The TOEFL ITP Tests

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 Part 1

Section 1:
Listening Comprehension
In this section of the test, you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to
understand conversations and talks in English. There are some parts to this section with special
directions for each part. Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by
the speakers in this test.

Part A
Directions: Listen to Jessica talking to Frank about a dance class. The conversation will not be
repeated.

For each question read the three possible answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

1. What time does the class start?

(A) 7.30 p.m.
(B) 8 p.m.
(C) 9 p.m.

2. The class takes

(A) Half an hour
(B) Three quarters of an hour
(C) An hour

3. What doesn’t Frank need to take?

(A) Trainers
(B) Sports clothes
(C) Drink

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4. The teacher needs to know

(A) If people are beginners
(B) How fit people are
(C) People’s age

5. The normal price of classes is

(A) £5
(B) £6
(C) £8

6. They will meet

(A) At Jessica’s house
(B) At college
(C) In the cafe

PART B
Directions: Listen to Suzy talking to a friend about a new shop. The conversation will not be
repeated.

For each question read the three possible answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

1. When did the new shop open?

(A) Today
(B) Yesterday
(C) Last week

2. Where is the new shop?

(A) Near the college
(B) Outside the town centre
(C) Opposite the newsagent’s

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 Part 1

3. In the shop you cannot buy

(A) Clothes
(B) Bags
(C) Boots

4. What time does the shop close on a Thursday?

(A) 6 p.m.
(B) 8 p.m.
(C) 10 p.m.

5. What day does the shop open?

(A) Tuesday to Sunday
(B) Every day
(C) Monday to Friday

6. What should Suzy’s friend do if she wants a job?

(A) Phone the manager
(B) Go to the shop
(C) Write a letter

Part C
Directions: Listen to Stephen talking to Jenny about making some soup. After each conversation
or talk, you will hear a question about it. The conversations and questions will not be repeated.

For each question read the three possible answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

1. To make the soup, Jenny uses

(A) Roast tomatoes
(B) Fresh tomatoes
(C) A can of tomatoes

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2. Jenny was shown how to make the soup by

(A) Her aunt
(B) Her friend
(C) Her mother

3. How has Jenny improved the soup?

(A) She adds less water
(B) She makes it thinner
(C) She uses bigger cups

4. To make it really good, Jenny adds

(A) Milk
(B) Butter
(C) Cream

5. How long does the soup take to make?

(A) About 5 minutes
(B) About 10 minutes
(C) About 20 minutes

6. What will they eat next?

(A) Fruit cake
(B) Pasta
(C) Lemon chicken

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Part D
Directions: Listen to Tony talking to Lisa about a science club competition. The conversations
and questions will not be repeated.

For each question read the three possible answers in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

1. Tony says the competition is on

(A) Monday
(B) Tuesday
(C) Wednesday

2. Which building will the competition be in?

(A) The school
(B) The town hall
(C) The university

3. How has the team decided to get there?

(A) They will catch a bus
(B) They will walk
(C) They will go on the underground

4. The total number of questions in the quiz will be

(A) Five
(B) Fifteen
(C) Twenty-five

5. Tony’s favourite area of science is

(A) Biology
(B) Chemistry
(C) Physics

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6. Winners of the competition get

(A) T-shirts
(B) Cinema tickets
(C) A box of chocolates

Part E
Directions: You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1 to 8
choose the best answer (A), (B) or (C).

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

1. You hear someone talking about football referees. What is the speaker’s attitude towards
referees?
(A) They make too many mistakes
(B) They deserve sympathy
(C) Some are better than others

2. You hear a famous chef talking about his week. What does he say about what happened
during the week?
(A) He had a problem that was not his fault
(B) He didn’t want to appear on so many programs
(C) He had his first experience of live TV

3. You hear someone talking about her career in dancing. What does she emphasize?
(A) The contribution made by her parents
(B) How much hard work she did
(C) Her desire to be a dancer

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 Part 1

4. You hear someone talking on the phone at work. Who is she talking to?
(A) A colleague
(B) Her boss
(C) A client

5. You hear a radio presenter talking about a book. What feeling does the presenter
express about the book?
(A) Doubt that it does exactly what it says it does
(B) Amazement at how up to date its information is
(C) Curiosity about how it was written

6. You hear part of an interview with a famous comedian. What does he say about his
school days?
(A) The teachers never criticized him
(B) He was only good at one subject
(C) Other people found him amusing

7. You hear someone talking about a person he knows. What is the speaker doing?
(A) Complaining
(B) Apologizing
(C) Arguing

8. You hear a tour guide talking to a group of visitors at a museum. What does he tell them
about the museum?
(A) It’s easy to get lost in it
(B) Big groups aren’t allowed in some parts of it
(C) It’s better only to visit a small part of it

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 Part 1

Part F
Directions: You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1 to 8
choose the best answer (A), (B) or (C).

Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.

1. You hear part of an interview with a sportsman. What does he say about playing for
the national team?
(A) He doesn’t think it will happen soon
(B) It isn’t his main concern at the moment
(C) The possibility of it happening has put him under pressure

2. You hear the introduction to a radio program. What is the speaker doing?
(A) Contrasting weather forecasting in the past and the present
(B) Explaining why weather forecasting has become more accurate
(C) Joking about how people used to forecast the weather

3. You hear a man talking about reading aloud to children. What opinion does he
express?
(A) Short stories are better than longer books
(B) The choice of book may not be important
(C) It’s hard to know what will make children laugh

4. You hear someone talking about work. What is his situation?

(A) He has just left a job
(B) He is thinking of leaving his job
(C) He has just started a new job

5. You hear someone talking about his childhood. What does he mention?
(A) A habit he regards as strange
(B) Regret about some of his behavior
(C) How much he has changed

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 6. You hear someone talking about something that happened at a party. How did the
speaker feel?
(A) Upset
(B) Amused
(C) Frightened

7. You hear part of a talk about blues music. What is the speaker talking about?
(A) Why it originated in a certain area
(B) How popular it was in the past compared with today
(C) Its importance in the history of popular music

8. You hear someone on the radio talking about a website for consumers. What is the
speaker’s purpose?
(A) To encourage consumers to make complaints
(B) To inform consumers about a source of information
(C) To describe common problems for consumers

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 THIS IS THE END OF SECTION 1.

STOP WORKING ON SECTION 1.

Part 2

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 (A)

Section 2
Structure and Written Expression

Time: 25 minutes

Now set your clock for 25 minutes.

This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for
standard written English. There are two types of questions in the section, with special directions
for each type.

STRUCTURE
Directions: Questions 1-16 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in
the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that
the letter inside the oval cannot be seen.

NOW BEGIN WORK ON THE QUESTIONS.

1. A: Is it ok if I check my email?
B: -----------. That’s fine.
(A) Go ahead
(B) That’s right
(C) I understand
(D) It’s ok

2. How should you dress before an interview?

(A) Messily
(B) Brilliantly
(C) Smartly
(D) Classically

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 (A)

3. You have excellent --------- and learn quickly.

(A) Learning strategies
(B) Learning styles
(C) Learning systems
(D) Learning opportunities

4. They’re ----------- a plant sale in the village hall on Saturday.

(A) Being
(B) Holding
(C) Doing
(D) Making

5. Sign up for the classes as soon as you can – there is -------, so do it as soon as possible.
(A) Limited enrolment
(B) Fill in your details
(C) Free trial
(D) Limited areas

6. Teachers want -------- what students don’t like.

(A) To tell
(B) To be told
(C) Being told
(D) To Told

7. He always knows a good joke, he’s ---------.

(A) A good laugh
(B) A computer geek
(C) Down-to-earth
(D) Laugher

8. A search engine is a good --------- tool for checking spelling.

(A) Off-and-on
(B) Rough-and-ready
(C) Now-and-then
(D) All-and-all

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 (A)

9. The tablet’s working and my headache’s beginning ---------

(A) Going
(B) Go
(C) To go
(D) Going on

10. My foot got ---------- in a hole and I couldn’t get it out.

(A) Run over
(B) Stuck
(C) Locked out
(D) Run into

11. A: Would you like to sample this drink?

B: No thanks, but I’ll try that -----------.
(A) Ones
(B) One
(C) For
(D) Here

12. I want to take some time --------- from studying before starting university.
(A) Over
(B) Down
(C) Out
(D) Away

13. I agree with you ---------- to a point.

(A) Up
(B) Far
(C) Through
(D) Out

14. Will I be fired? I hope ----------

(A) It isn’t
(B) Not
(C) That
(D) Yes

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15. He’s old, but looking at it another ---------, he’s experienced.
(A) Light
(B) Time
(C) Clock
(D) Way

16. He saw a woman acting ---------- so he stopped her.

(A) Suspect
(B) Suspiciously
(C) Suspicious
(D) Suspected

Written Expression

Directions: In questions 17-41, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four
underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify one underlined word
or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer
sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the
answer you have chosen.

