is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would
expect that he would
a) Develop secondary sex characters
b) Be sterile
c) Have improper functioning of the testicular interstitial cells
d) Both (a) and (b)
337. Which of the following is not a case of epimorphosis?
a) Formation of sperms from small clumps of b) Regeneration of tail in a lizard
cells
c) Replacement of several arm in starfish d) Replacement of limb in salamander
338. Androgen stimulates the …A… FSH acts on the …B… and stimulates factors for spermiogenesis.
Here A and B refers to

Pranav Pundarik - 34 -
 a) A-Sertoli cell; B-Leydig cell
b) A-Spermatogenesis; B-Spermatid
c) A-Spermatogenesis; B-Sertoli cell
d) A- Spermatogenesis; B-Leydig cell
339. Which of the following is the group of external genitalia in human female?
a) Labium minora, labium majora, vagina
b) Labium minora, labium majora, clitoris
c) Labium minora, labium majora, oviduct
d) Labium minora, labium majora, cervix
340. Cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair is called
a) Mono pubis b) Labia majora c) Labia minora d) Clitoris
341. A. The mature follicle is called Graafian follicle
B. The mature follicle is called secondary follicle
a) Statement A is correct, statement B is incorrect
b) Statement B is correct, statement A is incorrect
c) Both statement are incorrect
d) Both statement are correct
342. After one month of pregnancy, the embryo’s …A…. is formed. By the end of the …..B… month of
pregnancy, the foetus develops limbs and digits. By the end of …C… most of the major organ
systems are formed for example, the limbs and external genital organs are well-developed. By
the end of …D….. the body is covered with fine hair, eyelids separate, and eyelashes are formed
Here A and D refers to
a) A-heart, B-second, C-first trimester, D-second trimester
b) A-heart, B-second, C-first month, D-second month
c) A-heart, B-second, C-first week, D-second week
d) A-heart, B-fourth, C-first trimester, D-second trimester
343. Find out the correct statement.
a) Amnion is the outer layer containing amniotic fluid that acts as shock absorber to the soft
embryo
b) Yolk sac is foetal membrane that helps in the nourishment of the embryo in general
c) In mammals, allantois is not excretory in function
d) Chorio-allantoic membrane davelops villi and contribute much to the development of
placenta
344. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the given diagram

Pranav Pundarik - 35 -
 a) A-Urinary bladder, B-Bulbourethral gland, C-Prostate gland, D-Seminal vesicles
b) A-Urinary bladder, B-Seminal vesicles, C-Prostate gland, D- Bulbourethral gland
c) A- Prostate gland, B- Seminal vesicles, C- Urinary bladder, D- Bulbourethral gland
d) A- Bulbourethral gland, B- Urinary bladder, C- Seminal vesicles, D- Prostate gland
345. Which is formed in gastrulation?
a) Archenteron b) Heart c) Brain d) None of these
346. Everytime copulation do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy because of failure of sperm to
reach the
a) Ampulla b) Cervix c) Endometrium d) Myometrium
347. 64 celled stage of embryo is called
a) Blastocyst b) Blastomere c) Morula d) Inner mass of cell
348. Uterus is also called
a) Cervical canal b) Womb c) Oviduct d) Ampulla
349. Oral contraceptives are prescribed in females to check
a) Entry of sperms in vagina b) Implantation
c) Ovulation d) Fertilization
350. Which of the correct example of the type of regeneration out of the two major types?
a) Morphallaxis–regeneration of two transversely cut equal pieces of one Hydra into two small
Hydras
b) Epimorphosis –replacement of old and dead erythrocytes by the now ones
c) Morphallaxis-healing of wound in the skin
d) Epimorphosis-regeneration of crushed and filtered out pieces of Planaria into as many new
planarian
351. Trophoblast gives ….. to embryo
a) Nourishment b) Development c) Extra cells d) Movements
352. Fleshy folds of tissue which extends down the mons pubis and surrounds the vaginal opening is
called
a) Labia minora b) Labia majora c) Hymen d) Clitoris
353. The embryo at 16-celled stage is known as
a) Morula b) Gastrula c) Blastula d) Blastomere

Pranav Pundarik - 36 -
354. Non –participation of male pronucleus in fertilization is
a) Androgenesis b) Polyandry c) Gynogenesis d) Polygyny
355. Ovulation in the human female normally takes place during the menstrual cycle
a) At the mid secretory phase b) Just before the end of the secretory phase
c) At the beginning of the proliferative phase d) At the end of the proliferative phase
356. Releasing of sperms from seminiferous tubules is called
a) Spermiogenesis b) Spermiation c) Spermatogenesis d) Spermatid
357. Identify the sex of baby 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷

a) A-Girl, B-Boy, C-Girl, D-Boy b) A- Boy, B- Girl, C- Boy, D- Girl

c) A- Boy, B-Boy, C-Girl, D- Girl d) A-Girl, B- Girl, C- Boy, D-Boy
358. The testes in humans are situated outside the abdominal cavity inside a pouch called scrotum.
The purpose served is for
a) Escaping any possible compression by the visceral organs
b) Providing more space for the growth of epididymis
c) Providing a secondary sexual feature for exhibiting the male sex
d) Maintaining the scrotal temperature lower than the internal body temperature
359. Which is present in male rabbit but not present in female rabbit?
a) Urethra b) Vagina c) Uterus d) Vas deferens
360. The tertiary follicle changes into mature follicle called …A… The secondary oocyte form a new
membrane called …B… surrounding it. The Graafian follicle reptures to release the secondary
oocyte ovum from the ovary by the process called …C…
A, B and C in the above passage refers to
a) A-Graafian follicle; B-primary follicle; C- b) A- ovulation; B-primary follicle; C- Graafian
ovulation follicle
c) A- ovulation; B-primary follicle; C- secondary d) A-Graafian follicle; B-zona pellucida; C-
follicle ovulation
361. …… is composed of endoderm inside and splanchoropleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. This part is non-functional except it is the site of early blood formation. The most
suitable word for the blank space is
a) Allantois b) Chorion c) Aminion d) Yolk sac
362. The new membrane formed by follicular cells is called
a) Zona granulosa
b) Zona pellucida
c) Plasma membrane
d) Tertiary membrane
363. Arrange the events of menstrual cycle as they occur
I. Secretion of FSH

Pranav Pundarik - 37 -
 II. Growth of corpus luteum
III. Growth of follicle and oogenesis
IV. Ovulation
V. Sudden increase in level of LH
a) I, III, V, IV, II b) II, I, III, IV, V c) III, I, IV, V, II d) I, IV, III, V, II
364. Arrhenotoky is also called
a) Diploid parthenogenesis
b) Haploid parthenogenesis
c) Incomplete parthenogenesis
d) Complete parthenogenesis
365. Vasa deferentia together with seminal vesicle forms
a) Caput epididymis b) Corpus epididymis c) Ejaculatory duct d) Cauda epididymis
366. Which one of the following cells have haploid number of chromosome?
a) 1° spermatocytes b) 2° spermatocytes c) Spermatid d) Both (b) and (c)
367. Acrosome present at the tip of sperm is made up of
a) Golgi bodies b) Mitochondria c) Lysosome d) Ribosome
368. Sertoli cells are found in
a) Heart b) Liver
c) Germinal epithelium d) Seminiferous tubules
369. Gametogenesis is the formation of
a) Gametes b) Ova c) Sperm d) Organs
370. Liver and pancreas are derivatives of
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm and mesoderm d) Both (a) and (b)
371. Which of the following is correct?
a) Mesoderm – Brain b) Ectoderm –Liver
c) Mesoderm – Skeleton d) Endodermis -Epidermis
372. Corpus luteum secretes
a) LH b) Progesterone c) Oestrogen d) FSH
373. Interstitial cells are also called
a) Leydig cells b) Rete testis c) Vasa efferentia d) Spermatocytes
374. Why menstrual cycle do not takes place regulary?
a) High level of hormone in blood b) Fertilization of ovum
c) Early release of ovum d) Psychological region
375. Which of the following is a role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
a) They provide nutrition to the developing b) They stimulate germinal epithelium
sperms
c) They direct morphogenesis of sperm d) They provide nutrition to developing sperm;
they direct morphogenesis of sperm
376. Development of animal embryo from egg without fertilization is called
a) Parthenogenesis b) Parthenocarpy c) Apospory d) Apomixis
377. Cleavage is the rapid mitotic division. It occurs in

Pranav Pundarik - 38 -
 a) Gametes b) Zygote c) Sperm d) Ova
378. Which one of the following statements about human sperm is correct?
a) Acrosome has a conical pointed structure used for piercing and penetrating the egg,
resulting in fertilization
b) The sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve the egg envelope facilitating fertilization
c) Acrosome serves as a sensory structure leading the sperm towards the ovum
d) Acrosome serves no particular function
379. Given diagram refers to spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐻 correctly.

a) A-Spermatogonia, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C-Primary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-

Primary oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body
b) A-Spermatogonia, B- Primary spermatocytes, C- Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-
Secondary oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body
c) A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-
Primary oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body
d) A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-
Primary oocyte, F-Secondary oocyte, G- Second polar body, H-First polar body
380. Which of them is not a correct match?
a) Proliferative phase-Rapid regeneration of myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
b) Secretory phase-Development of corpus luteum and increased secretion of progesterone
c) Menstruation-Breakdown of myometrium and ovum is not fertilized
d) Ovulation-LH and FSH attain last peak and sharp full in secretion of progesterone
381. Origin of nervous system occurs from
a) Meso-endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Ecroderm
382. The edges of infundibulum possess finger-like projection called …A… which helps in the
collection of ovum. The infundibulum leads to wider part of the oviduct called …B… . Last part
of oviduct, …C…. has narrow lumen and joins to uterus.
A, B and C in the above statement refers to
a) A-fimbriae; B-ampulla; C-isthmus b) A-fimbriae; B-isthmus; C-ampulla

Pranav Pundarik - 39 -
 c) A- isthmus; B- fimbriae; C-ampulla d) A- isthmus; B- ampulla; C- fimbriae
383. Bidder’s canal is found in
a) Testis of frog b) Kidney of frog c) Kidney of mammal d) Ovary of mammal
384. Baby moving vigorously, responds to the touch and lound noises, swallowing amniotic fluid
and urinating during …… of development
a) 20 weeks b) 24 weeks c) 26 weeks d) 28 weeks
385. The following diagram refers to female reproductive system of human. Identify 𝐴 to 𝐸

a) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D-Cervix, E-Vagina

b) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D- Vagina, E- Cervix
c) A-Urethra, B-Urinary bladder, C-Uterus, D-Cervix, E-Vagina
d) A- Uterus, B-Urinary bladder, C- Urethra, D-Cervix, E-Vagina
386. Mammalian egg has
a) No yolk at all b) Small amount of yolk
c) Large amount of yolk d) Yolk concentrated at one pole
387. If a germ cell in a female gonad and a germ cell in a male gonad begin undergoing meiosis
simultaneously, what will be the ratio of ova and sperm produced?
a) 1:1 b) 1:2 c) 1:4 d) 2:1
388. The granules present beneath the plasma membrane of oocyte cells are called …A… These
granules fuses with the plasma membrane of oocyte and releases their content including …B…
between the …C… and zona pellucida. This ensures the …D… . Here A, B, C and D refers to
a) A-monospermy, B-plasma membrane, C-corticle enzyme, D-corticle granules
b) A- corticle granule, B- corticle enzyme, C- plasma membrane, D- monospermy
c) A- corticle enzyme, B- corticle granules, C- plasma membrane, D- monospermy
d) A- corticle enzyme, B- corticle granules, C- monospermy, D- plasma membrane
389. What do you mean by the term spermateleosis?
a) Conversion of spermatids to sperm
b) Conversion of spermatogonium to spermatid
c) Conversion of spermatid to spermatogonium
d) Conversion of primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
390. Regeneration of tail in lizards is an example of
a) Epimorphosis b) Morphollaxis c) Heteromorphosis d) parthenogenesis
391. Which area experiences the greatest change during the menstrual cycle?
a) Vagina b) Perimetruim c) Cervix d) Endometrium
392. In humans, at the end of the first meiotic division, the male germ cells differentiate into the
a) Primary spermatocytes b) Secondary spermatocytes

Pranav Pundarik - 40 -
 c) Spermatids d) Spermatogonia
393. A Change in the amount of yolk and its distribution in the egg will affect
a) Formation of zygote
b) Pattern of cleavage
c) Number of blastomeres produced
d) Fertilization
394. Which one of the following is the correct matching of the events occurring during menstrual
cycle?
a) Ovulation – LH and FSH attain peak level and b) Proliferative phase – Rapid regeneration of
sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone myometrium and maturation of Graafian
follicle
c) Development of corpus luteum – Secretory d) Menstruation – Breakdown of myometrium
phase and increased secretion of and ovum not fertilized
progesterone
395. ‘XX’ is a thick structure of male reproductive system which arises from cauda epididymis. ‘XX’
are 2 in number and its lining has many stereocilia. Identify ‘XX’
a) Vasa efferentia b) Vasa deferentia c) Penis d) Scrotum
396. The largest component of the uterus by weight is the
a) Broad ligament b) Myometrium c) Round ligament d) Endometrium
397. Head region of the sperm contains
a) Nucleus and acrosome b) Middle piece and neck region
c) Nucleus and tail d) Middle piece and nucleus
398. The embryonic membrane involved in the formation of placenta in human is
a) Yolk sac b) Allantois c) Amnion d) Chorion
399. Hormone, which is responsible for contraction of uterus is
a) Vasopressin b) Oxytocin c) Thyrotropin d) Gonadotropin
400. Labium majora of a female mammal is homologous to
a) Penis b) Prostate gland c) Epididymis d) Scrotal sac
401. Spermiogenesis or spermatiliosis is
a) Changing of spermatid to spermatozoa
b) Changing of spermatid to sperm
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Changing of spermatid to secondary spermatocytes
402. Which extra-embryonic membrane in humans prevents desiccation of the embryo inside the
uterus?
a) Chorion b) Allantois c) Yolk sac d) Amnion
403. Give the name 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the previous question
a) A-Secondary spermatocytes, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Spermatozoa
b) A- Spermatozoa, B-spermatocytes, C- Primary spermatocytes, Secondary spermatocytes
c) A- Primary spermatocytes, B- Secondary spermatocytes, C-Spermatozoa
d) A- Spermatozoa, B-Secondary spermatocytes, C- Primary spermatocytes
404. In the given diagram find out, 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

Pranav Pundarik - 41 -
 `
a) A-Plug of mucous in cervix, B-Placement villi, b) A-Umbilical cord, B-Placement villi, C- Plug
C-Umbilical cord of mucous in cervix
c) A-Umbilical cord, B- Plug of mucous in d) A-Placement villi, B- Plug of mucous in
cervix, C- Placement villi cervix, C-Umbilical cord
405. The type of connective tissue that is associated with the umbilical cord is
a) Areolar connective tissue b) Jelly-like connective tissue
c) adipose connective tissue d) Reticular connective tissue
406. The uterus opens into the vagina by a canal called
a) Cervical canal b) Fundus c) Ampulla d) Oviducts
407. Within the female ovary, primordial follicles start to develop
a) At puberty b) Around age 5
c) At birth d) During prenatal development
408. Binding of sperm to secondary oocyte cause …A… which ensures ….B… . The words suitable to
fill the blanks are
a) A-polyspermy; B-polarisation b) A-polarisation; B-polyspermy
c) A-depolarisaton; B-monospermy d) A- monospermy; B- depolarisation
409. The correct sequence of spermatogenetic stages leading to the formation of sperms in a mature
human testis is
a) Spermatocyte-spermatogonia-spermatid-sperm
b) Spermatogonia - Spermatocyte-spermatid-sperm
c) Spermatid - Spermatocyte-spermatogonia- sperm
d) spermatogonia-spermatid- Spermatocyte- sperm
410. Mixing up of chromosome of male and female nucleus is called
a) Karyogamy b) Amphimixis c) Both (a) or (b) d) None of the above
411. Body covered with fine hair, eyelid separates and eye lashes are formed during ….. of
development
a) 3rd month b) 4th month c) 5th month d) 6th month
412. Which of the following hormones does not play any role is menstruation?
a) GH b) FSH c) LH d) None of these
413. Withdrawl of which hormone cause desintegration of corpus luteum?
a) Progesterone b) LH c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
414. Hormone …A… secretes by the anterior lobe of pituitary, which stimulates the ovarian follicle
and follicle secrets the …B… hormone. Here A and B refers to

Pranav Pundarik - 42 -
 a) A-FSH; B-progesterone b) A-FSH; B-inhibin
c) A-Inhibin; B-FSH d) A-FSH; B-oestrogen
415. Egg secrets a chemical called …A… which is made up of …B… and sperm secretes a chemical
called …C… made up of …D… The adhesion of sperm to the egg of same species through
chemical recognition is called …E… . Here A to E refers to
a) A-fertilisin, B-glycoprotein, C-antifertilisin, D-protein, E-agglutination
b) A-fertilisin, B-glucose, C-antifertilisin, D- glucose, E-agglutination
c) A-fertilisin, B-fructose, C-antifertilisin, D- fructose, E-agglutination
d) A-fertilisin, B- protein, C-antifertilisin, D- glycoprotein, E-agglutination
416. The clitoris in females is
a) Analogous to penis b) Homologous to penis
c) Functional penis in female d) Non-functional penis in male
417. Facial bones in humans are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Endoderm c) Mesoderm d) Trophoblast cells
418. Regeneration of liver is
a) Metamorphosis b) Reparative regeneration
c) Epimorphosis d) Morphogenesis
419. Embryologist can draw the fate maps of future organ of embryo in
a) Blastula b) Morula c) Early gastrula d) Late gastrula
420. Pseudocoelom developed from
a) Embryonic mesoderm b) Archenteron
c) Blastocoel d) Blastopore lip
421. In human beings, normally in which one of the following parts, does the sperm fertilize the
ovum?
a) Cervix b) Fallopian tube c) lower part of uterus d) Upper part of uterus
422. Function of bulbourethral gland is to
a) Lubricate the penis b) Increase the motility of sperm
c) Enhance the sperm count d) All of the above
423. Fluid filled cavity called …A… is present in …B… follicle called …C…. Here A, B and C are
a) A-secondary follicle, B-primary follicle, C-tertiary follicle
b) A- primary follicle, B-antrum, C- secondary follicle
c) A- tertiary follicle, B- secondary follicle, C- antrum
d) A- antrum, B- secondary follicle, C-tertiary follicle
424. Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by
a) Spermiation b) Spermatogenesis c) Meiosis d) spermiogenesis
425. Length and width of testis is
a) 4-5 cm and 2-3 cm b) 5-6 cm and 3-4 cm c) 6-7 cm and 4-5 cm d) 7-8 cm and 8-9 cm
426. Which cell organelle is absent in human sperm?
a) ER b) Mitochondria c) Nucleus d) Centrioles
427. Largest egg is of
a) PPLO b) Ostrich
c) Hydra d) Periplaneta Americana

Pranav Pundarik - 43 -
428. The endometrium is the lining of
a) Bladder b) Vagina c) Uterus d) Oviduct
429. Acrosome is a type of
a) Lysosome b) Flagellum c) Ribosome d) Basal body
430. Which gland in female is a counterpart of Cowper’s gland in male?
a) Bartholin’s gland b) Clitoris c) Perineal gland d) None of these
431. Embryo at 8 to 16 cell stage is called
a) Blastula b) Morula c) Trophoblast d) All of these
432. Neoteny refers to
a) Development of gonads
b) Pre-adult animal
c) Metamorphosis
d) Retention of larval or embryonic trait in the adult body
433. Implantation is
a) Attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall
b) Division of blastocyst
c) Formation of organs
d) An IVF technique
434. When released from ovary, human egg contains
a) One Y-chromosome b) Two X-chromosomes
c) One X-chromosome d) XY-chromosomes
435. Acrosome is a part of
a) Foetus b) Graafian follicle c) Human ovum d) Human sperm
436. Eunuchoidism is due to the failure of production of
a) FSH b) Testosterone c) ICSH d) Oestrogen
437. Which part of the sperm contains hydrolytic enzymes?
a) Head region b) Neck region c) Cap region d) Tail region
438. Which of the following takes part in the formation of placenta?
a) Only trophoblast b) Only allantois
c) Trophoblast and mesoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
439. Which one of the following statements about morula in humans is correct
a) It has almost equal quantity of cytoplasm as b) It has far less cytoplasm as well as lessDNA
an uncleaved zygote but much more DNA than in an uncleaved zygote
c) It has more or less equal quantity of d) It has more cytoplasm and more DNA than
cytoplasm and DNA as in uncleaved zygote an uncleaved zygote
440. Embryonic period is also called
a) Prenatal period b) Development period c) Postnatal period d) None of the above
441. Function of scrotum is to maintain the
a) Temperature of testis
b) Body temperature
c) Level of growth hormone
d) Level of male hormone

Pranav Pundarik - 44 -
442. Sperm enters from which part of egg?
a) Anywhere in fertilized egg from animal pole b) From animal pole in unfertilized egg
c) In unfertilized egg from vegetal pole d) None of the above
443. Which of the following hormones is secreted by implanted blastocyst, that acts on the corpus
luteum in the ovary, stimulating the body to produce oestrogens and progesterone to maintain
the uterine lining?
a) Oestrogen b) HCG c) Progesterone d) Oxytocin
444. Find A and B in the figure

a) A-Blastocyst; B-Blastomere b) A-Blastula; B-Plasma membrane

c) A-Blastomere; B-Zona pellucida d) A-Zona pellucids; B-Blastomere
445. Which of the following organs is devoid of glands?
a) Uterus b) Vagins c) Vulva d) Oviduct
446. Match the following cell types with the corresponding chromosome complement, that is,
whether the cell is haploid or diploid? (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 If the cell is haploid use ‘A’, if diploid use ‘B’)
I. Spermatozoan
II. Secondary spermatocyte
III. Spermatogonium
IV. Spermatid
V. Primary spermatocyte
VI. Secondary oocyte
VII. Second polar body
VIII. First polar body
IX. Primary oocyte
a) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-A, V-B, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-B
b) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-B, V-B, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-A, IX-A
c) I-A, II-A, III-A, IV-A, V-A, VI-A, VII-A, VIII-B, IX-B
d) I-B, II-B, III-B, IV-B, V-B, VI-B, VII-B, VIII-A, IX-B
447. Which part of the sperm assist first mitotic division?
a) Acrosome b) Neck c) Middle part d) Tail part
448. Sperm entry takes place in the secondary oocyte by
a) Cone of rejection
b) Cone of reception
c) Fertilisation cone
d) Both (b) and (c)
449. Sperm lysin is found in
a) Neck region of sperm b) Middle region of sperm
c) Head region of sperm d) Tail region of sperm

Pranav Pundarik - 45 -
450. Compartments in mammalian testes are called
a) Testicular lobules b) Seminiferous tubules
c) Sertoli cells d) Interstitial cells
451. Human Fallopian tube is about
a) 8-9 cm long b) 9-10 cm long c) 10-12 cm long d) 12-17 cm long
452. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the given human sperm diagram

a) A-Acrosome, B-Plasma membrane, C-Mitochondria

b) A- Plasma membrane, B- Acrosome, C-Mitochondria
c) A- Mitochondria, B- Acrosome, C- Plasma membrane
d) A- Mitochondria, B-Plasma membrane, C- Acrosome
453. Prostate gland surrounds the …A… . It produces milky, slightly alkaline solution which forms
…B… volume of the semen. The secretion contains …C… acid; enzymes (acid phosphates,
amylase pepsinogen and prostaglandins).
A, B and C in the above statement is
a) A-prostate gland, B-35%, C-carboxylic b) A-penis, B-40%, C-carboxylic
c) A-ureter, B-25%, C-citric d) A-ureter, B-50%, C-citric
454. Corpus luteum produces
a) Progesterone b) Oestrogen c) Luteotropin d) Luteinzing hormone
hormone
455. In gastrulation, which of the forewing germ layer is /are formed?
a) Endoderm b) Mesoderm c) Ectoderm, endoderm d) All of the above
456. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for
a) Detecting sex of the unborn foetus
b) Artificial insemination
c) Transfer of embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother
d) Detecting any genetic abnormality
457. Identify the correctly matched pairs of the germ layers and their derivatives.
I.Ectoderm – Epidermis
II.Endoderm – Dermis
III.Mesoderm – Muscles
IV.Mesoderm – Notochord

Pranav Pundarik - 46 -
 V.Endoderm – Enamel of teeth
a) I, III and IV only b) I, II, III and V only c) I and IV only d) I and II only
458. Follicular phase lasts for
a) 6-13 days b) 6-24 days c) 6-10 days d) 6-8 days
459. Fertilization of ovum by the sperm takes place in
a) Ampulla of oviduct b) Isthmus of oviduct c) Fimbriae of oviduct d) None of the above
460. Bartholin glands are situated
a) On the sides of head
b) At the reduced tail end of birds
c) On either sides of vas deferens in human
d) On either sides of vagina in human
461. The organ which produces gametes are called …A… and which neither produces gametes nor
hormones are called …B… . Here A and B represent
a) A-primary sex organs; B-secondary sex organs
b) A- secondary sex organs; B- primary sex organs
c) A-tertiary sex organs; B-secondary sex organs
d) A- secondary sex organs; B- tertiary sex organs
462. Sertoli’s cells are found in
a) Pancreas b) Testes c) ovary d) Livery
463. In males LH is called
a) Androgen binding protein b) Inhibin
c) ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormones)d) FSH
464. Sertoli’s cells found in testis. These cells are
a) Nurse cells b) Reproductive cells c) Receptor cells d) None of the above
465. Mainly which type of hormones control the menstrual cycle in human beings?
a) FSH b) LH c) FSH, LH, Oestrogen d) Progesterone
466. Parturition is the process of
a) Child birth b) Fusion of gametes
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Releasing of gametes
467. Placenta is a connection between
a) Foetus and vaginal wall b) Foetus and Fallopian tube
c) Foetus and uterine wall d) Embryo and scrotum
468. The hormone that prepares and maintains the uterus during pregnancy is secreted by
a) Corpora cardiaca b) Corpus luteum c) Corpora albicans d) Graafian follicle
469. The early stage human embryo distinctly possesses
a) Gills b) Gil slits c) External ear (pinna) d) Eyebrows
470. In human lining of gastrointestinal tract, lining of lungs, thymus thyroid, tonsils, kidney duct
and bladder are derived from
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
471. Which of these is used to control human population?
a) Oestrogen and progesterone b) IUCD and MTP
c) Tubectomy and vasectomy d) All of the above

Pranav Pundarik - 47 -
472. Give the name of 𝐶 and 𝐷 in the diagram

a) Secondary spermatocyte and primary b) Spermatid and ootid

spermatocytes
c) Primary spermatocyte and secondary d) All of the above
spermatocytes
473. The first menstruration begins at puberty is called
a) Menopause b) Ovulation c) Gametogenesis d) Menarch
474. An antrum is the characteristic of ….follicles
a) Secondary b) Graafian
c) Primary d) Secondary or Graafian
475. The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called ……….. and an inner
group of cells attached to trophoblast called the …….. mass.
The trophoblast layer gets attached to the …… and the ……. differentiated as the embryo. As a
result the …….. becomes embeded in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called ….. and it
leads to pregnancy. Blanks given in the above paragraph are filled in chronological order as
a) Inner cell, trophoblast, endometrium, inner b) Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner
mass cell, blastocyst, implantation mass cell, blastocyst, implantation
c) Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner d) Trophoblast, inner cell, inner cell mass,
mass cell, implantation, blastocyst endometrium, implantation, blastocyst
476. Inner portion of the seminiferous tubules contain
a) Male germ cell
b) Sertoli cells
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Interstitial or leydig cell
477. The epididymis leads to …A… that ascends to abdomen and loops over the …B…. Here A and B
refers to
a) A-epididymis; B-vas deferens b) A-vas deferens; B-epididymis
c) A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder d) A-urinary bladder; B-vas deferens
478. Chorion is made up of
a) Trophoblast outer and somatopleuronic b) Somatopleuronic outside and trophoblastic
inside inside
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
479. Endocrine portion of testis is
a) Seminiferous tubules b) Interstitial cells
c) Leydig cell d) Both (b) and (c)

Pranav Pundarik - 48 -
480. Find out the chromosome number in the structures 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

a) 46, 23, 46
b) 23, 46, 46
c) 46, 23 ,23
d) 23, 23, 46
481. Genes in the somatic cells of the body undergoes mutation with the passages of time. Such
mutations cause senescence. It is related with
a) Hormonal theory b) Programmed senescence theory
c) Error and damages theories d) Immunological theories
482. Identify 𝐼, 𝐽, 𝐾 and 𝐿 in the diagram of Q, 35
a) I-Rete-testis, J-Vasa efferentia, K-Epididymis, b) I-Vasa efferentia, J-Rete-testis, K-Testicular
L-Testicular lobules lobules, L-Epididymis
c) I-Epididymis, J-Vasa efferentia, K-Rete-testis, d) I-Testicular lobules, J-Rete-testis, K-Vasa
L-Testicular lobules efferentia, L-Epididymis
483. The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on its head are usually observed
during which month of pregnancy?
a) Fourth month b) Fifth month c) Sixth month d) Third month
484. Which is immortal?
a) Plasma cell b) Germ cell c) Brain cell d) Kidney cell
485. Match 𝐴 to 𝐺 with 𝐼 to VII given below

I. Anus
II. Glans (clitoris)
III. Labia majora
IV Labia manora
V. Mons pubis

Pranav Pundarik - 49 -
 VI. Urethra
VII. Vagina
a) A-V, B-IV, C-III, D-II, E-VI, F-VII, G-I b) A-V, B-III, C-II, D-IV, E-VI, F-VII, G-I
c) A-II, B-III, C-V, D-IV, E-VI, F-VII, G-I d) A-V, B-VI, C-VII, D-IV, E-II, F-III, G-I
486. How many sperm cells are present in an average (3cc) ejaculation?
a) 200 million b) 300 million c) 400 million d) 500 million
487. First milk produced after child birth is called
a) Sebum b) Cerumen c) True milk d) Colostrum
488. Sperm’s acrosome has
a) Hyaluronic acid and proacrosin b) Hyaluronic acid and Fertilizin
c) Hyaluronidase and proacrosin d) Fertilizin and proacrosin
489.

a) A-Trophoblast; B-Inner mass of cell b) A-Trophoderm; B-Embroyblast

c) Either (a) or (b) d) Both (a) and (b)
490. Ageing is retarded by
a) ABA b) CKN c) GA d) C2 H4
491. The colour of bone marrow in foetus is
a) Red b) Yellow c) Brown d) None of these
492. In rabbit, head of epididymis present at the head of the testis is called
a) Vas deferens b) Cauda epididymis c) Gubernaculum d) Caput epididymis
493. The main tissue present in breast is ……. tissue
a) Glandular b) Sequamous c) Ciliated d) Epithelium
494. Placenta faciliate
a) Supply of oxygen b) Nutrient supply
c) Removal of excretory material d) All of the above
495. Which of the following undergoes spermiogenesis?
a) Spermatids b) Spermatogonia
c) Primary spermatocytes d) Secondary spermatocytes
496. Cleavage found in mesolecithal egg is
a) Holoblastic and equal b) Holoblastic and unequal
c) Meroblastic d) Discoidal
497. Choose the correct combination of labeling of seminiferous tubules of testis.

a) A - Sertoli’s cells B - Spermatogonium b) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatid C-

C - Spermatid Spermatogonium

Pranav Pundarik - 50 -
 D – Interstitial cell E - Spermatozoa D – Spermatozoa E - Sertoli’s cells
c) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatid C - d) A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatogonium
Spermatozoa C - Spermatid
D – Spermatogonium E - Sertoli’s cells D – Spermatozoa E - Sertoli’s cells
498. In human, the unpaired male reproductive structure is
a) Seminal vesicle b) Prostate c) Bulbourethral gland d) Testes
499. The main function of the fimbriae of the fallopian tube in females is to
a) Release to ovum from the graafian follicle
b) Make necessary changes in the endometrium for implantation
c) Help in the development of corpus luteum
d) Help in the collection of the ovum after ovulation
500. Name the parts and organelles of the sperms which are important in zygotes first cleavage,
after syngamy
a) Neck and mitochondria b) Neck and tail
c) Neck and centriole d) Neck and head
501. The signals for parturition originates from the fully developed foetus and followed by placenta
causing the mild contractions called
a) Foetal ejection reflex b) Embryo ejection reflex
c) Blastocoel ejaculation reflex d) Still birth
502. Find out corpus luteum and ovum in the previous question figure
a) A and B b) B and C c) C and D d) F and E
503. Corpus luteum is developed from
a) Oocyte b) Nephrostome c) Graafian follicle d) None of these
504. Milk secretion in mammals is associated with
a) Vasopressin b) Progesterone c) Prolactin d) Oxytocin
505. Which layer develops first during embryonic development?
a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Both (b) and (c)
506. The reproductive cycle in the female primate monkeys, apes and human beings is called
a) Menstrual cycle b) Menarche c) Menopause d) ovulation
507. Which of the following are secretions produced by the spermatozoa at the time of fertilization?
a) Fertilizin and anti-fertilizin b) Anti-fertilizin and sperm lysin
c) Fertilizin and sperm lysin d) Only sperm lysin
508. Males have numbers of internal accessory organs. Which one (s) is/are responsible for
secreting fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins?
a) Epididymis b) Seminal vesicles c) Vas deferens d) Prostate gland
509. Which of the following structures is ectodermal in origin?
a) Notochord b) Kidney c) Brain d) Liver
510. Tablets to prevent contraception contain
a) Progesterone b) FSH c) LH d) Both (b) and (c)
511. The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-livings on the basis of
their ability for
a) Responsiveness to touch

Pranav Pundarik - 51 -
 b) Interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
c) Reproduction
d) Growth and movement
512. Inner mass of cell or embryoblast give rise to
a) Foetal part b) Embryo c) Notochord d) Nourishment cell
513. Most of the organs are formed during ….. of development
a) 1st month b) 2nd month c) 3rd month d) 4th month
514. How many compartments (approx.) are there in each human testis?
a) 250 b) 300 c) 350 d) 400
515. The lytic enzyme present in semen is
a) Ligase b) Oestrogenase c) Androgenase d) Hyaluronidase
516. In which of the following, the dead space is highest?
a) Old man b) Old woman c) Young man d) Young woman
517. Find 𝐴 to 𝐷 in figure

a) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B-Inner cell mass, C-Blastocoel, D-Trophoblast

b) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B-Inner cell mass, C- Trophoblast, D- Blastocoel
c) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B- Blastocoel, C-Inner cell mass, D-Trophoblast
d) A-Breaking zona pellucida, B- Trophoblast, C- Inner cell mass, D- Blastocoel
518. In menstrual cycle, the menstrual phase last for
a) 3-5 days b) 5-6 days c) 1-3 days d) 2-3 days
519. Give the name of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 hormone in the following diagram

a) A-Inhibin, B-FSH, C-Testosterone, D-LH

b) A-Testosterone, B-Inhibin, C- LH, D-FSH
c) A-FSH, B- LH, C-Inhibin, D-Testosterone

Pranav Pundarik - 52 -
 d) A-LH, B-FSH, C-Testosterone, D-Inhibin
520. Cryptorchidism is a condition in which
a) Testis does not descend into scrotal sac b) Sperm is not found
c) Male hormones are not reactive d) Ovaries are removed
521. At which phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak level?
a) Menstrual phase b) Follicular phase c) Ovulatory phase d) Luteal phase
522. Find out the chromosome number, in 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 of previous question
a) 46, 23, 23 b) 46, 46, 23 c) 46, 46, 46 d) 46, 23, 46
523. Synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells is stimulated by
a) LTH b) TSH c) FSH d) ICSH
524. Select human development stages and its place at occurrence in normal pregnant woman
a) Late morula – Middle part of Fallopian tube
b) Blastula – End part of Fallopian tube
c) Blastocyst – Uterine wall
d) 8-celled morula – Starting point of Fallopian tube
525. Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called
a) Inter digital space b) Inter space c) Interstitial space d) Blind space
526. Hormone which stimulates the ‘let down’ release of milk from mother’s breast when the baby is
suckling, is
a) Prolactin b) Progesterone c) Oxytocin d) Relaxin
527. Corpus spongiosum is found in
a) Ovary b) Penis c) Testis d) Uterine wall
528. Primary spermatocyte differs form spermatogonium in
a) Number of chromosomes b) Size and volume
c) DNA content d) Size of chromosomes
529. During ovulation all of the following occur except
a) Rupture of the Graafian follicle b) Low oestrogen production
c) High FSH and LH production d) Formation of the corpus luteum
530. In human all the three germ layers are originated from
a) Trophoblast cells b) Inner cell mass
c) Both (a) and (b) d) They have special lineage
531. How many sperms are formed by four primary spermatocytes?
a) 1 b) 4 c) 16 d) 32
532. Stem cell can give rise to/the
a) Any types of cells b) Heart cells
c) Special tissue d) Special organs only
533. Given below is an incomplete flow chart showing influence of hormones of gametogenesis in
human females. A, B, C and D in the chart refers to

Pranav Pundarik - 53 -
 A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing
a) Hormone), B-Oestrogen and progesterone, C-b) Hormone), B- Progesterone and LH, C-Ovary,
Ovary, D-FSH and LH D- Oestrogen and FSH
A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing A-GnRH, (Gonadotropin Releasing
c) Hormone), B-FSH and Oestrogen, C-Ovary, D- d) Hormone), B- FSH and LH, C-Ovary, D-
LH and Progesterone Oestrogen and Progesterone

Get 10% off on PLUS using

the code PRANAVLIVE

Pranav Pundarik - 54 -
ANSWER KEY
1) a 2) c 3) d 4) a
5) c 6) c 7) d 8) c
9) c 10) c 11) a 12) b
13) c 14) d 15) b 16) a
17) b 18) a 19) b 20) a
21) a 22) c 23) c 24) b
25) b 26) b 27) a 28) c
29) b 30) d 31) b 32) b
33) b 34) a 35) a 36) b
37) b 38) a 39) b 40) c
41) b 42) c 43) c 44) c
45) a 46) a 47) b 48) d
49) a 50) a 51) c 52) b
53) c 54) a 55) a 56) c
57) d 58) d 59) a 60) a
61) d 62) c 63) c 64) b
65) a 66) d 67) a 68) b
69) b 70) a 71) c 72) d
73) c 74) a 75) c 76) d
77) a 78) c 79) c 80) c
81) a 82) a 83) a 84) b
85) a 86) b 87) a 88) b
89) b 90) c 91) c 92) c
93) a 94) d 95) b 96) a
97) b 98) b 99) d 100) d
101) b 102) b 103) b 104) c
105) a 106) a 107) c 108) c

Pranav Pundarik - 55 -
109) a 110) c 111) d 112) d
113) d 114) b 115) a 116) a
117) a 118) b 119) a 120) a
121) d 122) a 123) a 124) d
125) a 126) d 127) d 128) c
129) b 130) a 131) a 132) c
133) b 134) c 135) c 136) d
137) c 138) c 139) a 140) c
141) c 142) d 143) a 144) c
145) b 146) b 147) a 148) b
149) b 150) b 151) b 152) c
153) c 154) a 155) a 156) d
157) a 158) b 159) a 160) a
161) b 162) d 163) c 164) a
165) b 166) c 167) c 168) a
169) b 170) d 171) b 172) a
173) b 174) b 175) a 176) c
177) a 178) b 179) c 180) d
181) c 182) c 183) d 184) c
185) c 186) b 187) b 188) b
189) a 190) b 191) c 192) c
193) a 194) b 195) c 196) a
197) a 198) a 199) c 200) b
201) d 202) d 203) d 204) a
205) a 206) d 207) c 208) b
209) b 210) c 211) c 212) b
213) b 214) b 215) d 216) a
217) b 218) a 219) a 220) a

Pranav Pundarik - 56 -
221) b 222) a 223) c 224) d
225) a 226) a 227) a 228) c
229) c 230) d 231) d 232) b
233) c 234) c 235) b 236) a
237) c 238) b 239) c 240) a
241) a 242) b 243) c 244) b
245) d 246) a 247) a 248) c
249) d 250) a 251) b 252) c
253) b 254) c 255) d 256) c
257) b 258) b 259) a 260) a
261) a 262) c 263) a 264) c
265) d 266) b 267) b 268) b
269) b 270) a 271) a 272) b
273) b 274) a 275) a 276) b
277) c 278) d 279) a 280) b
281) b 282) d 283) b 284) a
285) a 286) d 287) a 288) b
289) c 290) b 291) c 292) a
293) c 294) a 295) a 296) c
297) c 298) a 299) a 300) d
301) c 302) a 303) b 304) b
305) b 306) b 307) d 308) c
309) c 310) c 311) a 312) b
313) c 314) b 315) c 316) d
317) a 318) a 319) c 320) c
321) d 322) b 323) a 324) b
325) d 326) d 327) d 328) d
329) c 330) a 331) a 332) a

Pranav Pundarik - 57 -
333) d 334) b 335) b 336) b
337) a 338) c 339) b 340) a
341) a 342) a 343) a 344) b
345) a 346) a 347) a 348) b
349) c 350) a 351) a 352) b
353) a 354) c 355) d 356) b
357) a 358) d 359) d 360) a
361) d 362) b 363) a 364) b
365) c 366) d 367) a 368) d
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373) a 374) a 375) d 376) a
377) b 378) b 379) c 380) d
381) d 382) c 383) b 384) d
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389) a 390) a 391) d 392) b
393) b 394) c 395) b 396) b
397) a 398) d 399) a 400) a
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405) b 406) a 407) d 408) c
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413) b 414) d 415) a 416) b
417) a 418) b 419) a 420) c
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429) a 430) a 431) a 432) d
433) a 434) c 435) d 436) b
437) a 438) c 439) d 440) a
441) a 442) b 443) b 444) c

Pranav Pundarik - 58 -
445) d 446) a 447) b 448) d
449) c 450) a 451) c 452) a
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513) c 514) a 515) d 516) a
517) a 518) a 519) d 520) a
521) c 522) b 523) d 524) c
525) a 526) c 527) b 528) b
529) b 530) b 531) b 532) a
533) d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS NEXT PAGE