NOW BEGIN WORKING ON THE QUESTIONS.

17. The dream is the same for everyone: actors, dancers, singers, film-makers. They go to
(A)
Hollywood looking for money, rebuff, fame and power. And many come to Hollywood
(B) (C)
as young people, barely out of their teens.
(D)

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18. Hollywood can be a dangerous place, and some of the Hollywood’s heroes even lose
(A) (B)

their lives because of it. But although they die young, they are heroes forever, all flesh in

(C) (D)

film history.

19. There are many myths about James Dean. People assumed that Dean was speeding at

(A) (B)

the time of his car crash – he had stopped by police for speeding just two hours earlier.

(C) (D)

20. This happened when of a sudden I was snowboarding with a few friends in Italy. Before

(A)

long, most of the group were really good skiers, so the end one day we went to the top of this

(B) (C) (D)

difficult run.

21. In the beginning, the field was full of flesh snow and in the middle a tree had fallen
(A) (B)

down and was covered in snow. It made a perfect jump, so soon everyone was queuing

(C) (D)

up to perform tricks.

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22. I went head-first into the snow, right up to my waist. My legs were sticking up in the air
(A) (B)

and I couldn’t move. In the end long they had to dig me out. All of

(C) (D)

the sudden, we’ve all laughed about it ever since.

23. If you owned a shop and you would wanted to sell a product, you might put in on sale,
(A) (B) (C)

but if you were to lower the price, you’d make less profit.

(D)

24. A: Can we brainstorm ideas for Jack’s leaving present?

(A)

B: Could we go for a gadget of some kind?

(B)

C: What about something to do with cars?

(C)

D: I was thinking of something similar. For instance, it will be great to buy him a ticket to a formula one
race. (D)

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25. A: Would you consider something completely different? Suppose we

(A)

should get him a place on a course?

(B)

B: What kind of course?

C: Well, how do flying lessons strike you?

(C)

B: I think we’re on the wrong track here. How do you think about a book on cars?

(D)

26. C: It doesn’t strike me. It’s not original enough.

(A)

D: I agree. I’m torn between the formula one ticket and the flying lessons.

(B) (C)

A: Shall we vote? OK, the formula one ticket wins. So let’s go with that.

(D)

27. A: This is totally outrageous. Your questions are very biased against the government.

(A) (B)

I’ve never heard such biased statements from a journalist before. Absolute incredibly.

(C) (D)

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28. B: Well, minister; you are the one who always telling the people that

(A)

we’re getting richer when the cost of living is increasing and our wages are staying the same.

(B)

How on earth do you justify that?

(C) (D)

29. A: Look, there is no way I’d say that if the data didn’t agree! Having said that, I be think we

(A) (B)

can do better to help ordinary people and so we’re going to cut petrol tax.

B: That is a good idea, minister, but why are you introducing it now? Is it because the election

(C)

is in two months?

A: That is so wrong!

(D)

30. Actor Stephen Fry renowned for brilliant comic performances in numerous TV programs

(A) (B)

and films but, 1995, he was on the spotlight for a different reason.

(C) (D)

31. Having shot into fame in the BBC’s a bit of Fry and Laurie and now living every actor’s dream

(A) (B)

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– a starring role in a West End play – he walked out of the show after just three performances.

(C) (D)

32. He wasn’t the first star to have made an apprenticeship, won the fame they’d craved and

(A) (B)

then found the dream to be a nightmare. Seventy years earlier, a young Ernest Hemingway, having paid
his dues as a journalist and shot story writer. (C)

(D)

33. For those settled on becoming an opera star, here’s a cautionary tale: opera singer Roberto

(A) (B)

Held in high esteem by the classical music world, was booed at Milan’s La Scala while

(C)

performing the Opera Aida and walking out of the production.