Pranav Pundarik - 59 -
1 (a)
Rout of milk secretion

Internally, the breast consists of the glandular tissue

forming mammary glands, the fibrous tissue
(connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose tissue.
Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
2 (c)
I. Oestrogen – D
II. Ovulation – G Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
III. Repair of endometrium – F (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
IV. Luteinising hormone – C lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
V. Menstruation – H (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
VI. Luteal phase – B (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
VII. Progesterone – E (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
VIII. Ovarian phase - A primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
3 (d) mature Graafian follicle.
Gastrulation is the process of the formationof gastrula (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
from the blastula. It is characterized y formation of to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
three primary germ layers and morphogenetic and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
movements including epiboly, emboly, involution, (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
invagination and delamination. (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH
4 (a) surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby
Among prostaglandin, oestrogen and oxytocin, it is leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
oxytocin contract the uterine wall strongly. (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
Parturition (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is about ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the
9 months which is called the gestation period ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
(ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from the progesterone.
mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period is called (b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands
parturition secrete a fluid into the uterus.
(iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
mechanism undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration
(iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully of the endometrium leading to menstruation
developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce mild 6 (c)
uterine contractions called foetus ejection reflex In isolecithal eggs, yolk is uniformly distributed (e.g.,
(v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the mammals). In centrolecithal eggs, yolk is in the centre
maternal pituitary of the egg (e.g., insects). In polyleithal eggs, yolk is in
(vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle patches, (e.g., insects) and in telolecithal eggs, yolk is
contractions concentrated at one of the egg (e.g., frog, birds). Eggs of
(vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic human being are microlecithal and isolecithal.
symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the 7 (d)
uterine cervix during labour pain Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours.
(viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
5 (c) genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the egg by
the secretion of female genital tract. These secretions
of the female genital tract removes the coating
substances deposited on the surface of the sperms,
particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the receptor sites
on the acrosome are exposed and sperm become active
to penetrate the egg. This phenomenon of sperm
 activation in mammals is called capacitation. It takes Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
about 5-6 hr for capacitation of sperm (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
8 (c) lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
The grey crescent area is an area just opposite to the (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
entry of sperm into ovum. (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
9 (c) (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
Corpus luteum is the yellow endocrine body formed in primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
the ovary at the site of a ruptured Graafian follicle, mature Graafian follicle.
while macula lutea is a yellow spot on the retina. The (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
common feature between the two is that both (corpus to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
luteum and macula lutea) are characterized by yellow and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
colour. (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
10 (c) (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH
A cross section at the midpoint of the middle piece of a surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby
sperm will show mitochondria and 9+2 arrangement leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
of microtubules. (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
11 (a) (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the
Fusion of male and female gametes is called ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the
fertilization. It can be external (outside the female ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
genital tract) like frog, fishes or internal (inside the progesterone.
female genital tract) like mammals, birds, etc. (b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands
12 (b) secrete a fluid into the uterus.
Rapid mitosis in zygote into the blastomeres c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
Gametes. The major reproductive events in human undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration
beings are as follows of the endometrium leading to menstruation.
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. It (d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during this
includes spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) and phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During pregnancy all
oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs) events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by the menstruation. The menstrual cycle permanently stops
male into the genital tract of the female in females at the age of around 50 years. This is called
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female gametes to menopause
form zygote is called fertilization 14 (d)
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote In the ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak
which convert the single celled zygote into a level in middle of cycle (about 14 day). Rapid secretion
multicellular structure called blastocyst (blastula) of LH induces rupturing of Graafian follicle and thereby
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst to releasing the ovum in human beings (secondary oocyte
the uterine wall is released). This is called ovulation. Infact increase
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of placenta level of LH causes ovulation
which is the intimate connection between the foetus15 (b)
and uterine wall of the mother to exchange the The phase of menstrual cycle in women that lasts for 7-
materials 8 days, is ovulatory phase.
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which blastocyst16 (a)
is changed into gastrula with three primary germ Correct sequence in development is fertilisation (union
layers of male
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific of male and female gamete)
tissue, organs and organ systems from three primary ↓
germ layers Zygote (syngany or amphioxis) leads to the zygote)
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling of the ↓
baby from the mother’s womb (uterus) Cleavage (series of rapid mitotic division of the zygote)
13 (c) ↓
 Morula (8-16 blastomere structure called morula amniotic cavity, which is filled with a clear, watery fluid
having similar types of cells) secreted by both the embryo and the membrane. The
↓ amniotic fluid prevents dessication of the embryo and
Blastula (more than 16 blastomere (approx.-64) it is acts as a protective cushion that absorbs shocks
hollow structure (iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of endoderm
With blastocoel cavity in center) inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryoic mesoderm
↓ outside. It is a sac like structure, which arises from the
Gastrula (Transformation of the blastocyst in the gut of the embryo near the yolk sac. In human the
gastrula with primary germ layer by rearrangement a allantois is small and non-functional except for
cell called gastrulation and structure is called gastrula)
furnishing blood vessels to the placenta
17 (b) (iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
In rabbit, man and other placental mammals, endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryoic
fertilization takes place in the upper part of the mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is non-functional in
fallopian tube (ampulla). human beings except that it functions as the site of
18 (a) early blood cell formation
Placenta release oestrogens, progesterone, hCG and21 (a)
relaxin. That’s why it can be considered as endocrine Capacitation is the activation of sperm in mammals,
gland which takes place in female genital duct. The secretory
19 (b) cells of epithelial lining of oviduct mucosa secrete
Trophoblast. viscous fluid, which activates the sperms due to which
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner sperms get motile for fusion with egg.
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of the22(c)
embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to embryo. Epididymis stores the sperm and also secretes a fluid,
The cells of the trophoblast helps to provide the which is considered to nourish the sperm. In
nutrition to the embryo. The cells of the trophoblast epididymis the sperms are stored for few hours to few
form extra embryonic membranes namely chorion and days till sent out through ejaculations and Sperms, if
amnion. The cells of the trophoblast which are in not ejaculated are reabsorbed. Testis and epididymis
contact with inner mass are called cells of raubers are together called testides
23
(c)
In human female, the large plasma surge of luteinizing
hormone (LH) causes induction of ovulation (release of
ovum).
24 (b)
Progesterone and oestrogen, level of both rises in luteal
or secretory phase
Menstrual cycle
20 (a) Phases Days Events
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
Extra embryonic membrane are also called foetal
phase breaks down,
membrane. menstruation
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes begins. The cells of
The growing embryo/foetus develops four membranes endometrium,
called the extraembryoic or foetal membranes. These secretions, blood
include chorion, aminion, allantois and yolk sac and the
unfertilized ovum
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside and
constitute the
somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm inside. It menstrual flow.
completely surrounds the embryo and protects it. It Progesterone and
also takes part in the formation of placenta LH production is
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside and reduced
somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. The Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
space between the embryo and the amnion is called the phase rebuilds, FSH
 (proliferative secretion and Allantois is an extra embryonic membrane developed
phase) oestrogen’s as an outgrowth from hindgut. In the eggs of reptiles
secretion increase and birds, it functions as a urinary bladder and stores
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH the waste excretory products. It also provides oxygen
phase attain a peak level.
(in reptiles, birds and mammals) and food (in
Concentration of
oestrogen in the mammals) to the embryo.
blood is also high 32 (b)
and reaches its A-Pelvic wall; B-Ligament, C-Peripheral cortex; D-Inner
peak, Ovulation medulla
occurs 33 (b)
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
Labia majora (female external genitalia) homologous
(secretory 28 secretes
phase) progesterone. to the scrotum of male
Endometrium 34 (a)
thickens and After ovulation, frog Graafian follicle acts as an
uterine glands endocrine gland because it secretes progesterone
become secretory hormone for the maintenance of pregnancy.
25 (b) 35 (a)
Spermatogenesis is the process of the formation of According to the theory of error catastrophe, the
haploid spermatozoa (sperms) from the damage to mechanisms that synthesize proteins,
undifferentiated diploid primordial germs cells of the results in faulty proteins, which accumulate to a level
testes, which involves multiplication phase, growth and causes catastrophic damage to cells, tissues and
phase, maturation phase and differentiation phase, organs.
whereas Spermiogenesis is the process to 36 (b)
transformation of spermatids intospermatozoa Rete testis is connected to caput epididymis by 12-20
(sperms) which involves differentiation phase.
fine tubules called vasa efferentia or ductuli efference.
26 (b)
These collect sperms from inside the testis and transfer
There are many enzymes in the acrosome like fertilisin, them to the epididymis. Vas deferens arises from cauda
hyaluronidase, pectin corona penetrating enzyme, epididymis, conducts, sperms from epididymis to
acrosin etc., together they are called sperm lysins urethra.
27 (a) 37 (b)
Alimentary canal and respiratory structure are Doctors inject oxytocin hormone for the strong
endodermal in origin. contraction of uterine wall.
28 (c) Parturition
Graafian follicle is the mature follicle present in the (i) The average duration of human pregnancy is about
ovary. It consists of an outermost layer called theca 9 months which is called the gestation period
externa and inner to it is theca interna. (ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from the
29 (b) mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period is called
If mammalian ovum fails to get fertilized, the oestrogen parturition
secretion does not decrease further. (iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
30 (d) mechanism
Spermatogonium (iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
↓ Mitosis and differentiation developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce mild
Primary spermatocytes uterine contractions called foetus ejection reflex
↓ Meiosis-I (v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
Secondary spermatocytes maternal pituitary
↓ Meiosis-II (vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
Spermatids contractions
↓ Differentiation (vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
Spermatozoa symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
31 (b) uterine cervix during labour pain
 (viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby Ovum receives the sperm in the region of animal pole.
38 (a) The sperm fuses with ovum to form diploid zygote. The
If fertilization occurs and foetus is implanted in the pole of ovum opposite to animal pole is coiled vegetal
endometrium, the trophoblast cells of the developing pole.
placenta secrete a hormone human Chorionic 46 (a)
Gonadotrophic (hCG).This hormone, like LH, maintains Endocrine Functions of Placenta Placenta secretes
the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone some hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone,
and estradiol by it. These two hormones check the human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human
breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. The Chorionic Somato-mammotropin (hCS), Chorionic
absence of menstrual bleeding is the earliest sign of thyrotrophin, chorionic corticotropin and relaxin. hCS
pregnancy. was formarly known as human placental lactogen. The
39 (b) hCG stimulates and maintains the corpus luteum to
The ruptured follicle of ovary after ovulation gives rise secrete progesterone until the end of pregnancy.
to corpus luteun which is the source for secretion of The hCS stimulates the growth of the mammary gland
progesterone. This hormone is responsible for growth during pregnancy. Relaxin facailitates parturition (act
and maintenance of foetus. Oestrogen is produced by of child birth) by softening of the connective tissue of
theca interna cells of Graafian follicles. the pubic symphysis
Male hormone called androgen is produced by 47 (b)
interstitial calls of Leydig. Thalidomide should not be used during pregnancy
40 (c) because even a single dose of thalidomide can cause
By supply of oestrogen and progesterone, the severe birth defects such as phocomelia
menstruation can be deferred. (underdeveloped limbs) in foetus or foetal death.
41 (b) 48 (d)
Allantois si the extraembryonic membrane that Gasrtulation is characterized by the presence of
develops in embryon of reptiles, birds and mammals as archenteron, three germinal layers (ectoderm,
a growth from the hindgut. It acts as a urinary bladder mesoderm, and endoderm) and morphogenetic
for the storage of waste products and as means of movements.
providing the embryo with oxygen and food. 49 (a)
42 (c) Fertilization
Statement I is false. Sperm live for some time in The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete) with an
petridish but when they don’t get appropriate ovum (female gamete) is called fertilization
environment, they will die. At −196℃ they can be Steps
stored for years. This is the temperature which is (i) During coitus, semen is released by the penis into
maintained at sperm bank the vagina (insemination)
Statement II is true. Because sperm contain (ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly through the cervix,
prostaglandins which causes uterine wall to contract enter into the uterus and reach the ampullary isthmic
43 (c) junction of the oviduct (site of fertilization)
Ovulation takes place at the 14-16th day of menstrual (iii) A sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida
cycle. This is indicated by arrow 𝐶 in the diagram. layer of the ovum and induces changes in the
Menstruation is the shedding of endometrium wall of membrane to block the entry of additional sperms
the uterus. It takes place at the 1-5 day of the beginning (iv) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help to
of menstrual cycle, which is indicated by arrow A dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane of the
44 (c) ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter into the
The epithelium of seminiferous tubule is made up of cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary oocyte
two types of cells- Sertoli’s cells and spermatogenic (v) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the fusion
cells. Sertoli’s cells nourish spermatozoa, act as nurse of a sperm and an ovum
cells for differentiating spermatozoa phagocytize 50 (a)
defective sperm and secrete protein hormone inhibin Scrotum maintains the temperature of testis, which is
(which inhibits FSH secretion). 2-2.5°C below the body temperature. In winter they
45 (a) reduces their surface area for preventing heat loss, so
 that temperature remains 34.5-35℃. In summer it 55 (a)
increase their surface area for cooling, so that the Sertoli cells are also called subtentacular cells
temperature remains 34.5-35℃ 56 (c)
51 (c) Each seminiferous tubules is lined on its inside by two
Follicular phase is also called the proliferative phase. types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonium)
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases and Sertoli cells
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary57 (d)
and ovarian hormone, estrogen. A-Alveoli, B-Milk, C-Mammary duct
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. 58 (d)
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH Nucleus of ovum is called female pronucleus.
surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby Capacitation takes about 5-6 hours.
leading to ovulation (release of ovum). Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the egg by
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the the secretion of female genital tract. These secretions
ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the of the female genital tract removes the coating
ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone substances deposited on the surface of the sperms,
progesterone. particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the receptor sites
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands on the acrosome are exposed and sperm become active
secrete a fluid into the uterus. to penetrate the egg. This phenomenon of sperm
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum activation in mammals is called capacitation. It takes
undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration about 5-6 hr for capacitation of sperm
of the endometrium leading to menstruation 59 (a)
52 (b) To produce test tube baby, the egg fertilized outside
A- Oestrogen, B-Oxytocin, C- Prostaglandin. the human body, is placed in the womb of the mother,
where the gastrula period is completed.
60 (a)
Ovum is a secondary oocyte which is released from
mature Graafian follicle of an ovary
61 (d)
Sperm lysins contains hyaluronidase, corona
penetrating enzyme, acrosin etc.
There are many enzymes in the acrosome like fertilisin,
hyaluronidase, pectin corona penetrating enzyme,
acrosin etc., together they are called sperm lysins
53 (c)
62 (c)
A-epididymis; B-Posterior
Seminal plasma is the combined secretion of three
54 (a)
glands named (a) seminal vesicles (b) prostate gland
Epididymis is a mass of coiled tubules attached to the
(c) Cowper’s gland, together with sperm they
posterior surface of the testes. It stores the sperms
collectively form semen
temporarily. Sperms achieve maturity and motility in
63 (c)
epididymis by reabsorption of fluid secreted originally
Superior region (which is somewhat rounded in shape)
by the seminiferous tubules and by chemicals produced
of uterus is called fundus
by the lining of epididymal tube.
 vessels while the central part of medulla is made of less
dense connective tissue with elastic fibres, smooth
muscles, a number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further after the
completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry restart the
cell cycle by breaking down MPF (Maturation
Promoting Factor) and truning on APF (Anaphase
Promoting Factor)
67 (a)
Lactation is, produring milk towards the end of
1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium pregnancy
It is the opening of Outer thin covering 68 (b)
fallopian tube found of uterus wall During embryonic development of human, in the
near to ovaries second cleavage division, one of the two blastomeres
2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium usually divides a little sooner then the second. Cleavage
Finger like projection Middle thick layer or is series of mitotic cell divisions that increase the
for collecting ovum uterus wall number of cells but does not change the size of the
near to ovaries original mass.
3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium 69 (b)
Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that Prolactin is secreted by anterior pituitary gland, which
to the wider contains glands and many stimulates mammary gland development during
part of oviduct blood vesels pregnancy and lactation after child birth.
4. Isthmus 70 (a)
Last part of oviduct
A-Follicle, B-Corona radiata, C-Zona pellucida
having a narrow
Enzymes of Working
lumen which joins Acrosome
the uterus Hyaluronidase Hydrolysis of
hyaluronic acid
Corona penetrating Dissolve corona
enzyme radiate
Zona lysine or Digest zona
acrosin pellucida
71 (c)
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which
64 (b) negatively feed back and inhibits the release of LH and
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophic) and HPH FSH.
(Human Placental hormone) released during the Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
pregnancy (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
65 (a) lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
The process of giving birth to a baby or delivery of (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
foetus is called parturition. It starts with rise in (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
oestrogen/progesterone ratio, increase in the level of (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
oxytocin secretion by both mother and foetus. primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
66 (d) mature Graafian follicle.
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, i.e., (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a delicate to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
sheath of connective tissue or tunica albuginea, a and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
cortex of dense connective tissue with reticular fibres, (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
spindle-shaped cells, ovarian follicles and a few blood
 (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH urethra is under the control of sympathetic nervous
surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby system.
leading to ovulation (release of ovum). Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while erection
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr. is a parasympathetic response.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the part of
ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the autonomic nervous system.
ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone Somatic Nervous Automatic Nervous
progesterone. System System
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands Conscious or Functions without
secrete a fluid into the uterus. voluntary conscious
regulation awareness
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
(involuntary)
undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration Fibres do not Fibres synapse
of the endometrium leading to menstruation. synapse after they once at a ganglion
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during this leave the CNS after they leave the
phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During pregnancy all (single neuron CNS (two neuron
events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no from CNS to chain motor
effector organ) control
menstruation. The menstrual cycle permanently stops
Innervates skeletal Innervates smooth
in females at the age of around 50 years. This is called muscle fibres, muscle, cardiac
menopause always stimulatory muscle and glands
72 (d) either stimulates or
Spermatogonium (2n) inhibits
↓ 77 (a)
Primary spermatocytes (2n) Sertoli’s cell are regulated by FSH (Follicle Stimulating
↓ meiosis-I Hormone) as the FSH receptors are confined to the
Secondary spermatocytes Sertoli’s cells.
↓ meiosis-II 78 (c)
speriogenesis The main function of seminiferous tubules is to
Spermatids → Spermatozoa
produce spermatozoa. Inflammation of seminiferous
tubules could interfere with the ability to produce
spermatozoa
79 (c)
Gestation includes, fertilization, implantation and
developmenty. It lasts from conception to hatching or
birth.
Gestation period in rabbit – 28 to 30 days
In man - 280 days
73 (c) In rat (minimum) - 15 days
All systems (except nervous system, gills and lungs), In elephant (maximum) - 22 months
muscles, bone, heart, blood, kidney, reproductive 80 (c)
system, coelom, lymph node, spleen, eustachian tube, Nervous system consists of highly specialized cells
adrenal cortex develop from mesoderm. called the neurons. The neurons defect and receive
74 (a) information from different sensory organs and
In centrolecithal eggs, the yolk is surrounded by integrate them to determine the mode of response of
cytoplasm, e.g., eggs of insects. the body. Nervous system is ectodermal in origin.
75 (c) 81 (a)
Whether a child died after normal birth or died before A –Theca externa B-Theca interna,
birth can be confirmed by measuring the weight of the C-Ovum D-Cumulus oophorus,
child. E-Antrum F-Membrana granulose
76 (d) 82 (a)
The movement of spermatozoa, from the epididymal
duct and seminal fluid into the ejaculatory duct to the
 A typical mammalian sperm is flagellated consisting of (b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands
four pats namely head, neck, middle piece and tail. secrete a fluid into the uterus.
During fertilization, whole of sperm enters into an c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
ovum but tail is left outside. undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration
83 (a) of the endometrium leading to menstruation
After releasing ovum the structure left is called corpus88 (b)
luteum. It secretes progesterone, which maintains the FSH (follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted from
pregnancy the anterior lobe of pituitary. It stimulates growth of
84 (b) ovarian follicles and secretion of oestrogen in female
External genitalia of male is called penis, which is the and spermatogenesis in male.
passage for both urine and sperm 89 (b)
85 (a) Starting of menstrual cycle = 13 th year of age.
The enzyme present in sperm acrosome are collectively Stopping of menstrual cycle = 48 years of age.
called sperm lysins and containing: Duration of menstrual cycle are = 48 − 13 = 35 yr
(i) Hyaluronidase: Acts on the ground substance of Total no. of month is 35 years = 35 × 12 = 400 months
follicle cells. One ova is released during one menstrual cycle (one
(ii) Corona penetrating enzyme: Dissolve corona months).
radiata. So, about 400 ova (follicles) will be produced by a
(iii) Zona lysin or acrosin: It helps to digest the zona women in its life time
pellucida. 91 (c)
86 (b) Neubenkern is a part of middle piece of human sperm.
In mammalian ovum during maturation phase, meiosis 92 (c)
occurs. Nucleus shift towards animal pole and The forehead of the penis is covered by the skin.
undergoes meiosis-I. After fertilization (penetration of Foreskin and prepuce both terms are used for that skin
sperm), the second meiotic division is completes with 93 (a)
unequal cytoplasmic cleavage. This forms a large cell Interstitial cell secrets androgen (testosterone). i.e.,
the ootid with essentially whole of the cytoplasm and a male sex hormones
very small cell, the second polar body. Differences between Leydig’s cells and Sertoli cells
87 (a) Leydig’s Cells Sertoli Cells
Luteal phase is also called secretory phase. (Interstitial (Sustentacular Cells)
Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases Cells)
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial They are present They are present in
in between the between the
lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
seminiferous germinal epithelial
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged. tubules. cells of the
(c) It lasts 3-5 days. seminiferous tubules.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The Leydig’s cells are Sertoli cells are
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully found in small found singly and are
mature Graafian follicle. groups and are elongated
rounded in
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
shape.
to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary They secrete They provide
and ovarian hormone, estrogen. andogens (𝑒. 𝑔., nourishment to the
(c) It least for about 10-14 days. testosterone) developing
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH male sex spermatozoa
surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby hormones (sperms). Sertoli
leading to ovulation (release of ovum). cells secrete ABP
(Androgen Binding
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
Protein) that
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the concentrates
ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the testosterone in the
ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone seminiferous tubules.
progesterone. It also secretes
another protein
 inhibin which form extra embryonic membranes namely chorion and
suppresses FSH amnion. The cells of the trophoblast which are in
synthesis contact with inner mass are called cells of raubers
94 (d)
Without the scrotal sac there is no maintenance of
temperature and without the maintenance of
temperature, there will be no sperm production
95 (b)
In mammalian embryo, trophoectoderm draws food for
the developing cell.
96 (a)
In rabbit, sperms are produced in seminiferous tubles,
which open into a network called rete testes. It opens
by several fine ductless glands called vasa efferentia,
into epididymis. The basal end of each epididymis leads
into a muscular tube called vas deferens.
97 (b)
Implantation
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This is
called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells are
produced which are termed as blastomeres
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a morula
(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
called blastocyst, which passes further into the uterus
(iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into98 an (b)
outer layer called trophoblast and an inner group of Binary fission is a mode of vegetative reproduction, in
cells attached to trophoblast called inner cell mass which simple cell division takes place. The unicelled
(v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the cells of forms like diatoms, desmids, yeast, slime moulds, etc,
the endometrium and the inner cell mass gives rise to multiply by this process.
the embryo 99 (d)
(vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and cover Menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle) It is a series of cyclic
the blastocyst changes that occur in the reproductive tract of human
(vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the females and other primates with a periodicity of 28
endometrium of the uterus. This is called implantation, days, right from menarche to menopause. It is
which leads to pregnancy characterized by menses or loss of blood for a few days
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of development Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
(morula), which produces an embryo with about 64 (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
cells, a cavity is formed with in the cell mass. This lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
cavity is called blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
embryo is termed as blastocyst. (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells the (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner mass cell primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
(embryoblast). The side of the blastocyst to which mature Graafian follicle.
inner mass cell is attached is called embryonic pole (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
(animal pole), while opposite side is the abembryonic to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
pole and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner (c) It least for about 10-14 days.
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of the (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH
embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to embryo. surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby
The cells of the trophoblast helps to provide the leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
nutrition to the embryo. The cells of the trophoblast (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
 (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the (c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation phase, the
ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary
ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone follicle. The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle
progesterone. grows in size and completes its first meiotic division to
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands form a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first
secrete a fluid into the uterus. polar body
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-the
undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
of the endometrium leading to menstruation secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a process
100 (d) called ovulation. The second maturation phase occurs
The outer surface of the chorion in humans develops a after fertilization when the meiotic division of the
number of finger-like projection called chorionic villi. secondary oocyte is complete. This second meiotic
Because the chorion takes part in the formation of division results in the formation of a second polar body
placenta, the human placenta is chorionic placenta. and a haploid ovum (ootid)
Amount of yolk is very less and found in yolk sac of 106 (a)
foetal membranes of humans Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst to
101 (b) the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of fertilization.
The part of fallopian tube closer to the ovary is funnel- About 8 days after fertilization, the trophoblast
shaped infundibulum, which help in collection of the develops into two layers in the region of contact
ovum after ovulation. between the blastocyst and endometrium.
102 (b) These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that contains
A-200, B-300, C-60%, D-40% non-distinct cell boundaries and (b) cytotrophoblast
103 (b) between the inner cell mass and syncytiotrophoblast
Acrosome present in head of sperm, is derived from that is composed of distinct cells. The portion of the
Golgi complex. It secretes a lytic enzyme hyaluronidase, blastocyst where the inner cell mass is located lies
which helps in the penetration of ovum. against the endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst
104 (c) sinks into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets
In previous Diagram F and A represents completely buried in the endometrium. The embedded
spermatogonium and spermatozoa blastocyst forms villi to get nourishment.
105 (a) The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into two
Second meiotic division give rise to haploid ovum (1𝑛) layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells known as the
and second polar body. hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of high columnar cells,
Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature ovum. the epiblast layer. Both the hypoblast and epiblast form
It has three phases a flat disc called the embryonic disc
(a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete mother
cells (oogonia) are formed within each foetal ovary. No
more oogonia are formed after birth. These cells
(oogonia) get into prophase-I of meiotic division. They
get temporarily arrested as this stage called primary
oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets 107 (c)
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This structure Secondary spermatocytes are haploid as these are
is called the primary follicle. A large number of these formed after meiosis-I (reductional division).
follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to 108 (c)
puberty. At puberty, only 60000 and 80000 primary In parturation there is strong uterine contraction leads
follicles are left in each ovary. The primary follicles get to the expulsion of baby called child birth
surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a 109 (a)
new theca to form secondary follicles
 Near the nipple mammary duct expand to form after fertilisation
mammary ampullae (lactiferous sinuses) where some cleavage to form a
milk may be stored before going to lactiferous duct blastocyst 4-5 days
after fertilisation.
110 (c)
More than 100 cells
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and implantataion 6-9
extends through the penis to its external opening called days after fertilisation
urethral meatus Week 2 The three primary
111 (d) germ layers
Transfer of sperms by male in genital tract (ectoderm, endoderm
Gametes. The major reproductive events in human and mesoderm)
develop
beings are as follows
Week 3 Woman will not have
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. It a period. This may be
includes spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) and the first sign that she
oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs) is pregnant. Beginning
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by the of the backbone.
male into the genital tract of the female Neural tube develops,
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female gametes to the beginning of the
brain and spinal cord
form zygote is called fertilization
(first organs)
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
which convert the single celled zygote into a blood and gut start
multicellular structure called blastocyst (blastula) forming. Umbilical
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst to cord developing
the uterine wall Week 5 Brain developing,
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of placenta ‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are
which is the intimate connection between the foetus
the beginning of the
and uterine wall of the mother to exchange the arms and legs. Heart
materials is a large tube and
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which blastocyst starts to beat,
is changed into gastrula with three primary germ pumping blood. This
layers can be seen an
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
tissue, organs and organ systems from three primary
form
germ layers Week 7 All major internal
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling of the organs developing.
baby from the mother’s womb (uterus) Face forming. Eyes
112 (d) have some colour.
Sertoli’s cells or nurse cells are found in the germinal Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
epithelium of the seminiferous tubles, which nourish
hand and feet
the developing sperms.
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
113 (d) with all organs,
In growth curve, exponential phase or log phase is muscles, bones toes
characterized rapid growth in population, which and fingers. Sex
containues till enough food is available. organs well
114 (b) developed. Foetus is
moving
1st month.
Week 20 Hair beginning to
Summary of important development changes in the grow including
human embryo eyebrows and
Time from Organ Formed eyelashes.
Fertilisation Fingerprints
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage developed.
starts about 24 hours Fingernails and
 toenails growing. Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
Firm hand grip. The growing embryo/foetus develops four membranes
Between 16 and 20 called the extraembryoic or foetal membranes. These
weeks baby usually include chorion, aminion, allantois and yolk sac
felt moving for first
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside and
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm inside. It
limit of abortion in completely surrounds the embryo and protects it. It
most circumstances also takes part in the formation of placenta
By Week 26 Has a good chance of (ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside and
survival if born somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm outside. The
prematurely space between the embryo and the amnion is called the
By Week 28 Baby moving
amniotic cavity, which is filled with a clear, watery fluid
vigorously. Responds
to touch and loud secreted by both the embryo and the membrane. The
noises. Swallowing amniotic fluid prevents dessication of the embryo and
amniotic fluid and acts as a protective cushion that absorbs shocks
urinating (iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of endoderm
By Week 30 Usually lying head inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryoic mesoderm
down ready for birth outside. It is a sac like structure, which arises from the
40 Weeks Birth
gut of the embryo near the yolk sac. In human the
116 (a)
allantois is small and non-functional except for
Organogenesis is a formation a of organ, tissue, organ
furnishing blood vessels to the placenta
system.
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
Placentation is a connection between foetus and
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric extraembryoic
uterine wall.
mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is non-functional in
Gametes. The major reproductive events in human
human beings except that it functions as the site of
beings are as follows
early blood cell formation
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. It
118 (b)
includes spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) and
In in vitro fertilization, the zygote or early embryos
oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
upto 8 blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by the
tube. If the embryo is more then 8 blastomeres then it
male into the genital tract of the female
is transferred into uterus called as IUD.
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female gametes to
119 (a)
form zygote is called fertilization
Proliferation of endometrium.
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote
In the ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak
which convert the single celled zygote into a
level in middle of cycle (about 14 day). Rapid secretion
multicellular structure called blastocyst (blastula)
of LH induces rupturing of Graafian follicle and thereby
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst to
releasing the ovum in human beings (secondary oocyte
the uterine wall
is released). This is called ovulation. Infact increase
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of placenta
level of LH causes ovulation
which is the intimate connection between the foetus
120 (a)
and uterine wall of the mother to exchange the
Adrenal glands are paired structures located on the top
materials
of the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two parts
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which blastocyst
external adrenal cortex and internal adrenal medulla.
is changed into gastrula with three primary germ
The adrenal cortex is derived from the mesoderm of
layers
the embryo. The adrenal medulla develops from the
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
neuroectoderm of the embryo.
tissue, organs and organ systems from three primary
121 (d)
germ layers
In a bee hive, drones are the fertile males developed
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling of the
parthenogenetically from the unfertilized eggs. They
baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
possess very large eyes, small pointed mandibles and
117 (a)
 lack wax producing gland. The function of drones is 131 to (a)
mate with the queen and fertilize her. GIFT(Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer) is the transfer
122 (a) of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian
Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin tube of another female who can not produce one but
The trophoblastic cells secretes human chorionic can provide suitable environment for fertilization and
gonadotropin hormone which has properties similar to further development. In the same way ZIFT is used for
those luteinizing hormone (LH) of the pituitary gland. zygote.
It takes over the function of pituitary LH during 132 (c)
pregnancy. HCG maintains the corpus luteum and Maturation of sperm before penetration of egg is called
stimulates it to secrete progesterone. The latter capacitation.
maintains the endometrium of the uterus and causes it The development of spermatozoa from germinal cells is
to grow throughout pregnancy. This also prevent called spermatogenesis.
menstruation. Progesterone also causes increased Spermiogenesis is the differentiation of spermatids
secretion of mucus in the cervix of the uterus that into spermatozoa.
forms a protective plug during pregnancy 133 (b)
123 (a) Implantation.
Identical or monozygotic twins are siblings that Implantation It is the attachment of the blastocyst to
develop from one egg, contain identical genetical the uterine wall. It occurs after 7 days of fertilization.
information and are usually of very similar appearance. About 8 days after fertilization, the trophoblast
Any physical and mental differences detected between develops into two layers in the region of contact
identical twins must arise, therefore, from between the blastocyst and endometrium.
enviromental difference, both before or after birth. These layers are (a) syncytiotrophoblast that contains
124 (d) non-distinct cell boundaries and (b) cytotrophoblast
Vasa efferentia (Ductuli efferences) are 10-20 fine between the inner cell mass and syncytiotrophoblast
tubules which connect rete testis with an epididymis that is composed of distinct cells. The portion of the
(Ductus epididymis). The latter is a pair of ducts from blastocyst where the inner cell mass is located lies
each testis which is formed by union of its vasa against the endometrium of the uterus. The blastocyst
efferentia. If the vasa efferentia get blocked, the sperms sinks into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets
will not be transported from testis to epididymis. completely buried in the endometrium. The embedded
125 (a) blastocyst forms villi to get nourishment.
Ovulation occurs under the influence of LH and FSH of The cells of the inner cell mass differentiate into two
anterior pituitary gland. layers (a) a layer of small, cuboidal cells known as the
126 (d) hypoblast layer, and (b) a layer of high columnar cells,
Scrotum is homologous to labia majora in females. It is the epiblast layer. Both the hypoblast and epiblast form
pouch of deeply pigmented skin divided into two a flat disc called the embryonic disc
separate sacs. Each sac contains one testis
128 (c)
Fertilized zygote is divided by special type of mitotic
divisions, known as cleavage. Cleavage increases the
number of cells.
129 (b)
Colostrum have antibody-A which work against the
pathogenicity in newborn. So, it is recommended by134 (c)
doctors to feed new born from breast milk as for as A-Spermatogenesis, B-Spermatogonia, C-Mitosis
possible 135 (c)
130 (a) A-primary; B-ovarian hormones
A-Cowper’s gland 136 (d)
B-Urethra Menopause (Gr. Men-month; pausis;-N-cessation) It is
C-Alkaline a phase in woman’s life when ovulation and
D-Mucous menstruation stops. Is occurs between 45-55 years of
 age. Some woman have irregular cycles for months or Fibres do not Fibres synapse
years prior to menopauses other simply stops synapse after they once at a ganglion
menstruating abruptly. Decline in oestrogen and leave the CNS after they leave the
(single neuron CNS (two neuron
progesterone level leads to menopause
from CNS to chain motor
137 (c) effector organ) control
Apoptosis is an active process of programmed cell Innervates skeletal
death, characterized by cleavage of chromosomal DNA, muscle fibres, Innervates smooth
chromatin condensation and fragmentation of both the always stimulatory muscle, cardiac
nucleus and the cell. muscle and glands
138 (c) either stimulates or
inhibits
Secondary spermatocytes. The first stage in
142 (d)
spermatogenesis in which the chromosome number
There are two types of polar bodies found in oogenesis
becomes half
in meiosis-I the first polar body is formed and in
Spermatogenesis Formation of spermatozoa from
meiosis-II the 2nd type of polar body is formed.
spermatogonia
Meiosis-I takes place before birth and meiosis-II after
Spermatogenesis has four phase
birth of female
(i) Multiplication Phase Male germ cells
143 (a)
(spermatogonia) present on the inside wall of
B to C represents primary and tertiary follicles
seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and
respectively.
increase their number.
Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, i.e.,
(ii) Growth Phase One spermatogonia stop dividing
outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a delicate
and increase its size called primary spermatocytes,
sheath of connective tissue or tunica albuginea, a
which is diploid.
cortex of dense connective tissue with reticular fibres,
(iii) Multiplicative Phase Primary spermatocytes divide
spindle-shaped cells, ovarian follicles and a few blood
by meiosis to give four haploid spermatids.
vessels while the central part of medulla is made of less
(iii) Differanation Phase Changing of spermatids to
dense connective tissue with elastic fibres, smooth
spermatozoa by the process called spermatogenesis.
muscles, a number of blood vessels and a few nerves.
Releasing of sperm from seminiferous tubules called
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in
spermiation
mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
139 (a)
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further after the
The fallopian tube is about 10-20 cm long and extends
completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry restart the
from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus. The
cell cycle by breaking down MPF (Maturation
part closer to the ovary is the funnel shaped and is
Promoting Factor) and truning on APF (Anaphase
called infundibulum. The edged of the infundibulum
Promoting Factor)
possess finger-like projections called fimbriate, which
144 (c)
help in collection of the ovum after ovulation. The
According to endocrine theory, the level of human
uterus opens into vagina through a narrow cervix.
growth hormone (hGH) declines to about half of adults
140 (c)
with passage of time.
Middle piece of sperm contains mitochondria,
145 (b)
centriole, axial filament
A-Ectoderm, B-Mesoderm, C-Endoderm
141 (c)
146 (b)
Ejaculation is the sympathetic response while erection
Luteal phase last for 15-28 days
is a parasympathetic response.
Menstrual cycle
Sympathetic and parasympathetic both are the part of
Phases Days Events
autonomic nervous system.
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
Somatic Nervous Automatic Nervous phase breaks down,
System System menstruation
Conscious or Functions without begins. The cells of
voluntary conscious endometrium,
regulation awareness secretions, blood
(involuntary) and the
 unfertilized ovum LH production is
constitute the reduced
menstrual flow. Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
Progesterone and phase rebuilds, FSH
LH production is (proliferative secretion and
reduced phase) oestrogen’s
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium secretion increase
phase rebuilds, FSH Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
(proliferative secretion and phase attain a peak level.
phase) oestrogen’s Concentration of
secretion increase oestrogen in the
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH blood is also high
phase attain a peak level. and reaches its
Concentration of peak, Ovulation
oestrogen in the occurs
blood is also high Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
and reaches its (secretory 28 secretes
peak, Ovulation phase) progesterone.
occurs Endometrium
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum thickens and
(secretory 28 secretes uterine glands
phase) progesterone. become secretory
Endometrium 152 (c)
thickens and In mammals, the primary male sex organs, testes are
uterine glands located in the extra-abdominal scrotal sacs. Scrotum
become secretory
maintains a low temperature of 2 − 4℃ below the
147 (a)
temperature of abdominal cavity. As higher abdominal
Saheli is the oral contraceptive contained oestrogen
temperature kills the spermatogenic tissue So, testes in
and progesterone
mammals are contained scrotal sacs present outside
148 (b)
the abdominal cavity to have the low temperature that
In diagram event labelled ‘A’ clearly indicates the
is needed for the formation and maturation of
releasing of ova. This takes place in menstrual cycle
functional sperms.
called ovulation
153 (c)
149 (b)
Two major entities of testes are seminiferous tubules
Vas deferens is large duct that arises from cauda
and Leydig cells (or interstitial cells). Sertoli cells and
epididymis and reach up to seminal vesicles.
spermatozoa are contained in seminiferous tubules
150 (b)
only. Rest of the portion of testis is covered by
A-Chorionic villi; B-Uterine tissue
connective tissue
151 (b)
154 (a)
Ovulation takes place in the menses between 14-16
Oviducts are also called Fallopian tubes. These (two)
days.
terms are used interchangeability
Menstrual cycle
155 (a)
Phases Days Events
Seminal plasma is composed of the fluid and sperms
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
phase breaks down, from the vas deferens (about10% of the total), fluid
menstruation from the seminal vesicles (almost 60%), fluid from the
begins. The cells of prostate gland (about 30%) and small amount of
endometrium, mucous gland secretions, especially the bulbourethral
secretions, blood glands secretions. It contains calcium, citrate ion,
and the phosphate ion a clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin,
unfertilized ovum
fructose, citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, several
constitute the
menstrual flow. proteins, etc.
Progesterone and 156 (d)
 A- Leydig cells, B-Spermatogonium, C-Primary They secrete sex They do not secrete
spermatocyte, D-Secondary spermatocyte, E- hormones. sex hormones.
Spermatids, F- Sertoli cell. Testes in males Epididymis, vasa
and ovaries in deferentia, penis,
Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of single
female are etc., are secondary
layered germinal epithelium. Majority of cells in this examples of sex organs in male
epithelium are cuboidal called male germ cells (also primary sex and oviducts,
called spermatogonia). At certain places there present organs. uterus, etc., are
tall Sertoli or substentacular cells, which functions as examples of
nurse cells for differentiating spermatozoa secondary sex
organs in female.
161 (b)
The signals for parturition originates from the fully
developed foetus and the placenta, which induce mild
uterine contraception called foetal ejection reflex.
162 (d)
One time of ejaculation contains about 200 to 300
million sperms. If the sperm become less than 20
million then, it causes infertility
157 (a) 163 (c)
Frog is in amphibian, which possesses telolecithal eggs. The duration of pregnancy in human being is about 9
In telolecithal eggs, the amount of yolk is concentrated month ±7 days, which is called gestation period. Infact,
in the one half of the egg to form the vegetative pole of the gestation period is the time from conception till
the egg and thus makes polarity along the axis of yolk birth
distriution. 164 (a)
158 (b) During growth phase of oogenesis, an egg nest forms
During luteal phase of menstrual cycle, corpus luteum ovarian follicle (Graafin follicle), one central oogonium
begins to secrete hormone called progesterone. The grows and functions as primary oocyte. The others
latter reaches its peak about 22 day after the
nd from the covering follicular cells. The later provide
beinning of cycle. In this phase uterus linning thickens nourishment to primary oocyte. Yolk is deposited in
further and becomes secretory. This stages is meant for this state. This phenomenon is called vitellogenesis.
receiving the fertilized ovum (implantation) 165 (b)
159 (a) Corpus luteum is a yelloow glandular mass in the ovary
Ectoderm. formed by the cells of ovarian follicle that has matured
Fate of three germ layers and discharged its ovum.
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system, muscles, 166 (c)
bones (except facial) 3rd month.
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, kidney Summary of important development changes in the
ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid tonsils human embryo
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens and Time from Organ Formed
cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal cord, Fertilisation
facial bones skeletal muscles in the head Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
160 (a) starts about 24 hours
after fertilisation
Testes. cleavage to form a
Differences between primary and secondary sex organs blastocyst 4-5 days
Primary sex Secondary sex after fertilisation.
organs organs More than 100 cells
They produce They do not implantataion 6-9
gametes. produce gametes. days after fertilisation
They are concerned Week 2 The three primary
with the conduction germ layers
of gametes. (ectoderm, endoderm
 and mesoderm) By Week 26 Has a good chance of
develop survival if born
Week 3 Woman will not have prematurely
a period. This may be By Week 28 Baby moving
the first sign that she vigorously. Responds
is pregnant. Beginning to touch and loud
of the backbone. noises. Swallowing
Neural tube develops, amniotic fluid and
the beginning of the urinating
brain and spinal cord By Week 30 Usually lying head
(first organs) down ready for birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 40 Weeks Birth
blood and gut start 167 (c)
forming. Umbilical Golgi body.
cord developing
Acrosome is the part of sperm, which is found at the
Week 5 Brain developing,
head region. It is the modified Golgi body that contain
‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are many enzymes for the penetration to ovum.
the beginning of the Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic enzymes,
arms and legs. Heart which is popularly known as sperm lysin as it is used to
is a large tube and penetrate egg (ovum) at the time of fertilisaton
starts to beat, 168 (a)
pumping blood. This
Frog’s egg is spherical and about 1.6 mm in diameter
can be seen an
ultrasound scan with a convering of vitelline memrane and three
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to concentric layers of albuminous jelly. The roughly one
form half blackish brown animal hemisphere containing
Week 7 All major internal most of the cytoplasm and large nucleus is uppermost,
organs developing. whereas the whitish vegetal hemisphere is lowermost.
Face forming. Eyes An unfertilized ripe egg of frog is shown in the diagram
have some colour.
below.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex 169 (b)
organs well The acrosome of sperm contains large quantities of
developed. Foetus is proteolytic enzymes, particularly hyaluronidase, which
moving digests the hyaluronic acid, a constituent of the
Week 20 Hair beginning to extracellular matrix. It allows the sperm to digest a
grow including
path through the zona pellucida to the oocyte.
eyebrows and
eyelashes. 170 (d)
Fingerprints Foetal haemoglobin does not sickle even in those
developed. destined to have sickle cel anaemia, i.e., haemoglobin of
Fingernails and foetus has a higher affinity of oxygen than that of an
toenails growing. adult.
Firm hand grip.
171 (b)
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually Structure B in the diagram indicates the ova, which is
felt moving for first in meiosis-I stage. Before birth all ova have this stage
time 172 (a)
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal Cleavage in human is simple holoblastic slow and
limit of abortion in synchronous. Cleavage in mammals ovum takes place
most circumstances
during its passage through the fallopian tube to the
 uterus. The resultant cells of cleavage are called (iii) Tunica Vasculosa Consist of network of capillaries
blastomeres. supported by delicate connective tissue which lines the
173 (b) tunica albuginea.
The chromatin material inside the nucleus is composed
of DNA, some proteins and RNA. Thus, in an enucleated
ovum, DNA will be present in mitochondria.
The mature RBCs, lack nucleus and membrane bound
cell organelles, i.e., lack DNA in nucleus and
mitochondria.
174 (b)
Parthenogenesis refers to the development of
unfertilized ovum into a new individual. In honey bee,
drones develop parthenogenetically. 180 (d)
175 (a) Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis, nourishes
Stem cells are the specialized cell which can transform the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are also called
or differentiated into any kind of cells nurse cells. These cells also produces the inhibin
176 (c) hormone which halts spermatogenesis
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to 181 (c)
complete the suspended second meiotic division. This Progesterone hormone is the main hormone, which
produces a haploid mature ovum and a second polar maintains the endometrium wall.
body. The head of the sperm which contains the Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
nucleus separates from the middle piece and tail and (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
becomes male pronucleus. The second polar body and lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
the sperm tail degenerates. The nucleus of the ovum is (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
now called female pronucleus. The male and female (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
pronucleus move towards each other. Their nuclear (ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the chromosome primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
of a sperm and an ovum is called karyogamy or mature Graafian follicle.
amphimixis. The fertilized ovum (egg) is now called (b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH
surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby
leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
zygote (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
177 (a) (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the
Hyaluronidase enzyme assists in acrosomal reaction. ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the
This enzyme acts on the ground substances of follicle ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
cells progesterone.
178 (b) (b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands
Leydig’s cells or interstitial cells lie between the secrete a fluid into the uterus.
seminiferous tubules and secrete the male hormone, c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
testosterone that controls spermatogenesis. undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration
179 (c) of the endometrium leading to menstruation
Protective Coverings (tunicae) of Testis Testis is 182 (c)
surrounded by three coverings (layers) The target of Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone
(i) Tunica Vaginalis It is the outer covering of the testis (ICSH) is the interstitial cell. Interstitial cells produces
(ii) Tunica Albuginea It is the fibrous covering testosterone which is responsible for the development
surrounding the testis, situated under tunica vaginalis of secondary sexual characters
183 (d)
Oestrogen hormone is screted by growing ovarian
follicles during menstrual cycle. It provokes a
thickening of the endometrium (proliferative phase or
menstrual cycle).
184 (c)
Seminal vesicles secrete and alkaline, nutritive,
spermatozoa activating fluid called seminal fluid which
External genitalia of humans is called penis. Its outer
forms about 60% part of semen. This fluid contains
skin, which covers the forehead of penis called foreskin
various substances like fructose, citrate, inositol,
or prepuce. It is the single opening for semen and urine
prostaglandins and several proteins. Sperms use
in males
fructose as an energy source (respiratory substrate).
192 (c)
185 (c)
A- Isthums, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-Fallopian
Teratogens, which produces abnormality in the
tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus
developing embryo.
Thalidomide is a drug which causes no or
underdevelopment of the limbs (phoeomelia)
186 (b)
Human cell contain 46 chromosomes including 44
autosomes. Primary spermatocyte contain 2𝑛 number
of chromosome i.e., the number of autosomes, will be
44. 193 (a)
187 (b) In the given options, only labia minora belongs to the
Seminal vesicles are present at the base of bladder and external genitalia of females
joins to the ejaculatory duct. They produces alkaline194 (b)
secretion, which forms 60% of the semen. Their Development of corpus luteum is done by progesterone
secretion contains, fructose, prostaglandin and clotting and LH not by FSH. Progesterone and LH are secreted
factor by anterior lobe of pituitary
188 (b) 195 (c)
The part of the Fallopian tubes (oviducts) closer to the Ejaculatory Ducts The ejaculatory ducts are the two
ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. The edges of short tubes each formed by the union of ducts from
the infundibulum possess finger-like projections called seminal vesicle and vas deferens. They pass through
fimbriae, which help in collection of the ovum after the prostate gland and join the prostatic part of the
ovulation urethra. The ejaculatory ducts are composed of the
189 (a) fibrous, muscular and columnar epithelial tissue.
Saheli is a new oral contraceptive for the females. It Ejaculatory ducts carry sperms and secretion of
contains a non-steroidal preparation. It is once a seminal vesicles
weeks’ pill with very low side effects and high 196 (a)
contraceptive value. Zygote is implanted in human female at 32-celled stage
190 (b) because fertilized egg in human are not divide beyond
Sertoli cells. 32-celled stage in natural zygote.
197
Sertoli cells present in the mammalian testis, nourishes (a)
the sperms. That’s why Sertoli cells are also called Notochord, connective tissues including loose areolar
nurse cells. These cells also produces the inhibin tissue, ligaments, tendons, dermis of skin, specialized
hormone which halts spermatogenesis connective tissue like adipose tissue, reticular tissue,
191 (c) cartilage and bones are mesodermal in origin.
A-Vas deferens, B-Seminal vesicle, C-Prostate gland,198 D- (a)
Bulbourethral gland. Chorionic villi is the modification of outer trophoblast
layer of blastocyst, which get attached to the
endometrium of uterus. This is called implantation
199 (c) Menstruation is caused by the reduction of oestrogen
Sperm entry stimulates the secondary oocyte to and progesterone, especially progesterone at the end of
complete the suspended second meiotic division. This monthly ovarian cycle.
produces a haploid mature ovum and a second polar207 (c)
body. The head of the sperm which contains the Fertilization takes place in ampulla of oviduct or
nucleus separates from the middle piece and tail and ampullary isthmic junction
becomes male pronucleus. The second polar body and 208 (b)
the sperm tail degenerates. The nucleus of the ovum is In teloecithal egg, yolk is unevenly distributed and
now called female pronucleus. The male and female most of the amount of yolk is found at the vegetal pole,
pronucleus move towards each other. Their nuclear e.g., eggs of amphibians.
membrane disintegrates; mixing up of the chromosome209 (b)
of a sperm and an ovum is called karyogamy or Oestrogen concentration remains almost constant and
amphimixis. The fertilized ovum (egg) is now called produce throughout the menstrual cycle
zygote Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
200 (b) (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of endometrial
A-GnRH, B-Hypothalamus, C-Anterior, D-LH, E-FSH lining of the uterus disintegrates causing bleeding.
201 (d) (b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are discharged.
Sequence of spermatogenesis (c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a fully
mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated due
to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
202 (d) (iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH (LH
The amount of yolk determines the type of cleavage in surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle, thereby
the egg. In superficial meroblastic cleavage, the leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
cleavage remains restricted to the peripheral portion of (b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
the egg. This type of cleavage occurs in arthropods (iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase the
especially insects. ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum in the
i.e., centrolecithal eggs. ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
203 (d) progesterone.
All fishes are oviparous, but whale is viviparous, i.e., it (b) The endometrium thickens further and their glands
gives birth to young ones and it also feeds its young secrete a fluid into the uterus.
ones. Among flying creatures, bat is viviparous. Whale c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
and bat both are mammals. undergoes degeneration and this causes disintegration
204 (a) of the endometrium leading to menstruation.
Oestrogen is the dominant hormone controlling the (d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during this
proliferative phase of the uterine endometrium layer phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During pregnancy all
205 (a) events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no
In certain cases, where normal fertilization is not menstruation. The menstrual cycle permanently stops
possible, ovum from the female and the sperm from the in females at the age of around 50 years. This is called
male are fused by in vitro technique. The zygote, later menopause
on, is implanted in the uterus, where futher 210 (c)
development takes place. Patrick Steptoe and Robert Oestrogen is secreted by the cells of Graafin follicles. It
Edwards first time developed ‘test tube baby is the principal feminizing hormone responsible for the
technique’ in 1978. development of secondary sexual characters and
206 (d) female reproductive organs.
211 (c)
 Due to lack of progesterone, uterine endmetrium, 213 (b)
epithelial glands and connective tissue are broken in In ovulatory phase, release of ova occurs due to the
menstrual cycle. rapid increase in LH called LH surge. It last for
212 (b) maximum two days
During normal menstruation approximately 40 mL of 214 (b)
blood and an additional 35 mL of serous fluid are lost. In beginning, the corpus luteum degenerates because
The menstrual fluid is normally non-clotting because a of decreasing LH and progesterone level. This leads to
fibrinolysin is releasted alongwith necrotic the degradation at endometrium wall
endometrial material.
215 (d)
Oogonia (A)
↓ Miosis (cell division)
Primary oocyte (B)
↓ Meiosis-I (completed prior to ovation)
Secondary oocyte (C)
↓ Meiosis-II
Ovum