(D)

34. His understudy takes over for the rest of the performance wearing street clothes. Then there

(A) (B)

are the normal people in normal jobs who end up leaving abnormally.

(C) (D)

35. Steven Slater, a flight attendant, suddenly became the center to attention in 2010 when he

(A)

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left his job by jumping out on the plane on a slide. Fortunately, the plane was on the ground.

(B) (C) (D)

36. YouTube and Twitter helped him to become an overnight success as his story zoomed

(A)

around the internet. And for who want aspirations to become a bus driver, don’t follow William

(B) (C) (D)

Cimillo’s 1947 example.

37. While on his daily route in the Bronx, New York, Cimello clearly hankered towards the open road.

(A) (B)

He took a detour of 1,300 miles and ended up in Florida.

(C) (D)

38. Having eaten dinner in Beethoven’s one of San Francisco’s more expensive restaurants,

(A) (B)

Blumenthal asked to pay the bill. Telling that his Visa card had expired, he paid by cheque.

(C) (D)

39. The waiter, not realizing who was dealing with, asking for proof of Blumenthal’s signature.

(A) (B)

Having any ID on him, Blumenthal produced a dollar bill, telling the waiter that, as Treasury

(C) (D)

Secretary, his signature was in the bottom corner of the bill.

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40. Suitably embarrassing, the waiter accepted the cheque. President having made quick visit

(A) (B)

to Dolly’s books in Utah, wanted to pay his bill. After handing over his American Express credit card, he
waited patiently. (C) (D)

41. Attempting to pay for some groceries, she was surprised to be told that her cheque had

(A)

been rejected. Alerting to the fact that the cashier couldn’t override the system for anyone,

(B) (C)

Mrs. Thatcher tore up the cheque and paid in cash.

(D)

THIS IS THE END OF THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN

EXPRESSION SECTION.

IF YOU FINISH IN LESS THAN 25 MINUTES, CHECK YOUR

WORK IN SECTION 2 ONLY.

DO NOT READ OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST.

AT THE END OF 25 MINUTES,

GO ON TO SECTION 3 – READING COMPREHENSION.

USE EXACTLY 55 MINUTES TO WORK ON SECTION 3.

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Section 3

Reading Comprehension

Time: 55 minutes

Now set your clock for 55 minutes.

Directions: In this section you will read several texts. Each text is followed by the questions
about it. For questions 1-48 choose the one best answer to each question. Then, on your
answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the oval that corresponds to the letter
of your answer choice.

Answers all questions followed a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that text.

NOW BEGIN WORK ON THE QUESTIONS.

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Questions 1-8.

Read the following advertising in Britain:

What does it say about a nation that when a national newspaper recently set (1) out to
establish the best television adverts of all time, as (2) many as 10,000 people responded? The
answer lies (3) in the fact that the British have developed an intense admiration for a genre that
has developed into an arm form in its (4) own right. In 1955, when Gibbs SR toothpaste
broadcast the first TV commercial, it was inconceivable that ads would ever end (5) up being
considered as sophisticated and innovative as the programs surrounding (6) them. Yet by 1978,
the author Jonathan Price was able to declare: ‘Financially, commercials represent the pinnacle
of our popular culture’s artistic expression. More money and thought per second goes into (7)
their making and more cash flows from their impact than (8) is the case for any movie, opera,
stage play, painting or videotape’.

1. (A) Succeeded in establishing

(B) Started trying to establish
(C) Proposed the establishment
(D) Devised a way of establishing

2. (A) Approximately 10,000

(B) Almost 10,000
(C) The high number of 10,000
(D) Only 10,000

3. (A) Contradicts the fact

(B) Can be found by looking at the fact
(C) Is concealed by the fact
(D) Is the cause of the fact

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4. (A) That can be regarded as distinct from others
(B) That is highly regarded
(C) As it should be
(D) Despite opposition

5. (A) Have the aim of being considered

(B) And not be considered
(C) No longer be considered
(D) Be considered later

6. (A) That the adverts came in the middle of

(B) That the adverts tried to copy
(C) That was sophisticated and innovative
(D) That was popular at that time

7. (A) And creating commercials

(B) For example, creating commercials
(C) While creating commercials
(D) The creation of commercials