216 (a) The growing embryo/foetus develops four

The fusion of a haploid male gamete (sperm) and membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
a haploid female gamete (ovum) to form zygote is membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
called fertilization. Fertilization takes places in allantois and yolk sac
fallopian tube of human. (i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
217 (b) and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
A- Chorion, B-Amnion, C- Yolk sac, D- Allantois. inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
 protects it. It also takes part in the formation of 223 (c)
placenta Sertoli’s cells, seminiferous tubules and Leydig’s
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside cells, all are present in testes, while Graafian
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm follicles are present in ovary of mammals.
outside. The space between the embryo and the 224 (d)
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is A- Mammary duct, B-Mammary duct, C-
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both Lactiferous duct, D-Areola
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid The glandular tissue comprises about 15-20 lobes
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a in each breast. Each lobe is made up of number of
protective cushion that absorbs shocks lobules.
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of Each lobule is composed of grape like cluster of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric milk secreting glands termed as alveoli. When
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like milk is produced, it passes from alveoli into
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo mammary lobules and into the mammary ducts
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small Internally, the breast consists of the glandular
and non-functional except for furnishing blood tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous
vessels to the placenta tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric glands
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is 225 (a)
non-functional in human beings except that it During maturation phase, each primary oocyte
functions as the site of early blood cell formation undergoes two maturation divisions, first meiotic
218 (a) and second mitotic. In the first meiotic division,
Oogenesis starts in the foetal stage. Till the time of the primary oocyte divides into a large secondary
birth they remains in prophase-I. The oogenesis oocyte and small first polar body or polocyte.
resumes at the time of puberty by GnRH produced 226 (a)
by hypothalamus Umbilical cord connects the foetus to placenta of
219 (a) mother. It mainly consists of allantoic mesoderm
Vulva or urinogenital opening is the opening of and blood vessels (umbilical artery and veins).
vestibule which inturn consists jointly the 227 (a)
opening of vagina Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
(i.e, vaginal orifice), urethra (urethral orifice) and four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
hymen. enveloped by a plasma membrane.
220 (a) Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing
Trophoblast ia an epithelium surrounding the the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed
mammalian blastocyst forming outer layer of chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The
chorion and becoming part of the embryonic acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
component of extra-embryonic membranes. in dissolving membranes of the ovum for
221 (b) fertilization.
Relaxin is secreted by ovary. Relaxin increases the Neck It contains proximal centriole which is
flexibility of the pubic symphysis and ligaments of necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote
the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints that helps and the distal centriole that is connected to the
to dilate the uterine cervix during labour pain tail filament.
222 (a) Middle piece It contains a number of
Testosterone. mitochondria that provide energy for the
Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called movement of the tail that facilitate sperm motility
interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial essential or fertilization.
cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by
testosterone and also called endocrine part of the the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to
testis swim in a fluid medium
228 (c) of the backbone.
Sperm has mitochondria at its middle part. This Neural tube develops,
middle part gives energy for the motility to the the beginning of the
brain and spinal cord
sperm.
(first organs)
Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail, blood and gut start
enveloped by a plasma membrane. forming. Umbilical
Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing cord developing
the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed Week 5 Brain developing,
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The ‘Limb buds’, small
swelling which are
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
the beginning of the
in dissolving membranes of the ovum for arms and legs. Heart
fertilization. is a large tube and
Neck It contains proximal centriole which is starts to beat,
necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote pumping blood. This
and the distal centriole that is connected to the can be seen an
tail filament. ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
Middle piece It contains a number of
form
mitochondria that provide energy for the Week 7 All major internal
movement of the tail that facilitate sperm motility organs developing.
essential or fertilization. Face forming. Eyes
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by have some colour.
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to Mouth and tongue
swim in a fluid medium develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
229 (c)
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
Usually, the cytoplasm of ova is without with all organs,
centrioles, because during the second maturation muscles, bones toes
division, the centrioles are taken away by the and fingers. Sex
second polar body. organs well
230 (d) developed. Foetus is
moving
5th month.
Week 20 Hair beginning to
Summary of important development changes in
grow including
the human embryo eyebrows and
Time from Organ Formed eyelashes.
Fertilisation Fingerprints
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage developed.
starts about 24 hours Fingernails and
after fertilisation toenails growing.
cleavage to form a Firm hand grip.
blastocyst 4-5 days Between 16 and 20
after fertilisation. weeks baby usually
More than 100 cells felt moving for first
implantataion 6-9 time
days after fertilisation Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
Week 2 The three primary limit of abortion in
germ layers most circumstances
(ectoderm, endoderm By Week 26 Has a good chance of
and mesoderm) survival if born
develop prematurely
Week 3 Woman will not have By Week 28 Baby moving
a period. This may be vigorously. Responds
the first sign that she to touch and loud
is pregnant. Beginning noises. Swallowing
 amniotic fluid and orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to
urinating the male prostate glands and secrete mucus
By Week 30 Usually lying head 237 (c)
down ready for birth Holoblastic cleavage is complete division of
40 Weeks Birth
zygote, e.g., frog.
231 (d)
238 (b)
A-Sexually, B-Viviparous, C-Internal, D-Haploid, E-
Postnatal.
Diploid, F-Ovulation, G-LH, H-Fertilisation, I-
Development periods It includes embryonic or
Blastocyst, J-Placenta
prenatal and post embryonic or postnatal (natal
232 (b)
concerning birth)
A - Vas deferens B- Seminal vesicle
(i) Embryonic period (prenatal period) In human
C-Prostate gland D- Bulbourethral gland
beings is passed in mother’s womb (uterus). It
233 (c)
includes the events from the formation of an
Blastopore is found in gastrula. Gastrula is
embryo till the time of birth
characterized by ectoderm, endoderm,
(ii) Post embryonic period (postnatal period).
archenteron and blastopore, dorsal lip of
This period is passed outside the mother’s womb.
blastopore has organiser properties. If dorsal lip
It includes events from birth to the death
is removed, organ formation does not take place.
239 (c)
234 (c)
In female reproductive system
Fructose, prostaglandin, clotting factor
(i) Egg produced by ovary
Seminal vesicles are present at the base of
(ii) Fertilization takes place in the ampulla of
bladder and joins to the ejaculatory duct. They
oviduct
produces alkaline secretion, which forms 60% of
(iii) Implantation takes place in the wall of uterus
the semen. Their secretion contains, fructose,
(iv) Oestrogen and progesterone are produced by
prostaglandin and clotting factor
ovary
235 (b)
(v) Part receive the male genitalia (penis) during
Sectional view of mammary gland shows.
copulation is vagina.
A- Isthums, B- Ampulla, C-Infundibulum, D-
Fallopian tube, E-Ovary, F-Uterine fundus

240 (a)
(i) Nipple areola
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
(ii) Mammary lobe (alveolus) and duct
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
(iii) Ampulla and lactiferous duct
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by
236 (a)
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of
Cowper’s gland
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
packed glands situated on each side of vaginal
(FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to
orifice. These glands are homologous to male
secreted testosterone.
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes
FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous
viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication
tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen
during sexual intercourse.
binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP
The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous
or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands
tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH
that are present on either side of the urethral
 act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm Time from Organ Formed
production Fertilisation
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
starts about 24 hours
after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
blastocyst 4-5 days
after fertilisation.
More than 100 cells
implantataion 6-9
days after fertilisation
Week 2 The three primary
germ layers
(ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm)
develop
Week 3 Woman will not have
Dark line – Positive feed back a period. This may be
Dot line – Negative feed back the first sign that she
241 (a) is pregnant. Beginning
In the given options only acrosome belong to the of the backbone.
Neural tube develops,
male reproductive system. Rest of the options
the beginning of the
(corpus luteum, endometrium, Graafian follicle) brain and spinal cord
belongs to the female reproductive system (first organs)
242 (b) Week 4 Heart, blood vessels,
Human placental lactogen stimulates growth and blood and gut start
development of breast in preparation for forming. Umbilical
lactation. This hormone is needed before cord developing
Week 5 Brain developing,
oestrogen and progesterone can have their effects
‘Limb buds’, small
on breasts. swelling which are
243 (c) the beginning of the
Ovulation (release of egg or ovum from ovary into arms and legs. Heart
body cavity) involves the extrusion of a secondary is a large tube and
oocyte from the ovary. Actually by 10-14 days starts to beat,
pumping blood. This
after the first day of menstruation, only one
can be seen an
follicle has contained its growth to become a fully ultrasound scan
mature Graafian follicle, while other follicles Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
regress through a process called follicle atresia. form
Under proper hormonal stimulation, Graafian Week 7 All major internal
follicle rupture and extrude its oocyte into the organs developing.
uterine tube in the process of ovulation. Face forming. Eyes
244 (b) have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
Seminal vesicle produce 60% of the semen and develop. Beginning of
gives alkaline medium to the sperm for the hand and feet
nutralisation of vaginal acidic medium Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
245 (d) with all organs,
A- Cervix B- Uterine cavity muscles, bones toes
C-fallopian tube D-Ovary and fingers. Sex
organs well
246 (a)
developed. Foetus is
2nd month. moving
Summary of important development changes in Week 20 Hair beginning to
the human embryo grow including
eyebrows and
 eyelashes. network of blood capillaries called tunica
Fingerprints vasculosa
developed.
Fingernails and
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip.
Between 16 and 20
weeks baby usually
felt moving for first
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
limit of abortion in
most circumstances
By Week 26 Has a good chance of
survival if born 249 (d)
prematurely Inhibin is a glycoprotein hormone secreted from
By Week 28 Baby moving the Sertoli’s cells. It is involved in the negative
vigorously. Responds feedback control of sperm production.
to touch and loud 250 (a)
noises. Swallowing
Inner cell mass forms embryonic disc, which is
amniotic fluid and
urinating composed of two layers, ectoderm above and
By Week 30 Usually lying head endoderm below. Once the embryonic disc
down ready for birth elongates, to form primitive streak which forms
40 Weeks Birth mesoderm.
251 (b)
247 (a) Capacitation of Sperm The sperms in the female is
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), secreted by genital tract are made capable of fertilizing the
anterior lobe of pituitary, stimulates sperm egg by the secretion of female genital tract. These
formation in male and growth of ovarian follicles secretions of the female genital tract removes the
in the females. coating substances deposited on the surface of the
248 (c) sperms, particularly those on acrosome. Thus, the
Testis is covered by tough compact fibrous receptor sites on the acrosome are exposed and
capsule called tunica albuginea, which is sperm become active to penetrate the egg. This
externally covered by peritoneal layer of flat cells phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is
called tunica vaginalis; which is supplied by a called capacitation. It takes about 5-6 hr for
capacitation of sperm

252 (c)
Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cell called primary follicle which are 2n in number.

Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature ovum. It has three phases

 (a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete mother cells
(oogonia) are formed within each foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after birth. These cells
(oogonia) get into prophase-I of meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as this stage called
primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This structure is
called the primary follicle. A large number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to
puberty. At puberty, only 60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each ovary. The primary follicles
get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to form secondary follicles
(c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary
follicle. The primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its first meiotic division
to form a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a process called ovulation. The second maturation phase
occurs after fertilization when the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This second
meiotic division results in the formation of a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)

253 (b) cycle. It prepares the lining of uterus for

After one week of fertilization, implantation implantation of fertilized egg.
begins to starts. During implantation, the 257 (b)
trophoectoderm (trophoblast) comes in contact The embryo with about 64 cells is termed as
with the endometrium of the uterus and sinks into blastocyst. The process of attachment of
a pit formed in the endometrium and gets blastocyst with the uterine wall of mother is
completely burried in the endometrium. called implantation. It occurs after 7 days of
254 (c) fertilization.
Oestrogen is secreted from the ovary and 258 (b)
regulates growth and development of female A-seminal vesicles; B-urethra
accessary reproductive organs, secondary sexual 259 (a)
characters and behaviour, so when both ovaries Fate of three germ layers
are removed. Oestrogen level will decrease in Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system,
blood. muscles, bones (except facial)
255 (d) Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs,
Testosteron is a steroid hormone and causes kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid
development of secondary sexual characters in tonsils
male. Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens
Gestation period of rabbit is approximately 28 to and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal
32 days. cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head
Bulbourethral glands are the pea-sized glands 260 (a)
inferior to the prostate. These glands secrete a A-Chorion; B-Placenta
fluid that lubricates urethra and the end of penis. 261 (a)
Before ovulation, oestrogens are secreted from Intra Uterine Device (IUD) is a small device made
Graafian follicle. Placenta also secretes some up of copper, plastic or stainless steel. It is
amount of oestrogens. inserted into uterus by a doctor and left in place.
256 (c) It prevents implantation and may cause bleeding
Corpus luteum acts as an endocrine gland. It is and discomfort.
formed from the remaining structure of mature 262 (c)
Graafian follicle which rupture at the time of At present, the most widely accepted method of
ovulation and release ovum. Corona radiata and contraception in India is IUDs (Intra Uterine
cumulus rophorus. It produces progesterone Devices). These devices are effective and popuar.
hormone during the second half of the menstrual These devices are inserted by doctors and expert
nurses in the uterus through vagina.
265 (d) secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by the
A chemical fertilizin is a glycoprotein or acid process called ovulation
mucopolysaccharide produced from mature eggs. 272 (b)
Dur to it, sperms migrate towards ova.
266 (b)
Prolactin, FSH, LH
267 (b)
The growth of superficial and middle layer of
endometrium occurs from the 5th to 14th day of
the cycle under the influence of oestrogen.
268 (b)
External genitalia of humans is called penis. Its
Semen is collection of secretions from the seminal outer skin, which covers the forehead of penis
vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s glands and called foreskin or prepuce. It is the single opening
sperms from testis. A single ejaculation may for semen and urine in males
contain 200-300 million spermatozoa (sperms) of
273 (b)
which atleast 60% sperms must have normal
FSH and LH.
shape and size and atleast 40% of them must
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
show vigorous motility for normal fertility.
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
Semen has a pH of 7.35-7.50; its alkalinity helps to
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by
neutralize the acidity of the urethra protects the
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of
sperms from the acidity of the vagina
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising
269 (b)
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
In human female reproductive cycle or menstrual (FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to
cycle during proliferative phase, the anterior lobe secreted testosterone.
of pituitary gland secretes the Follicle Stimulating FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous
Hormone (FSH), which stimulates to ovarian tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen
follicles to secrete oestrogens. During the second binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP
week of reproduction cycle, most of the concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous
developing follicle die and usually one follicle tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH
continues to mature. Now the Luteinzing act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm
Hormone (LH) in blood level increase by pituitary production
gland. A small surge of FSH also occurs. Now
ovulation takes place, which releases immature
egg into abdominal cavity. During ovulation, the
follicle breaks open and collapses under the
continuous influence of Luteinizing
Hormone(LH). It begins to enlarge and forms a
yellowish strucyure, called corpus luteum or
yellow body.
270 (a)
Internally, the breast consists of the glandular
tissue forming mammary glands, the fibrous
tissue (connective tissue) and the fatty or adipose
tissue. Mammary glands are modified sweat
glands Dark line – Positive feed back
271 (a) Dot line – Negative feed back
A tertiary follicle changes into the mature follicle 274 (a)
or Graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte forms a Female gamete mother cells are called oogonia.
new membrane called zona pellucida surrounding Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature
it. The Graafian follicle ruptures to release the ovum. It has three phases
 (a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in foetal growth, metabolic changes in the mother
embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete and maintenance of pregnancy
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
this stage called primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
structure is called the primary follicle. A large
number of these follicles degenerate during the 279 (a)
phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only A-Labia minora, B-Hymen, C-Clitoris
60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each 280 (b)
ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by Rete Testis and Vasa Efferentia
more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to The seminiferous tubules are closed at one end
form secondary follicles but on the other side they join to a network called
(c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation rete testis from where fine ciliated ductules called
phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into vasa efferentia arises
a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
first meiotic division to form a large haploid
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-
the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a
process called ovulation. The second maturation
phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic
division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This
second meiotic division results in the formation of 281 (b)
a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid) A-Amnion; B-Amniotic cavity
276 (b) 282 (d)
A-Oogonia-46 chromosomes, B-Primary oocyte- All of the above.
46 chromosomes, C-Secondary oocyte-23 Placenta release oestrogens, progesterone, hCG
chromosomes and relaxin. That’s why it can be considered as
277 (c) endocrine gland
In spermatogenesis, primary spermatocyte 283 (b)
undergoes meiosis-I and as a result of which two The scrotum remains connected with abdomen or
haploid secondary spermatocytes formed. Thus, pelvic cavity by inguinal canals. The spermatic
for the given case secondary spermatocyte cord formed from the spermatic artery, vein and
possesses 8 chromosomes, i.e., 𝑛=8 and 16 nerve bound together with connective tissue,
chromatids because each chromosome divides passes into the testis through inguinal canal
along its length into two chromatids. 284 (a)
278 (d) Ovulation is release of ovum LH secreted by
hCG, hpG, and relaxin are produced during anterior pituitary gland is responsible for
pregnancy. During pregnancy the level of other ovulation.
hormone like oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol, 285 (a)
prolactin, thyroxin, etc., are increased several Wall of each seminiferous tubules is formed of
folds in maternal blood. Increased production of single layered germinal epithelium. Majority of
these hormones is essential for supporting the cells in this epithelium are cuboidal called male
germ cells (also called spermatogonia). At certain
places there present tall Sertoli or substentacular
 cells, which functions as nurse cells for of the ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter
differentiating spermatozoa into the cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary
oocyte
(v) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the
fusion of a sperm and an ovum
291 (c)
Maturation of sperm before penetration of egg is
called capacitation.
292 (a)
The end of menstrual cycle is known as
menopause. It come at the age of 45 to 50 years.
286 (d) During menopause, the level of FSH (Follicle
Paedogenesis literally means ‘reproduction by the Stimulating Hormone) rises in urine.
child’. Infact, it is reproduction by immature or 293 (c)
larval animals caused by acceleration of mutation. E-Urethra, F-Testis, G-Foreskin, H-Glans penis
Paedogenesis occurs in very small flies such as Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of
Miastor and in Oligarces. testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of
287 (a) epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of
A-Trophoblastic cell, B-Corpus luteum, C- seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts,
Progesterone, D-Endometrium, E-Menstruation urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland
288 (b) and penis
Trophoectoderm (trophoblast).
It is the outer most layer of the cells of blastocyst.
It forms the foetal part of placenta and do not
form any part of the embryo proper
289 (c)
In birds and other polylecithal egg containing
animals, cleavage (division) are restricted to a
small part of cytoplasm and nucleus in animal
pole of egg. Such type of cleavage is termed as
294 (a)
‘meroblastic cleavage’.
13-14 day (Proliferative phase)
290 (b)
FSH and LH have high concentration, whereas
Fusion of sperm and ova
progesterone has low concentration.
Fertilization
16th-20th day (Luteal phase)
The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete)
FSH and LH have low concentration, whereas
with an ovum (female gamete) is called
progesterone has high concentration.
fertilization
Steps
(i) During coitus, semen is released by the penis
into the vagina (insemination)
(ii) The motile sperms swim rapidly through the
cervix, enter into the uterus and reach the
ampullary isthmic junction of the oviduct (site of
fertilization)
(iii) A sperm comes in contact with the zona
pellucida layer of the ovum and induces changes 295 (a)
in the membrane to block the entry of additional Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that
sperms lie over the pectoral muscle. They occur in all
(iv) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help female mammals and in a rudimentary from in all
to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane male mammals. In the human female, the
 mammary glands start to increase in size at
puberty because of fat accumulation and reach
their maximum development in approximately
the twentieth year. These undergo additional
development during pregnancy essential function
of mammary gland is milk production which has
nutritive and immunologic properties.
296 (c)
Differences between primary and secondary sex
organs
Primary sex Secondary sex
organs organs
They produce They do not
gametes. produce gametes. Dark line – Positive feed back
They are concerned Dot line – Negative feed back
with the conduction 298 (a)
of gametes.
In menstrual phase, the production of LH and
They secrete sex They do not secrete
hormones. sex hormones. progesterone decreases.
Testes in males Epididymis, vasa Menstrual cycle
and ovaries in deferentia, penis, Phases Days Events
female are etc., are secondary Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium
examples of sex organs in male phase breaks down,
primary sex and oviducts, menstruation
organs. uterus, etc., are begins. The cells
examples of of
secondary sex endometrium,
organs in female. secretions,
297 (c) blood and the
A-Testosterone, B-Sertoli cell, C-Inhibin. unfertilized
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis ovum constitute
the menstrual
Spermatogenesis is initiated due to the increase in
flow.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) by Progesterone
hypothalamus. GnRH acts on the anterior lobe of and LH
the pituitary gland to secrete Luteinising production is
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone reduced
(FSH). LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
secreted testosterone. phase rebuilds, FSH
(proliferative secretion and
FSH acts on the sertoli cells of the seminiferous
phase) oestrogen’s
tubules of the testis to secrete an androgen secretion
binding protein (ABP) and inhibin. ABP increase
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous Ovulatory 14 Both LH and
tubules. Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH phase FSH attain a
act on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm peak level.
production Concentration
of oestrogen in
the blood is also
high and
reaches its peak,
Ovulation
occurs
Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
(secretory 28 secretes
phase) progesterone.
 Endometrium The condition of presence of completely non-
thickens and motil sperms in human semen is known as
uterine glands necrospermia.
become The condition when less number of sperms is
secretory
found in semen is termed as oligospermia. The
299 (a)
penetration of many sperms into an ovum
In the middle piece of sperm, cytoplasm is found
simultaneously is termed as polyspermy.
in the form of a thin sheet called Manchette.
306 (b)
300 (d)
A-Testis, B-Glands, C-Ducts, D- Genitalia
Hormonal level during menstrual cycle
307 (d)
1-5 days (menstrual phase) Level of progesterone
The secretion of testosterone by the Leydig’s cells
and LH decreases.
of the testis subseqently causes growth and
6-13 days (follicular or proliferative phase) FSH
development of the Wolffian ducts into male
and LH level increases that also stimulates the
accessory sex organs, the epididymis, seminal
level of oestrogen.
vesicles and ejaculatory duct.
14 days (ovulatory phase) Both LH and FSH
308 (c)
attains a peak level.
Second meiotic division takes place in ova after
15-20 days (secretory phase) Level of
sperm and ova fusion. Proximal convulated
progesterone increase
tubules and distal convulated tubules at the neck
301 (c)
region in sperm helps to complete the 2nd meiotic
A woman with typical 28 day of menstrual/cycle
division
is most likely to pregnant during 12-15 day
309 (c)
because it is the period in which ovulation takes
After the release of ova, the remaining structure
place due to LH surge
left is called corpus luteum. Corpus luteum
303 (b)
secretes progesterone which maintains the
1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium
endometrium wall and pregnancy
It is the opening of Outer thin covering
310 (c)
fallopian tube found of uterus wall
Sertoli’s cell provide nutrition to the sperm in
near to ovaries
testes.
2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium
311 (a)
Finger like projection Middle thick layer or
for collecting ovum uterus wall Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
near to ovaries development (morula), which produces an
3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
to the wider contains glands and many blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
part of oviduct blood vesels termed as blastocyst.
4. Isthmus Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
Last part of oviduct the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
having a narrow mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
lumen which joins blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
the uterus called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
304 (b) opposite side is the abembryonic pole
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
LH or ICSH acts on the Leyding cells, which
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
secretes androgens. Testosterone is the principle
the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
androgen of male reproductive system
embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
305 (b)
provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
Athenospermia is the condition where the
the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
motility of sperms is highly reduced.
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
 trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
are called cells of raubers

315 (c)
Cleavage is the series of rapid mitotic division of
Blastomeres are of two types the zygote, which converts the single celled zygote
(i) Trophoblast It give nourishment to embryo by into a multicellular structure called blastula.
attaching it to endometrium wall 316 (d)
(ii) Inner Mass of Cells They give rise to three Gastrula will be larger, while zygote and blastula
germ layers and form embryo will be of same size.
312 (b) 317 (a)
Leydig’s cells are endocrine in nature and present Vestibular gland.
in testes of mammals. These cells in other Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are
vertebrates except mammals are known as packed glands situated on each side of vaginal
interstitial cells. These cells secrete male sex orifice. These glands are homologous to male
hormone testosterone, which influence secondary bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes
sexual charscters in males. Oestrogen is female viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication
sex hormone, secreted from Graafian follicles and during sexual intercourse.
responsible for secondary sexual characters in The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands
female. or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands
313 (c) that are present on either side of the urethral
The cuboidal cells in germinal epithelium undergo orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to
mitosis to produce spermatogonia which grows the male prostate glands and secrete mucus
into primary spermatocytes. These in turn 318 (a)
undergoes meiosis producing haploid cells, firstly The anterior portion of sperm head is covered by
secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids. a cap-like structure, called acrosome. Acrosome is
The latter get converted into spermatozoa formed from the Golgi complex. It contains
(sperms). Sertoli cells provides nutrition to the digestive enzyme hyaluronidase and proteinase.
developing sperms Acrosome plays an important role in penetration
314 (b) of ovum by sperm during fertilization.
Cells of rauber. 319 (c)
The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner Chorionic villi and uterine tissue become inter-
mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of digitated with each other and jointly form
the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to placenta
embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to 320 (c)
provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of The corpus luteum plays an important role in the
the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes preparation of endometrium for the implantation
namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the of fertilized egg by secreting oestrogen and
trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass progesterone hormones. But if the egg is not
are called cells of raubers fertilized then the corpus luteum begins to
degenerate and it stops the production of
progesterone and oestrogen hormones, which
causes shedding of the endometrium lining
menstrual bleeding.
321 (d)
 Spermatozoa contains a proteinaceous
substances known as anti-fertillizin. It is a
protein, which is composed of acidic amino acid.
322 (b)
During early and middle foetal life the testis are
located in the abdominal cavity. They come to the
scrotal sac in the late foetal development
Cryptorchidism is the condition in which testis do
not descent into the scrotum
323 (a)
The egg of human is almost free of yolk hence,
called alecithal.
324 (b)
The cells formed by cleavage are called
blastomere.
Implantation
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
cells are produced which are termed as
blastomeres
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a
morula
(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells
called blastocyst, which passes further into the
uterus
(iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged
into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner
group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner
cell mass
(v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass 327 (d)
gives rise to the embryo Regeneration is the defined as replacement,
(vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and repair or restoration of the lost or damaged
cover the blastocyst structures or reconstitution of the whole body
(vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the from a small fragment of it during post embryonic
endometrium of the uterus. This is called life of an organism. Brain cells have lowest power
implantation, which leads to pregnancy of regeneration due to highly specific
325 (d) differentiation.
In frog , when 1st polar body is separated, the 328 (d)
chromosome number becomes half. Condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms and
326 (d) intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are all
Testicular lobules contains 1-3 seminiferous mechamical irth control devices.
tublules. 329 (c)
Amphimixis is the formation of new individuals
through normal process of sexual reproduction
(i.e., meiosis and syngamy). Syngamy is the fusion
of sperm nucleus with egg nucleus.
330 (a)
All bones are derived from the mesoderm but
only facial bones which are derived from the
ectoderm
331 (a) urethral openings beneath, while clitoris provides
Layers of an ovum from outside to inside are felling of pleasure during sexual stimulation.
corona radiate, zona pellucida and vitelline 340 (a)
membrane. External genitalia (vulva) of female has following
332 (a) parts
No more oogonia are formed and added after (i) Mons Pubis It is the anteriormost portion of
birth. Oogonia (egg mother cells) divide by the external genitalia which is covered by the skin
mitosis forming primary oocyte. Each primary and pubic hairs. It acts as a cushion during
oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer of intercourse
granulosa cell called primary follicle. A larger (ii) Labia Majora These are fleshy folds of tissue
number of these follicles degenerate during the which extend down from the mons pubis and
phase from birth to puberty. Therefore, at surrounds the vaginal opening
maturity only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are (iii) Labia Minora These are paired folds of tissue
left in each ovary under the labia majora
333 (d) (iv) Hymen The opening of vagina covered
Menarche is the starting of menstruation in girl at partially by a membrane called hymen
about 13 year of age, whereas menopause is the
period of life, when menstruation naturally stops.
334 (b)
Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte
from the ovary. In humans, ovulation occurs
about 14 days before the onset of the next
menstruation.
335 (b)
Gastrulation is the formation of gastrula from
blastula. It is that phase of embryonic
development during which the cells of blastula
move in small mass to attain the final location. (v) Clitoris is a tiny finger-like structure which
Such movement of cells is called morphogenetic lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
movement. above urethral opening
336 (b) 341 (a)
Secondary sexual characters and functioning of Mature follicles are called Graafian follicles. After
testicular interstitial cells depends upon the LH meiosis, the mature follicle gives rise to ovum,
but spermatogenesis depends upon FSH which represents the female gametocyte
337 (a) 342 (a)
Epimorphosis is a process that replaces a lost Summary of important development changes in
organ of the body by proliferating new cells from the human embryo
the surface of the wound or injured part, e.g., Time from Organ Formed
Fertilisation
regeneration of tail in lizard, replacement of arm
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
in starfish and limb in salamander. starts about 24 hours
338 (c) after fertilisation
A-Spermatogenesis; B-Sertoli cells cleavage to form a
339 (b) blastocyst 4-5 days
The external genitals of female are collectively after fertilisation.
More than 100 cells
called vulva. These include the protective
implantataion 6-9
coverings of skin folds called labia majora and days after fertilisation
labia minora. Clitoris is another accessory Week 2 The three primary
external reproductive organ of female. Labia germ layers
majora and labia minora protect the vaginal and (ectoderm, endoderm
and mesoderm)
develop
Week 3 Woman will not have By Week 28 Baby moving
a period. This may be vigorously. Responds
the first sign that she to touch and loud
is pregnant. Beginning noises. Swallowing
of the backbone. amniotic fluid and
Neural tube develops, urinating
the beginning of the By Week 30 Usually lying head
brain and spinal cord down ready for birth
(first organs) 40 Weeks Birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 343 (a)
blood and gut start Amnion is formed of mesoderm on outside and
forming. Umbilical ectoderm inside. It has no blood vessels. Space
cord developing
between amnion and foetus is amniotic cavity and
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small it contains amniotic fluid Amnion protects foetus
swelling which are from mechanical shock.
the beginning of the 344 (b)
arms and legs. Heart Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of
is a large tube and testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of
starts to beat,
epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of
pumping blood. This
can be seen an seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts,
ultrasound scan urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to and penis
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes 345 (a)
and fingers. Sex
Gastrulation is the process by which a blastula is
organs well
developed. Foetus is converted into gastrula. By the end of gastrulation
moving three layered embryo is formed, which is
Week 20 Hair beginning to enclosing an archenteron.
grow including 346 (a)
eyebrows and It is very necessary to reach the sperm at the
eyelashes.
ampullary region because, it is the site where ova
Fingerprints
developed. waits for sperm for two days after ovulation.
Fingernails and That’s way all intercourse does not lead to
toenails growing. fertilization
Firm hand grip. 347 (a)
Between 16 and 20 Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
weeks baby usually development (morula), which produces an
felt moving for first
embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
time
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
limit of abortion in blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
most circumstances termed as blastocyst.
By Week 26 Has a good chance of Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
survival if born the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
prematurely
 mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the The embryo at 16-celled stage is called the
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is morula. It is the mass of cells resulting from the
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while cleavage of the ovum before the formation of a
opposite side is the abembryonic pole blastula.
348 (b) 354 (c)
In uterus the development of foetus takes place Gynogenesis leads to non-participation of male
and this development lasts till parturition. pronucleus in fertilization.
Generally, in common language uterus is called 355 (d)
womb Ovulation takes place under the influence of LH
349 (c) and FSH. It normally takes place at the end of
Oral contraceptive is a preparation consisting of proliferative phase, i.e, 14th day or mid way during
one or more synthetic female sex hormones taken menstrual cycle.
by woman to prevent conception. Most oral 356 (b)
contraceptives are combined pills consisting of an Spermiation.
oestrogen, which blocks the normal process of The transformation of spermatids into
ovulation and progesterone, which acts on the spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or
pituitary gland to block the normal control of spermateliosis. The spermatids are later on
menstrual cycle. known as sperms. After spermiogenesis head
350 (a) becomes embedded in the Sertoli cells and are
Morphallaxis involves the reconstruction of whole finally released from the seminiferous tubules by
body from small fragment by reorganizing the process called spermiation
existing cells, e.g., Regeneration of Hydra from its 357 (a)
piece 44 + XY→ Girl, 44 + XY→ Boy
351 (a) 358 (d)
Nourishment. The testes in humans are situated outside the
The The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and abdominal cavity in scrotal sacs. This is because
inner mass cell. The inner mass cell is the the temperature of scrotal sac is 25℃ lesss than
precursor of the embryo. It means that inner mass internal body temperature.
give rise to embryo. The cells of the trophoblast 359 (d)
helps to provide the nutrition to the embryo. The Vas deferens is not present in female rabbit
cells of the trophoblast form extra embryonic because vas deferens is associated with male sex
membranes namely chorion and amnion. The cells organs as these carry spermatozoa from cauda
of the trophoblast which are in contact with inner epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
mass are called cells of raubers 360 (a)
(A) Graafian follicle, (B) Zona pellucida, (C)
Ovulation
361 (d)
Yolk sac.
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
The growing embryo/foetus develops four
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
352 (b) allantois and yolk sac
Labia majora, these are two large fleshy folds of (i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
skin which form the boundary of vulva. They are and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
partly covered by pubic hair and contain large inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
number of sebaceous (oil) glands. The labia protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
majora are considered homologous to the placenta
scrotum of the male (ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
353 (a) and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
 outside. The space between the embryo and the generally females 𝑒. 𝑔., Gall fly. Parthenogenesis
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is can be natural or artificial. Natural
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both parthenogenesis may be obligatory or cyclic.
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid Obligatory/Complete Parthenogenesis Males are
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a absent. Females develop parthenogenesis, 𝑒. 𝑔.,
protective cushion that absorbs shocks rotifers, Typhlina brahmina (small lizard, 15 cm
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of long), Lacerta saxicola armeniaca (caucasian rock
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric lizard), Cnemidophorus (whiptail lizards of
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like America).
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo Cyclic/Incomplete Parthenogenesis Both sexual
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small and parthenogenetic individuals occur. In aphids
and non-functional except for furnishing blood several generations of parthenogenetic females
vessels to the placenta develop followed by formation of both male and
(iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of females to perform sexual reproduction. In
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric Turkey, 40% of the males develop
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is parthenogenetically. In honeybee, male of drone
non-functional in human beings except that it develops parthenogenetically (no meiosis at the
functions as the site of early blood cell formation time of spermatogenesis) while queen and
362 (b) workers develop from fertilized eggs. Also in
The mature ovum or female gamete is spherical in wasps and ants. In gall fly, larvae may lay eggs
shape. The human ovum is almost free of yolk and that develop parthenogenetically (paedogenesis)
said to be alecithal. Its cytoplasm is called 365 (c)
ooplasm containing large nucleus. The cytoplasm The vas deferens loops over urinary bladder,
is enveloped by plasma membrane. Very small where it is joined by duct from seminal vesicle to
cortical granules are present under the plasma form ejaculatory duct. Vasa deferentia carry
membrane. sperms
A narrow perivitelline space is present outside 366 (d)
the plasma membrane. Just outer to perivitelline Primary spermatocytes are diploid in number.
space, there is thick non-cellular zona pellucida, Secondary (2°) spermatocytes and spermatids are
secreted by follicular cells. Outer to the zona haploid in number.
pellucida there is very thick cellular corona
radiate.
The latter is formed of radially elongated
follicular cells. The side of ovum which extrudes
polar bodies is termed animal pole. The opposite
side is called vegetal pole. Human ouvm loses its
ability to be fertilized about 24 hours after
ovulation. In human beings ovum is released from
ovary as secondary oocyte
364 (b)
Parthenogenesis (Apomixis)
It is the development of a new individual from a
single gamete (generally the egg/ovum) without
involving fertilisation. On the basis of
chromosomes sets, parthenogenesis is of two
types (i) Arrhenotoky (haploid)
parthenogenesis). Haploid eggs grow to form
haploid males 𝑒. 𝑔., arachnids, some insects. (ii) 367 (a)
Thelytoky (diploid parthenogenesis). Diploid eggs Acrosome is a cap-like structure surrounding the
grow without fertilisation into diploid individuals, anterior end of the nucleus of a sperm. It is
 produced by the Golgi complex of spermatid. 372 (b)
Acrosome of mammalian sperm produces sperm Corpus luteum secretes progesterone harmone.
lysin called hyaluronidase. 373 (a)
368 (d) Differences between Leydig’s cells and Sertoli
Each lobule of testis contains two to three cells
seminiferous tubules, blood vessels, nerves and Leydig’s Cells Sertoli Cells
connective tissue. Wall of each seminiferous (Interstitial (Sustentacular Cells)
tubule is formed of a single layered germinal Cells)
epithelium. Majority of cells in this epithelium are They are present They are present in
in between the between the
cubical, however at certain places, there are
seminiferous germinal epithelial
present large pyramidal Sertoli or nurse cells. tubules. cells of the
Sertoli cells nourish the developing sperms. seminiferous tubules.
369 (a) Leydig’s cells are Sertoli cells are
Gametes. The major reproductive events in found in small found singly and are
human beings are as follows groups and are elongated
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. rounded in
shape.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of They secrete They provide
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs) andogens (𝑒. 𝑔., nourishment to the
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by testosterone) developing
the male into the genital tract of the female male sex spermatozoa
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female hormones (sperms). Sertoli
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization cells secrete ABP
(Androgen Binding
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
Protein) that
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into concentrates
a multicellular structure called blastocyst testosterone in the
(blastula) seminiferous tubules.
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst It also secretes
to the uterine wall another protein
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of inhibin which
suppresses FSH
placenta which is the intimate connection
synthesis
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother 374 (a)
to exchange the materials Menstrual cycle do not takes place regularly
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which because of high levels of hormones in the blood
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three 375 (d)
primary germ layers
The wall of each seminiferous tubule of testicular
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
lobule is formed of a single layered germinal
tissue, organs and organ systems from three
epithelium. Large pyremidal Sertoli’s cells secrete
primary germ layers
androgen binding protein that concentrates
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
testosterone in the seminiferous tubule. These
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
cells nourish the developing sperms.
370 (b)
376 (a)
Liver and pancreas are originated from general
Parthenogenesis is the development of an embryo
endoderm.
from an unfertilized egg or if a spermatozoan
371 (c)
does penetrate the egg, there is no union of male
Notochord, circulatory system, organs of and female pronuclei.
urogenital system (including ureter, kidney, 377 (b)
gonads, reproductive ductes); skeletal muscle,
Implantation
bone, cartilage of skeleton (except skull), dermis,
(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division. This
connective tissues, etc are the derivatives of
is called cleavage. As a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter
mesoderm.
 cells are produced which are termed as (v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
blastomeres cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass
(ii) Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a gives rise to the embryo
morula (vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and
(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells cover the blastocyst
called blastocyst, which passes further into the (vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the
uterus endometrium of the uterus. This is called
(iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged implantation, which leads to pregnancy
into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner 378 (b)
group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner In penetration, acrosome of sperm undergoes
cell mass acrosomal reaction and releases certain sperm
lysins, which dissolve the egg envelops locally and
make the path for the penetration of sperm.