8. (A) Than results from any movie, etc

(B) In contrast with what is said of movies, etc
(C) Than anything else concerning movies, etc
(D) With the exception of the occasional movie, etc

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Questions 9-14

Read the following magazine article

At one time the notion of a career on stage may have been frowned upon by certain sections
of society, but nowadays parents would be well advised to actually push their offspring into the
safe and lucrative world of comedy. If the number of awards, the profusion of clubs and the
amount of lucrative broadcasting work available is anything to go by, comedy is the new
accountancy. Where once a stand-up comedian would have to endure years on the circuit of
small-time venues and get paid in free drinks and curled-up sandwiches, comedians can now
work in several media and even be paid a regular salary for writing jokes for TV and media. The
live comedy circuit has mushroomed and the general public seems to have an insatiable
appetite for comedic talent both in front of and behind the camera.

“The advert of multi-channel TV is behind this comedy revolution, “Says William Burdett-
Coutts, artistic director of one of the top venues for comedy during the famous Edinburgh
Festival Fringe. “I put it down to when television programmers at channel 4 created a new
interest in comedy. That’s what sparked it off, and now with so many channels there are hours
of airtime to be filled. There is a fairly constant demand for new talent. “The festival sees the
culmination of five comedy awards that are regarded in the industry as one long audition for
Lucrative TV work. “The eventual winners will possibly get guaranteed runs at the prestigious
Montreal and Melbourne comedy festivals but the ultimate lure for many, though, is the
thought of being snapped up by a top agent” he says.

Edinburgh in only one of the many comedy festivals in Britain where comedians can pry their
trade. Several other British cities have festivals but Burdett-Coutts cautions that it’s not all milk
and honey for those seeking fame and fortune. “Manchester struggles to keep its venues going,
Newcastle has closed them all, and London is a hard one to crack as there is so much going on
there all the time. There are many, many comedians who have been around for years without a
breakthrough. “Nevertheless, he still maintains that there’s room for another comedy festival in
a seemingly overcrowded market and point out that October sees the opening of the Brighton
Comedy Festival.

Despite the risk of obscurity, the openings for talented funny people are many and varied – and
it’s not necessarily performers that TV wants to lure. As Lisa Thomas, director of an agency
which handles several top comics says “Not so long ago, TV producers would want to see

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someone up there performing live, and audience reaction was the bottom line. What you have
these days is a concern with the comic’s creative potential. They may think someone doesn’t
quite have it on stage, but has a talent that could be put to better use coming up with ideas for
sketches in established TV shows or even for editing scripts.”

While Thomas welcomes the extra money and audience interest that awards attract, she
believes they are hardly an automatic guarantee of well-paid comedy life, but rather they act as
an industry “Shop window”. They are definitely the foot in the door”, she says. “The awards do
secure work for newcomers and a lot of them feel they have to pay their dues and do live
performance for a couple of years before they can call themselves a comedian. It certainly helps
in terms of knowing whether a joke is “Sayable” or if the timing’s right when they go into
writing or production”.

One comedian who made the deviation from delivering the jokes himself to writing for others is
Phil Whelans. Although he does the occasional live performance and voiceover work for
commercials, he now considers himself a writer and made the career change in the late 1990s
after his comedy act with a partner broke up. “I couldn’t face starting over, doing try-out
sessions,” says Whelans. “The scene is so diluted now – there are hundreds of competent,
blandish, slightly uninteresting stand-ups who I would be up against and my heart sank at the
thought. “And the money? “The rates vary wildly,” says Whenals, who is currently devising an
improvised sitcom for TV. “I’ve seen writers turn ashen with jealousy when they hear what
others can earn, but believe me, it’s a very decent living for most”.

9. What does the writer state about a career in comedy in the past?
(A) Comedians could once except to receive a reasonable salary
(B) There were certain kinds of trophy that comedians could aim for
(C) It promised a longer career than most comedians achieve today
(D) It was not always regarded as a respectable profession

10. According to William Burdett-Coutts comedians often take part in the Edinburgh Festival.
(A) To challenge current notions of comedy
(B) To secure more work in the future
(C) To appear to as diverse an audience as possible
(D) To compete with each other for money

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11. What does Burdett-Coutts state about the current opportunities for comedians?
(A) A career in comedy may not always be rewarding
(B) Comedians should avoid venues in large cities
(C) There are many inadequate comedians seeking work
(D) The launch of another festival is fairly pointless

12. According to Lisa Thomas, TV producers are looking for comedians who
(A) Are capable of producing material for others
(B) Come across as confident in live performance
(C) Enjoy a good rapport with their audiences
(D) Are realistic about their chances of success

13. What does Lisa Thomas say about comedy awards?

(A) They ensure comedians gain experience before entering comedy festivals
(B) They usually mean that comedians will enjoy a successful career
(C) They lead the opportunities where comedians can experiment with material
(D) They help comedians decide which branch of comedy they are suited to

14. Why did Phil Whelans choose to become a comedy writer?

(A) He felt he was no longer at competition standard
(B) He believed he would earn a regular salary as a writer
(C) He had found it difficult to work as part of a team
(D) He did not have the enthusiasm to develop a new act

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Questions 15-20

Read the following magazine article

If you think that we are the only creatures on earth with a moral sense, then you are in good
company. Most experts in behavior believe that morality is a uniquely human trait, without
which our complex social life would never have emerged – yet I’m convinced that many animals
can distinguish right from wrong. Decades spent watching wild and captive animals have
persuaded me that species living in groups often have a sense of fair play built on moral codes
of conduct that help cement their social relationships. The notion of nature being naturally
ruthless and selfishly competitive doesn’t hold true for those of us who have observed and
analyzed animal relationships.

That’s not all. I suspect that herein lies the origin of our own virtue. Biologists have had real
problems trying to explain why people are frequently inexplicably nice to each other. It just
doesn’t make sense in evolutionary terms, unless there are ulterior motives behind our
seemingly altruistic actions. Perhaps we expect a payback somewhere down the line, or maybe
our good deeds are directed only towards kin, with whom we share a biological heritage.
Nobody has really considered the possibility that being considerate to your neighbors might
sometimes be the best way to survive. But I’m starting to find evidence that a well- developed
sense of fair play helps non-human animals live longer, more successful lives.

I’m particularly interested in social play amongst youngsters because it has its own special rules
of engagement, allowing participants to reinterpret acts that might otherwise seem aggressive.
My studies of infant dogs, wolves and coyotes reveal that they use a special signal to prevent
misinterpretation of playful actions. They perform a “bow” – which entails crouching on the
forelimbs while keeping the rear upright – when initiating play, or in association with aggressive
actions such as biting, to modify their meaning. And role reversal is common, so that during a
play a dominant animal with often allow a subordinate to have the upper hand. Such behaviors
reduce inequalities in size, strength and dominance between playmates, fostering the co-
operation and reciprocity that are essential for play to occur. Indeed, on the rare occasions
when an animal says “let’s play” and then beats up an unsuspecting animal, the culprit usually
finds itself ostracized by its formal playmates.

My belief is that a sense of fairness is common to many animals, because there could be no
social play without it and without social play individual animals and indeed, entire groups would
be at a disadvantage. If I’m right, morality evolved because it is adaptive. It helps many animals,

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Including humans, to survive and flourish in their particular social environment. This may sound
like a radical idea, particularly if you view morality as uniquely human and a sort of mystical
quality that sets us apart from other animals. But if you accept my argument that play and
fairness are inextricably linked, you’re halfway there.

I am not putting the case forward for a specific gene for fair or moral behavior. As with any
behavioral trait, the underlying genetics is bound to be complex, and environmental influences
maybe large. No matter. Provided there is variation in levels of morality among individuals, and
provided virtue is rewarded by a greater number of offspring, then any genes associated with
good behavior are bound to accumulate in subsequent generations. And the observation, that
play is rarely unfair or uncooperative is surely an indication that natural selection acts to weed
out those who don’t play by the rules.

What does this tell us about human morality? First, we didn’t invent virtue – its origins are
much more ancient than our own. Secondly, we should stop seeing ourselves as morally
superior to other animals. True, our big brains endow us with a highly sophisticated sense of
what’s right and wrong, but they also give us much greater scope of manipulating others – to
deceive and try to benefit from amoral behavior. In the sense, animal morality might be “purer”
than our own. We should accept our moral responsibility towards other animals, and that
means developing and enforcing more restrictive regulations governing animal use. While
animal minds may vary from one species to another, they are not so different from our own,
and only when we accept this can we truly be moral in our relations with nature as a whole .