379 (c)
A-Spermatogonia, B-Primary spermatocytes, C-Secondary spermatocytes, D-Spermatids, E-Primary oocyte,
F-Secondary oocyte, G-First polar body, H-Second polar body

380 (d) Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage

In the ovulatory phase, production of FSH starts about 24 hours
decreases, while that of LH increases it causes after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
ovulation. The ovum is drawn into Fallopian tube
blastocyst 4-5 days
381 (d) after fertilisation.
Nervous system originated from ectodermal layer. More than 100 cells
382 (c) implantataion 6-9
A-Isthmus; B-Fimbriae; C-Ampulla days after fertilisation
383 (b) Week 2 The three primary
germ layers
Bidder’s canal is a part of urinogenital system of
(ectoderm, endoderm
male frog. It is the longitudinal canal of kidney and mesoderm)
into which the collecting canals open and put the develop
sperms received. Posteriorly, it continues into the Week 3 Woman will not have
ureter. a period. This may be
384 (d) the first sign that she
28 weeks. is pregnant. Beginning
of the backbone.
Summary of important development changes in
Neural tube develops,
the human embryo the beginning of the
Time from Organ Formed brain and spinal cord
Fertilisation (first organs)
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 386 (b)
blood and gut start Mammalian egg has very small amount of yolk.
forming. Umbilical 387 (c)
cord developing
One ovum is produced from one germ cell of
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small female gonad, whereas four sperms are produced
swelling which are from one germ cell of male gonad. Thus, the ratio
the beginning of the of ova and sperms will be 1 : 4.
arms and legs. Heart 388 (b)
is a large tube and A-Corticle granules, B-Corticle enzyme, C-Plasma
starts to beat, membrane, D-Monospermy. Ovum at the time of
pumping blood. This
fertilization looks like
can be seen an
ultrasound scan
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet
Week 12 Foetus fully formed, Steps 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 can be seen as
with all organs,
muscles, bones toes
and fingers. Sex
organs well
developed. Foetus is
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to
grow including
eyebrows and
eyelashes.
Fingerprints
developed.
Fingernails and
A-Sperm passes through corona radiate, B-
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip. Acrosome reaction, releasing lysing enzyme, C-
Between 16 and 20 Sperm passes through pellucida and reaches
weeks baby usually oolemma. D-Sperm and egg plasma membranes
felt moving for first fuse, enabling the sperm contents to enter egg. E-
time Cortical reaction, releasing enzymes to harden
Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal zona pellucida
limit of abortion in
389 (a)
most circumstances
By Week 26 Has a good chance of The transformation of spermatids to sperm is
survival if born known as spermiogenesis or spermateleosis.
prematurely 390 (a)
By Week 28 Baby moving Regeneration of tail in lizards is an example of
vigorously. Responds epimorphosis. Epimorphosis takes place by the
to touch and loud proliferation of the new tissue cell from the
noises. Swallowing
surface of wound.
amniotic fluid and
urinating 391 (d)
By Week 30 Usually lying head Endometrium wall periodically change in
down ready for birth menstrual cycle.
40 Weeks Birth Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
 (i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of Vasa deferentia emerges from the cauda
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates epididymis on each side and leaves the scrotal sac
causing bleeding. and enters the abdominal cavity through inguinal
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are canal. It is lined by many stereocilia to transport
discharged. the sperms from testis to the outside through
(c) It lasts 3-5 days. urethra
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The 396 (b)
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a Myometrium is the middle thick layer of the
fully mature Graafian follicle. uterus (the womb). By weight myometrium is the
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated largest component of uterus wall.
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus. 1. Infundibulum 1. Perimetrium
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum It is the opening of Outer thin covering
undergoes degeneration and this causes fallopian tube found of uterus wall
disintegration of the endometrium leading to near to ovaries
menstruation. 2. Fimbriae 2. Myometrium
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during Finger like projection Middle thick layer or
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During for collecting ovum uterus wall
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop near to ovaries
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle 3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium
permanently stops in females at the age of around Infundibulum leads Inner layer of uterus that
50 years. This is called menopause to the wider contains glands and many
392 (b) part of oviduct blood vesels
During spermatogenesis, at the end of first 4. Isthmus
meiotic division, the male germ cells differentiate Last part of oviduct
into the secondary spermatocytes. having a narrow
393 (b) lumen which joins
The mode of cleavage is determined by the the uterus
amount of yolk and its distribution.
394 (c)
In secretory phase during ovulation, the follicle
breaks and collapse under the continuous
influence of Luteinizing Hormone (LH). It begins
to enlarge and forms a yellowish structure, called
the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum plays an 397 (a)
important role in the preparation of the Nucleus and acrosome.
endometrium for the implantation of the fertilized Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
egg by secreting estrogens and progesterone. four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
395 (b) enveloped by a plasma membrane.
 Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing C – Spermatozoa
the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed 404 (b)
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The After implantation, finger-like projections appear
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help on the trophoblast called chorionic villi, which are
in dissolving membranes of the ovum for surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal
fertilization. blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue
Neck It contains proximal centriole which is become interdigitated with each other and jointly
necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote form a structural and functional unit between
and the distal centriole that is connected to the developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body
tail filament. called placenta
Middle piece It contains a number of
mitochondria that provide energy for the
movement of the tail that facilitate sperm motility
essential or fertilization.
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to
swim in a fluid medium
398 (d)
The foetal part of the placenta in human is formed
405 (b)
by the chorionic villi, which lie in the maternal
Mucous (jelly –like) connective tissue is present
blood pool, formed by the erosion of uterine
mostly in embryos with Whartorn’s jelly (highly
endometrium and endothelial wall of uterine
gelatinous) as the ground substance. The tissue is
blood vessels to form the haemochorial placenta.
common in umbilical cord, cock’s comb and
399 (a)
viterous body of eye ball.
Oxytocin hormone is secreted from
406 (a)
neurohypophysis of pituitary. It stimulates the
The cervix is the part which joins the anterior wall
contraction of the smooth muscles of uterus
of the vagina and opens into it. The cavity of the
inducing labour pain for child birth.
cervix is called cervix canal. The cervix
400 (a)
communicates above with the body of the uterus
Labium majora are two large thick folds of skin,
by an aperture called internal os and with the
which form the boundary of vulva. The labia
vagina below by an opening the external os
majora are considered homologous to the
407 (d)
scrotum of the male.
Oogenesis or primordial follicles starts their
401 (a)
development at the foetal stage but after birth this
The transformation of spermatids into
development stops and again resumes at the
spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or
puberty stage
spermateliosis. The spermatids are later on
408 (c)
known as sperms. After spermiogenesis head
Due to changing of the membrane potential, there
becomes embedded in the Sertoli cells and are
is depolarization and due to depolarization the
finally released from the seminiferous tubules by
entry of other sperms is blocked. This leads to the
process called spermiation
monospermy
402 (c)
409 (b)
Amnion is an extra embryonic membrane that
In spermatogenesis, during growth phase some
surrounds embryo in reptiles, birds and
spermatogonia either due to growth or due to
mammals. It provides a kind of private aquarium
food storage become 2 or 3 times large of their
to the embryo and protects it from mechanical
original size and are known as primary
shock and desiccation
spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis-I and as a
403 (c)
result 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes are
A – Primary spermatocytes
formed.
B – Secondary spermatocytes
 Futher, meiosis-II takes place that results in the Face forming. Eyes
foramtion of 4-spermatids. Then, these round, have some colour.
non-motile and haploid spermatids are Mouth and tongue
develop. Beginning of
transformed into thread-like motile, haploid
hand and feet
(four) sperms.
Week 12 Foetus fully formed,
410 (c) with all organs,
Karyogamy and amphimixis are the same terms. muscles, bones toes
Mixing up of chromosomes of male and female and fingers. Sex
nucleus is called karyogamy or amphimixis organs well
411 (d) developed. Foetus is
moving
6th month.
Week 20 Hair beginning to
Summary of important development changes in grow including
the human embryo eyebrows and
Time from Organ Formed eyelashes.
Fertilisation Fingerprints
Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage developed.
starts about 24 hours Fingernails and
after fertilisation toenails growing.
cleavage to form a Firm hand grip.
blastocyst 4-5 days Between 16 and 20
after fertilisation. weeks baby usually
More than 100 cells felt moving for first
implantataion 6-9 time
days after fertilisation Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
Week 2 The three primary limit of abortion in
germ layers most circumstances
(ectoderm, endoderm By Week 26 Has a good chance of
and mesoderm) survival if born
develop prematurely
Week 3 Woman will not have By Week 28 Baby moving
a period. This may be vigorously. Responds
the first sign that she to touch and loud
is pregnant. Beginning noises. Swallowing
of the backbone. amniotic fluid and
Neural tube develops, urinating
the beginning of the By Week 30 Usually lying head
brain and spinal cord down ready for birth
(first organs) 40 Weeks Birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 412 (a)
blood and gut start Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old
forming. Umbilical
world monkeys. Menstruation is bleeding from
cord developing
uterus of adult female at intervals of one lunar
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small month. A reduction in oestrogens and
swelling which are progesterone causes menstruation. Gonadotropin
the beginning of the releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
arms and legs. Heart stimulates the release of FSH and LH. FSH and LH
is a large tube and stimulate the ovarian follicles to produce more
starts to beat,
oestrogens during proliferative phase of
pumping blood. This
can be seen an menstrual cycle. Growth hormone (GH) has no
ultrasound scan role in the process of menstrual cycle.
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to 413 (b)
form In a 28 day menstrual cycle, the menses takes
Week 7 All major internal place. For 3-5 days, the production of LH from the
organs developing.
 anterior lobe of the pituitary gland considerably colour patten or vital dyes to show the fate of
reduced. The withdrawal of this hormone causes various germ layers.
degeneration of the corpus luteum and therefore, 420 (c)
progesterone production is reduced. Pseudocoelom is a persisted blastocoel. It lacks
Production of oestrogen also reduced in this definite mesoderm lining.
phase (menstrual). The endometrium of the 421 (b)
uterus breaks down and menstruation begins. The Fallopian tube or oviduct is the site of fertilization
cells of endometrium secretions and the in mammals. The embryo develops upto
unfertilized ovum constitute the menstrual flow blastocyst stage in fallopian tube.
414 (d) 422 (a)
A-FSH; B-Oestrogen Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus, which
415 (a) lubricate penis during intercourse. This reduces
Fertilisin antifertilisin interaction was proposed the friction during the process. Bulbourethral
by IR Lillie. According to this theory, ovum gland is also called Cowper’s gland
secretes fertilisin (composed of glycoprotein = 423 (d)
monosaccharide + Amino acid) and sperm A- Antrum, B- Secondary follicle, C-Tertiary
release antifertilisin (composed of acidic amino follicle
acid). They interact with each other and they are 424 (d)
species specific. The adhesion of sperm to the egg The process of formation of spermatozoa from
of the same species through chemical recognition spermatids is called spermiogenesis.
is known as agglutination 425 (a)
416 (b) Each human testis is oval in shape with a length of
Clitoris is considered as rudimentary organ in about 4 to 5 cm and a width of about 2 to 3 cm
female external genitalia and considered as 426 (a)
homologous to penis ER is absent in human sperm.
417 (a) 427 (b)
Ectoderm. Largest egg is of ostrich.
Fate of three germ layers 428 (c)
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system, The wall of uterus is composed of three layers of
muscles, bones (except facial) tissues-the perimetrium (outer covering), the
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, myometrium (middle layer of smooth muscle
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid fibre) and endometrium (the mucus membrane
tonsils lining).
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens 429 (a)
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal The head of sperm is composed of two regions, i.e,
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head nuclear region and an acrosomal region.
All bones are derived from the mesoderm but Acrosomal regions contains the acrosome, a large
only facial bones which are derived from the lysosome possessing hydrolytic enzymes which
ectoderm help in the penetration of the layers of cells
418 (b) surrounding the egg immediately before
When the regeneration is limited to the repair or fertilization.
healing of wounds, it is called reparative 430 (a)
regeneration. It takes place by localized cell Bartholin’s gland in female is the counterpart of
proliferation and migration, e.g., healing of bone Cowper’s gland in male. The secretion of this
fracture, regeneration of liver (compensatory gland is thick, viscid and alaline for lubrication
regeneration). during copulation and counteracting urinary
419 (a) acidity.
Embryologist can draw the fate maps of future
organ of embryo in blastula stage using natural
431 (a)
 Embryo at 8 to 16 stages is called morula stage of embryo