15. In the first paragraph, what does the writer state about morality?
(A) Humans are the only creatures that demonstrate true emotional behavior
(B) A well-developed moral code does not lead to civilization
(C) Humans and animals share the same selfish instincts for survival
(D) There is a common misconception that animals are not moral

16. What point does the writer make in the second paragraph?
(A) People who are generous to others are not always sure why they behave this way
(B) People who do not possess good social skills achieve less in life
(C) People who behave considerately to others have selfish reasons for doing so
(D) People who treat acquaintances better than relatives are unusual

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17. What has the writer deduced about social play from his observation of animals?
(A) It provides an opportunity for physically weaker animals to develop survival skills
(B) It allows animals to prove who is dominant in the group without using real aggression
(C) It requires animals to abide by the rules or they will be excluded from the group
(D) It demonstrates that certain animals possess a large range of emotions.

18. Which of the following best summarizes the writer’s argument in the fourth paragraph?
(A) There are different degrees of morality between various cultures
(B) Groups benefit from social play more than individuals do
(C) Spirituality and morality are inseparable
(D) Humans adopted moral behavior as a means of survival

19. What does the writer state about the evolution of morality?
(A) There may be a particular gene responsible for morality
(B) Moral development depends on physical hardships
(C) There is little point seeking the origin of moral behavior
(D) Animals that behave fairly are more likely to breed

20. In the final paragraph, the writer concludes that people

(A) Must treat animals on equal terms with humans
(B) Should be less arrogant in their view of themselves
(C) Are more advanced as they use immorality to their advantage
(D) Should discriminate between which animals display morality and those that don’t

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Question 21-26

Read the following magazine article

Felicity Price loves to write, but even with her fifth novel just out, she has yet to make a living
from literature.

By the time I finished the 180,000-word draft of my first novel, I imagined myself travelling the
globe to meet adoring fans, being the toast of international book festivals, juggling offers for
the film rights. But then I tried to find a publisher and the bubble burst. One after another,
publishers rejected it. When it was eventually accepted, that wasn’t the end of the battle. I had
to cut 85,000 dearly beloved, hard-earned words, followed by endless revisions by my editor.
And just as I was preparing to chill the champagne for the launch party, another wave of
anxiety arose over the title, the cover, the promotion and publicity blurb that would somehow
describe it in 20 words or fewer. Finally, with the book in front of me to touch and hold, the
bubble burst all over again. I’d anticipated an ecstatic feeling but as soon as I opened the cover,
what leapt out at me was a typing error and I was ready to give it all up for good. Then the
reviews came out and almost all of them were upbeat, and I decided against indulging in self-
pity. But one sarcastic reviewer picked it to pieces and I was back to throwing down my pen
forever.

A bookseller asked me to do a book signing and I was on a high again. The store manager
showed me to a little table where people would queue to meet me, the author of the book they
were clutching. I sat down and waited. I thumbed through the book and smiled at passersby –
because yes, they did pass me by. At last, someone came up to the table. My heart skipped a
beat. ‘Where is the new Jamie Oliver cookbook, please? “Sorry, I don’t work here. But would
you like to buy my book?’ I held it up hopefully. They feigned polite interest, and then headed
Purposefully in the direction of the cooking section. Final tally: five books sold and
autographed, including one to a friend. At least the bookshops where you go for signings have
your books prominently displayed. I admit that I went around other bookstores looking for any
sign of my novel and pushed it towards the front of the display but I stood no chance against
celebrity memoirs.

Getting published is an emotional rollercoaster. So why do it? Hardly for the fame and certainly
not the fortune. The best part of writing a novel is being tucked away in a room with a good
tune on the stereo and a laptop recording every word you write – and rewrite. It’s much more
fun than journalism because you don’t have to worry about facts getting in the way of a good
story. You can improve on real people, or merge several into one malevolent anti-hero; you can

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embellish a true story and the characters you create can take over and almost tell the story
themselves. Sure, sometimes you have to force yourself to do it. I’ve been known to go to the
dentist just to put off the hour when I have to start a new chapter. But once I get going, I don’t
want to stop.