432 (d) (ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling

Neoteny is the retention of larval or embryonic of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
characters even after sexual maturity. It is shown 434 (c)
by Axolotl larva or Ambystoma (tiger The female individual contains two X
salamander) found in USA and Mexico. chromosomes. The eggs are produced by the
433 (a) meiosis, i.e., reduction division. So, the egg
Implantation is the attachment of blastocytes to contains one X-chromosome, when released from
the uterine wall. ovary. After fertilization, the diploid phase is
Gametes. The major reproductive events in restrored.
human beings are as follows 435 (d)
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes. Acrosome is a part of human sperm.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of 436 (b)
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs) If testes are removed before maturity, the
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by secondary sexual characteristics will not develop
the male into the genital tract of the female due to absence of male hormone testoterone. Such
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female a condition is known as eunuchoidism.
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization 437 (a)
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
a multicellular structure called blastocyst lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
(blastula) time of fertilisaton
(v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst 438 (c)
to the uterine wall Placenta is an organic connection between the
(vi) Placentation It involves the formation of foetus and uterine wall for physiological exchange
placenta which is the intimate connection between foetus and mothers blood. The placenta
between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother develops at the point of implantation.
to exchange the materials Extraembryonic membrane, i.e., amnion, allantois,
(vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which chorion and yolk sac are formed from trophoblast
blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three (the ring of cells surrounding the inner cell mass
primary germ layers in a developing pro-embryo). Chorion is formed of
(viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific ectoderm externally and mesoderm inside. Along
tissue, organs and organ systems from three with allantois, it participates in formation of
primary germ layers placenta.
439 (d) S. Cell type Nature of Cell
Cleavage divisions are mitotic division, in which No. Type
the single celled zygote is connected into a 1. Spermatozoon Haploid (1n)
2. Secondary Diploid (2n)
multicellular morula. But during cleavage
Spermatocytes
division, there is no growth of resultant daughter 3. Spermatogonium Diploid (2n)
cell/blastomeres. So, the DNA content will 4. Spermatid Haploid (2n)
increase, but there is no increase or insignificant 5. Primary Diploid (2n)
increase in amount of protoplasm. spermatocytes
440 (a) 6. Secondary oocyte Haploid (1n)
Development periods It includes embryonic or 7. Second polar Haploid (1n)
body
prenatal and post embryonic or postnatal (natal
8. First polar body Haploid (1n)
concerning birth) 9. Primary oocyte Diploid (2n)
(i) Embryonic period (prenatal period) In human 447 (b)
beings is passed in mother’s womb (uterus). It The distal centriole of the sperm divides and
includes the events from the formation of an forms two centrioles to generate the mitotic
embryo till the time of birth spindle formation for cell division. The
(ii) Post embryonic period (postnatal period). mammalian secondary oocyte (egg) does not have
This period is passed outside the mother’s womb. centriole of its own
It includes events from birth to the death 448 (d)
441 (a) Cone of reception. The secondary oocyte forms a
Scrotum maintains the temperature of testis, projection termed as the cone of reception or
which is 2-2.5°C below the body temperature. In fertilization cone, which receives the sperm
winter they reduces their surface area for 449 (c)
preventing heat loss, so that temperature remains Sperm lysin is found in head region of sperm
34.5-35℃. In summer it increase their surface Acrosome contains hyaluronidase proteolytic
area for cooling, so that the temperature remains enzymes, which is popularly known as sperm
34.5-35℃ lysin as it is used to penetrate egg (ovum) at the
442 (b) time of fertilisaton
During fertilization, sperm enters from animal 451 (c)
pole in unfertilized egg. The oviducts (Fallopain tubes), uterus, vagina
443 (b) constitute the female accessory ducts. Each
Blastocyst secretes a hormone called human Fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains from periphery of each ovary to the uterus
the corpus luteum in the ovary. 452 (a)
444 (c) A- Plasma membrane, B-Acrosome, C-
The embryo with 8 to 10 blastomeres is called Mitochondria.
morula Structure of a sperm (spermatozoa) It consists of
four parts i.e., Head, Neck, Middle piece and tail,
enveloped by a plasma membrane.
Head It is the enlarged end of a sperm, containing
the large haploid nucleus, i.e., condensed
chromatin body and is capped by acrosome. The
acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help
445 (d) in dissolving membranes of the ovum for
Oviduct (Fallopian tube) consists of urerine part, fertilization.
isthmus, the ampulla and the infundibulum. The Neck It contains proximal centriole which is
functions of fallopian tube is to convey ovum from necessary for the first cleavage division of zygote
ovary to uterus. Fertilization of ovum generally and the distal centriole that is connected to the
takes place in the upper portion of fallopian tube. tail filament.
446 (a)
 Middle piece It contains a number of unfertilized
mitochondria that provide energy for the ovum constitute
movement of the tail that facilitate sperm motility the menstrual
flow.
essential or fertilization.
Progesterone
Tail It consists of axial filaments surrounded by and LH
the plasma membrane. It helps the sperms to production is
swim in a fluid medium reduced
453 (c) Follicular 6-13 Endometrium
Prostate gland’s secretions constitute 25% phase rebuilds, FSH
volume of semen (proliferative secretion and
phase) oestrogen’s
secretion
increase
Ovulatory 14 Both LH and
phase FSH attain a
peak level.
Concentration
of oestrogen in
454 (a) the blood is also
Corpus luteum acts as a temporary endocrine high and
gland, It secretes progesterone and relaxin. reaches its peak,
Ovulation
Progesterone is essential for promoting secretory
occurs
changes in uterine endometrium (prepares uterus Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
for implantation of fertilized ovum) and inhibits (secretory 28 secretes
ovulation and menstrual cycle during pregnancy.) phase) progesterone.
455 (d) Endometrium
As a result of gastrulation, ectoderm, mesoderm thickens and
uterine glands
and endoderm are formed.
become
456 (d) secretory
Amniocentesis is a technique for the diagnosis of 459 (a)
congenital abnormalities before birth. By Oviduct has four regions, infundibulum, ampulla,
karyotypic studied of somatic cells, abnormalities isthmus, and uterine part. Ampulla is the long,
due to changes in chromosome number like wide, thin walled major part of the fallopian tube
Down’s syndrome. Turner’s syndrome, or oviduct. It lies next to the infundibulum and is a
Klinefelter’s syndrome, etc, can be determined. site for fertilization.
457 (a) 460 (d)
Epidermis, including glands, hair, nails, etc is Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s gland) are
ectodermal in origin. Notochord and muscles are packed glands situated on each side of vaginal
mesodermal in origin. Dermis of skin is also orifice. These glands are homologous to male
mesodermal. Enamel of teeth is ectodermal in bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland and secretes
origin. viscus fluid that supplements the lubrication
458 (a) during sexual intercourse.
6-13 days. The lesser vestibular glands (paraurethral glands
Menstrual cycle or glands of Skene) are numerous minute glands
Phases Days Events that are present on either side of the urethral
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium orifice (opening). These glands are homologous to
phase breaks down,
the male prostate glands and secrete mucus
menstruation
begins. The cells 461 (a)
of A-Primary sex organs; B-Secondary sex organs
endometrium, 462 (b)
secretions,
blood and the
 Sertoli’s cells are found in human testes, also (ii) The act of expelling the full term foetus from
called nurse cells. These are supportive nutritive the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period
cells and secrete a polypeptide hormone called is called parturition
inhibin and a steroid oestradiol which interferes (iii) It is induced by a complex neuroendocrine
with spermatogenic activity and kinetics of sperm mechanism
production. (iv) Parturition signals originates from the fully
463 (c) developed foetus and the palcenta, which induce
GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus. It mild uterine contractions called foetus ejection
stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland reflex
to secrete LH and FSH. In male LH is known as (v) This triggers the release of oxytocin from the
Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) maternal pituitary
because it stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig’s (vi) Oxytocin induces stronger uterine muscle
cells) of the testes to secrete androgens. contractions
Testosterone is the principal androgen. FSH (vii) Relaxin increases the flexibility of the pubic
stimulates Sertoli cells of the testes to secrete an symphysis and ligaments that helps to dilate the
Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) that uterine cervix during labour pain
concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous (viii) This leads to the expulsion of baby
tubules. Sertoli cells also secretes a protein 467 (c)
hormone called inhibin, which suppresses FSH Placentation is a connection between foetus and
synthesis. FSH acts directly on spermatogonia to uterine wall.
stimulate sperm production Gametes. The major reproductive events in
human beings are as follows
(i) Gametogenesis It is the formation of gametes.
It includes spermatogenesis (formation of
sperms) and oogenesis (formation of ova/eggs)
(ii) Insemination It is the transfer of sperms by
the male into the genital tract of the female
(iii) Fertilization Fusion of male and female
gametes to form zygote is called fertilization
(iv) Cleavage It is rapid mitotic divisions of the
zygote which convert the single celled zygote into
a multicellular structure called blastocyst
(blastula)
464 (a) (v) Implantation It is the attachment of blastocyst
Sertoli’s cells are located in the seminiferous to the uterine wall
tubules, the structural and functional units of (vi) Placentation It involves the formation of
testes. These cells are also called nurse cells as placenta which is the intimate connection
these provide nourishment for differentiating between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother
spermatozoa (developing sperm). to exchange the materials
465 (c) (vii) Gastrulation It is the process by which
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinzing blastocyst is changed into gastrula with three
Hormone (LH) and oestrogen, all play an primary germ layers
important role in controlling the menstrual cycle (viii) Organogenesis It is the formation of specific
in human females. tissue, organs and organ systems from three
466 (a) primary germ layers
(ix) Parturition (child birth) it involves expelling
Parturition
of the baby from the mother’s womb (uterus)
(i) The average duration of human pregnancy is
468 (b)
about 9 months which is called the gestation
period
 Corpus luteum secretes the hormone more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca to
progesterone, which prepares and maintains the form secondary follicles
uterus during pregnancy. (c) Maturation Phase In the first maturation
469 (b) phase, the secondary follicle soon transforms into
All the chordates (including humans) at some a tertiary follicle. The primary oocyte within the
stages of their life cycle, contain a series of paired tertiary follicle grows in size and completes its
lateral gills clefts or gill slits. These are finger like, first meiotic division to form a large haploid
hollow pouches that grow out from pharyngeal secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body
wall and meet with corresponding inpocketing of The tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle-
body wall. In lower chordates, gill clefts serve as the Graafian follicle which ruptures to release the
respiratory organs but in higher chordates, these secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary by a
are present only during embryonic development. process called ovulation. The second maturation
470 (c) phase occurs after fertilization when the meiotic
Endoderm. division of the secondary oocyte is complete. This
Fate of three germ layers second meiotic division results in the formation of
Mesoderm Dermis of skin, circulatory system, a second polar body and a haploid ovum (ootid)
muscles, bones (except facial) 473 (d)
Endoderm Lining of Gl tract, lining of lungs, Menarche.
kidney ducts and bladder, thymus, thyroid Menstrual Cycle
tonsils (i) The rhythmic series of changes that occurs in
Ectoderm Epidermis of skin, tooth enamel, lens the reproductive organs of female primates
and cornea of the eye outer ear Brain and spinal (monkeys, apes and human beings) is called
cord, facial bones skeletal muscles in the head menstrual cycle.
471 (d) (ii) It is repeated at an average interval of about
To control the human population, many birth 28/29 days.
control methods can be used, such as hormonal The first appearance of menstruation at puberty
method, i.e., use of contraceptive pills (oestrogen is called menarche
and progesterone are main constituents), 474 (d)
mechanical prevention method i.e., use of IUCDs Antrum is the fluid filled cavity which is formed
(Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices), surgical only in secondary follicle or Graafian follicle
sterilization methods, like tubectomy (surgical 475 (b)
removal of fallopian tubules) or vasectomy Trophoblast, inner cell, endometrium, inner mass
(surgical removal of vas deferens). cell, blastocyst, implantation
472 (a) 476 (c)
Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature Inner portion of seminiferous tubules is lined by
ovum. It has three phases male germ cells and Sertoli cells
(a) Multiplication Phase Oogenesis takes place in
embryo stage. A couple of million of gamete
mother cells (oogonia) are formed within each
foetal ovary. No more oogonia are formed after
birth. These cells (oogonia) get into prophase-I of
meiotic division. They get temporarily arrested as
this stage called primary oocyte
(b) Growth Phase Each primary oocyte then gets
surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. This
structure is called the primary follicle. A large
number of these follicles degenerate during the
phase from birth to puberty. At puberty, only
60000 and 80000 primary follicles are left in each
ovary. The primary follicles get surrounded by
 (iv) Yolk Sac The primary yolk sac consists of
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. The yolk sac is
non-functional in human beings except that it
functions as the site of early blood cell formation
479 (d)
Interstitial or Leydig cells.
Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called
interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial
cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes
testosterone and also called endocrine part of the
testis

477 (c)
A-vas deferens; B-urinary bladder
478 (a)
Chorion is made up of trophoblast outer and
somato pleutronic inside
Extraembryonic or Foetal Membranes
The growing embryo/foetus develops four
membranes called the extraembryoic or foetal
membranes. These include chorion, aminion,
allantois and yolk sac
(i) Chorion It is made up of trophoblast outside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
inside. It completely surrounds the embryo and
protects it. It also takes part in the formation of
placenta
(ii) Amnion It is composed of trophoblast inside
and somatopleuric extraembryonic mesoderm
outside. The space between the embryo and the
amnion is called the amniotic cavity, which is
filled with a clear, watery fluid secreted by both
the embryo and the membrane. The amniotic fluid
prevents dessication of the embryo and acts as a
protective cushion that absorbs shocks 481 (c)
(iii) Allantois The allantois is composed of Somatic mutation theory is a part of damage or
endoderm inside and splanchnopleuric error theories regarding the cause of ageing. It
extraembryoic mesoderm outside. It is a sac like advocates that genetic mutations occur and
structure, which arises from the gut of the embryo accumulate with increasing age, causing cell to
near the yolk sac. In human the allantois is small deteriorate and malfunction.
and non-functional except for furnishing blood 482 (d)
vessels to the placenta I-Testicular lobules, J-Rete-testis, K-Vasa
efferentia, L-Epididymis.
 Male reproductive system is made up of a pair of (v) Clitoris is a tiny finger-like structure which
testis, scrotum, vasa efferentia, a pair of lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
epididymis, a pair of vasa deferentia, a pair of above urethral opening
seminal vesicles, a pair of ejaculatory ducts,
urethra, prostate gland, a pair of Cowper’s gland
and penis

483 (b) 486 (b)

During development of the foetus in human by Ejaculation or seminal emission is the foreceful
week 20, hair begin to grow including eyebrows expulsion of semen during sexual intercourse. At
and eyelashes. Fingerprints develop. Fingernails an average ejaculation, 3mL of semen contain
and toe nails grow. Firm hand grip. Between 16 about 300 million spermatozoa.
and 20 weeks baby usually felt moving for first 487 (d)
time. Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) causes
484 (b) production of milk in mammary glands, oxytocin
Germ cell is immortal. initiates milk flow and prolactin regulates milk
485 (b) flow. The first milk produced after child birth is
A-Mons pubis, B-Labia majora, C-Glans clitoris, D- called colostrum and is very nutritious.
Labia minora, E-Urethra, F-Vagina, G-Anus 488 (c)
External genitalia (vulva) of female has following The acrosome of sperm contains lytic enzymes
parts such as cathepsin, acid phosphatase,
(i) Mons Pubis It is the anteriormost portion of hyaluronidase, proacrosin. Hyaluronidase enzyme
the external genitalia which is covered by the skin is found particularly in the sperms of mammals.
and pubic hairs. It acts as a cushion during This enzyme dissolves corona radiata enables the
intercourse sperm to penetrate through it. Proacrosin changes
(ii) Labia Majora These are fleshy folds of tissue into acrosin and helps to dissolve the zona
which extend down from the mons pubis and pellucida layer of the ovum.
surrounds the vaginal opening 489 (c)
(iii) Labia Minora These are paired folds of tissue Either (a) or (b).
under the labia majora Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
(iv) Hymen The opening of vagina covered development (morula), which produces an
partially by a membrane called hymen embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
termed as blastocyst.
Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
opposite side is the abembryonic pole
490 (b)
Ageing is retarded by CKN (cytokinins).
491 (a) 496 (b)
The entire bone marrow in young ones is red and In mesolecithal eggs, moderate amount of yolk is
it actively synthesizes RBCs. But it gradually begin present. Cleavage found in mesolecithal eggs are
to change in yellow bone marrow at about 5 years holoblastic and unequal, e.g., frog, Petromyzon,
of age. etc.
492 (d) 497 (d)
In rabbit head of epididymis present at the head A - Interstitial cell B - Spermatogonium
of the testis is called caput epidiymis. C – Spermatid D – Spermatozoa
493 (a) E - Sertoli’scells
The glandular tissue comprises about 15-20 lobes 498 (b)
in each breast. Each lobe is made up of number of The male reproductive system, prostate gland is a
lobules. single, large gland. It is situated around the first
Each lobule is composed of grape like cluster of part of the urethra. It secretes a thin, milky fluid
milk secreting glands termed as alveoli. When that contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion, a
milk is produced, it passes from alveoli into clotting enzyme and a profibrinolysin.
mammary lobules and into the mammary ducts 499 (d)
494 (d) The part of the fallopian tubes (oviducts) closer to
Placenta is the intimate connection between the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. The
foetus and uterine wall of the mother to exchange edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like
material. Placenta performs (i) Nutrition (ii) projections called fimbriate, which help in
Respiration (iii) Excretion (iv) Storage (v) collection of the ovum after ovulation.
Endocrine part of embryo 500 (c)
495 (a) In the neck of human sperm there are pair of
By meiotic division, a diploid spermatogonium centriole. They also eter with nucleus in the ovum.
produces four haploid spermatids, these Rest of sperm left behind. The first division in
spermatids cannot act directly as the gametes or zygote takes place due to that centrioles. They
sperms so, each spermatid first passes to a form spindle fibre for first cell division
prosess known as spermiogenesis and then 501 (a)
produces four sperms or gametes. Foetal ejection reflex

502 (d)

A-Blood vessels
B-Primary follicles
C-Tertiary follicles showing antrum
D-Graafian follicles
E-Ovum
F-Corpus luteum
 Ovary is internally differentiated into four parts, i.e., outer germinal epithelium of cubical cells, a delicate
sheath of connective tissue or tunica albuginea, a cortex of dense connective tissue with reticular fibres,
spindle-shaped cells, ovarian follicles and a few blood vessels while the central part of medulla is made of
less dense connective tissue with elastic fibres, smooth muscles, a number of blood vessels and a few
nerves.
Maturation of secondary oocyte is completed in mother’s oviduct after the sperm entry into it for
fertilization. 2° oocyte stops advancing further after the completion of metaphase-II. Sperm entry restart
the cell cycle by breaking down MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) and truning on APF (Anaphase
Promoting Factor)

503 (c) Contraception pills for women contain female sex

Corpus luteum (yellow body) is fromed from hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
ruptured Graafian follicle. 511 (c)
504 (c) There are eight charcteristic activites common to
Prolactin is a protein-gonadotrophic hormone all organisms, respiration, nutrition, metabolism,
secreted by the vertebrate anterior pituitary excretion, sensitivity, locomotion, reproduction
gland. In mammals, it promotes secretion of and growth. The possession and practice of these
progesterone by the corpus luteum and is characteristic activities of organisms is the way
involved in milk secretion (lactation). biologists identify and define life.
505 (d) 512 (b)
According to some embryologists, the hypoblast is The trophoblast encircles the blastocoel and inner
termed the embryonic endoderm, the first germ mass cell. The inner mass cell is the precursor of
layer to be formed. Some workers called epiblast the embryo. It means that inner mass give rise to
as ectoderm, the second germ layer. embryo. The cells of the trophoblast helps to
506 (a) provide the nutrition to the embryo. The cells of
Menstrual Cycle the trophoblast form extra embryonic membranes
(i) The rhythmic series of changes that occurs in namely chorion and amnion. The cells of the
the reproductive organs of female primates trophoblast which are in contact with inner mass
(monkeys, apes and human beings) is called are called cells of raubers
menstrual cycle.
(ii) It is repeated at an average interval of about
28/29 days.
The first appearance of menstruation at puberty
is called menarche
507 (b)
At the time of fertilization, the sperm secretes
sperm lysin and anti-fertilizin.
508 (b) 513 (c)
Seminal vesicle secretes seminal fluid containing 3rd month.
fructose and prostaglandins. Polar bodies are Summary of important development changes in
formed by meiosis-I and meiosis-II before and the human embryo
after fertilisation respectively. Polar bodies serves Time from Organ Formed
both as dumping ground for extra sets of Fertilisation
chromosomes and ensures that the ovum will Week 1 Fertilisation cleavage
have most of the cytoplasm starts about 24 hours
509 (c) after fertilisation
cleavage to form a
Brain is ectodermal in origin. Notochord and blastocyst 4-5 days
kidney are mesodermal, whereas liver is after fertilisation.
endodermal in origin. More than 100 cells
510 (a) implantataion 6-9
days after fertilisation
Week 2 The three primary Week 24 Eyelids open. Legal
germ layers limit of abortion in
(ectoderm, endoderm most circumstances
and mesoderm) By Week 26 Has a good chance of
develop survival if born
Week 3 Woman will not have prematurely
a period. This may be By Week 28 Baby moving
the first sign that she vigorously. Responds
is pregnant. Beginning to touch and loud
of the backbone. noises. Swallowing
Neural tube develops, amniotic fluid and
the beginning of the urinating
brain and spinal cord By Week 30 Usually lying head
(first organs) down ready for birth
Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, 40 Weeks Birth
blood and gut start 514 (a)
forming. Umbilical There are about 250 compartments in human
cord developing
testis called testicular lobules
Week 5 Brain developing,
‘Limb buds’, small 515 (d)
swelling which are Hyaluronidase enzyme facilitates the entry of
the beginning of the spermatozoa.
arms and legs. Heart 516 (a)
is a large tube and Biological process of ageing is higher in human
starts to beat, males than in females. Thus, dead space is highest
pumping blood. This
can be seen an in old men.
ultrasound scan 517 (a)
Week 6 Eyes and ears start to
form
Week 7 All major internal
organs developing.
Face forming. Eyes
have some colour.
Mouth and tongue
Blastocyst Formation At the next stage of
develop. Beginning of
hand and feet development (morula), which produces an
Week 12 Foetus fully formed, embryo with about 64 cells, a cavity is formed
with all organs, with in the cell mass. This cavity is called
muscles, bones toes blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) and the embryo is
and fingers. Sex termed as blastocyst.
organs well Blastocyst composed of an outer envelops of cells
developed. Foetus is
the trophoblast or trophoectoderm and inner
moving
Week 20 Hair beginning to mass cell (embryoblast). The side of the
grow including blastocyst to which inner mass cell is attached is
eyebrows and called embryonic pole (animal pole), while
eyelashes. opposite side is the abembryonic pole
Fingerprints 520 (a)
developed. The male humans, if testes fail to descend into the
Fingernails and
scrotal sac, it is called cryptorchidism.
toenails growing.
Firm hand grip. 521 (c)
Between 16 and 20 LH and FSH both are present in follicular phase
weeks baby usually but LH’s high concentration is seen in ovulatory
felt moving for first phase.
time Menstrual cycle
 Phases Days Events (proliferative oestrogen’s
Menstrual 1-5 Endometrium phase) secretion increase
phase breaks down, Ovulatory 14 Both LH and FSH
menstruation phase attain a peak level.
begins. The cells of Concentration of
endometrium, oestrogen in the
secretions, blood blood is also high
and the and reaches its
unfertilized ovum peak, Ovulation
constitute the occurs
menstrual flow. Luteal phase 15- Corpus luteum
Progesterone and (secretory 28 secretes
LH production is phase) progesterone.
reduced Endometrium
Follicular 6-13 Endometrium thickens and
phase rebuilds, FSH uterine glands
secretion and become secretory

522 (b)
46, 46, 23

A-Oogonia-46 chromosomes, B-Primary oocyte-46 chromosomes, C-Secondary oocyte-23 chromosomes

523 (d) The penis contains three cylindrical masses of

In the male, ICSH stimulates the interstitial cells erectile tissues – two dorsal corpora cavernosa
or Leydig’s cells in testis to develop and secrete (which run parallel on the dorsal part) and a
large amount of testosterone. central corpus spongiosum (which contain
524 (c) urethra).
Implantation is the attachment of the blastocyst to 528 (b)
the uterine wall. It access after the seven days of Undifferentiated primordial germ cells undergo
fertilisation mitotic division to produce spermatogonia. Each
525 (a) spermatogonium grows to a large primary
Region outside the seminiferous tubules is called spermatocyte by obtaining nutrients from the
interdigital space, which is lined by interstitial nursing cells. The DNA content remains same
cells also called Leydig cells. Leydig cells secretes (2𝑛) in both spermatogonia and primary
testosterone and also called endocrine part of the spermatocyte.
testis 529 (b)
526 (c) During ovulation the oestrogen level do not
Oxytocin hormone is secreted by posterior remain the low.
pituitary gland. It helps in ejection of milk from Generally, menstrual cycle have four phases
mother’s breasts, when the baby is sucking.
527 (b)
(i) Menstrual phase (a) The soft tissue of
endometrial lining of the uterus disintegrates
causing bleeding.
(b) The unfertilized egg and soft tissue are
discharged.
(c) It lasts 3-5 days.
(ii) Follicular Phase/Proliferative Phase (a) The
primary follicles in the ovary grow and become a
fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) The endometrium of the uterus is regenerated
due to the secretion of LH and FSH from anterior
pituitary and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
(c) It least for about 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulatory Phase (a) Rapid secretion of LH
(LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle,
thereby leading to ovulation (release of ovum).
(b) It lasts for only about 48 hr.
(iv) Luteal Phase/Secretor Phase (a) In this phase
the ruptured follicle changes into corpus luteum
in the ovary and it begins to secrete the hormone
progesterone.
(b) The endometrium thickens further and their
glands secrete a fluid into the uterus.
c) If ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
undergoes degeneration and this causes
disintegration of the endometrium leading to
menstruation.
(d) Oestrogen and progesterone levels rise during
this phase. It lasts for only 1 day. (e) During
pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop
and there is no menstruation. The menstrual cycle
permanently stops in females at the age of around
50 years. This is called menopause
Pranav Pundarik -1-