There is one other compelling reason to sit in front of the computer for endless hours until your
back aches and your brain hurts – and that’s your readers. There is nothing more gratifying than
being stopped in the street by someone wanting to tell you about one of the characters in such
detail they seem to think it was real. But you rarely get to experience such joy for very long. ‘ I
loved it so much I lent it to my friend,’ they go on to say. ‘and she lent it to…’. You grind your
teeth, counting lost sales as it gets passed from one reader to the next because that’s the next
thing to worry about – will it sell?

Even if booksellers agree to stock your novel, writing fiction may not pay well unless you hit the
big time, but writing on commission certainly helps makes ends meet. I’ve written several books
on commission, including a pictorial history of Lake Tekapo and a company history. Providing
you choose a subject which is captivating, writing on commission can be both professionally
and financially rewarding, paying you a more realistic rate for your labors, not hard when your
fiction earns you less than a dollar an hour. But you need to write more than a dollar an hour.
But you need to write more than one commissioned book a year to make the equivalent of a
full time wage, and then you won’t have any time left to write a novel.

In the end, it’s not about the money or public recognition. Let’s face it, few authors are asked to
sell their wedding photos to a women’s magazine. Writing novels isn’t a ticket to a celebrity
circuit, which is hardly surprising when you have to spend all your productive time tucked away

In your study, writing in anonymous isolation, but it does bring its own rewards. The joy of
writing is in the creating of something that has a life of its own and that can give pleasure to
others. But just the same, it would be nice to make the top spot on the best seller list just this
once.

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 21. What does the writer suggest about the process of getting her first novel published?
(A) She was bitter about having to abandon the book and begin another
(B) She felt she had been misled about the book’s potential success
(C) She had last minute doubts about the marketing of the book
(D) She was dismayed that her writing was not as good as she had believed

22. What are we told about the writer’s experience during the book signing event?
(A) She felt reluctant to attend the promotional event in person
(B) She was surprised by the amount of interest shown in her book
(C) She was resentful that her book was not clearly on display
(D) She tried to remain optimistic despite being ignored

23. The writer compares fiction writing to journalism in order to emphasize

(A) The greater amount of public admiration that fiction writers receive
(B) The point that fiction allows writers more creative freedom
(C) The limitations journalists face when they want to criticize people
(D) The effort it requires to make certain news stories appealing to readers

24. What point does the writer make about some of her readers in paragraph five?
(A) They exasperate her when they allow their friends to borrow her books
(B) They are harder to gratify because they are familiar with her previous work
(C) They often bother her at moments which she considers inappropriate
(D) They do not appreciate the degree of effort that is required in writing a novel

25. What is the writer doing in the penultimate paragraph?

(A) Discouraging people from taking up novel writing
(B) Explaining the pros and cons of writing commissioned books
(C) Specifying which kinds of commissioned books are worth writing
(D) Criticizing the publishing industry for the way it treats writers

26. In the final paragraph, the writer puts across the view that
(A) Certain forms of media give insufficient attention to novelists
(B) An author’s self-imposed detachment may impact on their work
(C) There is an altruistic purpose in creating a piece of fiction
(D) It is reasonable to assume that all writers seek credit for their work

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Questions 27-31

Brunetti was at the post office at seven thirty the next morning, located the person in charge of
the postmen, showed his warrant card, and explained that he wanted to speak to the postman
who delivered mail to the area in Cannaregio near the Palazzo del Cammello. She told him to go
to the first floor and ask in the second room on the left, where the Cannaregio postmen sorted
their mail. The room was high- ceilinged, the entire space filled with long counters with sorting
racks behind them. Ten or twelve people stood around, putting letters into slots or pulling them
out and packing them into leather satchels. He asked the first person he encountered, a long-
haired woman with a strangely reddened complexion, where he could find the person who
delivered the mail to the Canale Della Misericordia area. She looked at him with open curiosity,
then pointed to a man halfway along the table and called out, ‘Mario, someone wants to talks
to you.’

The man called Mario looked at them, then down at the letters in his hands. One by one,
merely glancing at the names and addresses, he slipped them quickly into the slots in front of
him, and then walked over to Brunetti. He was in his late thirties, Brunetti guessed, with light
brown hair that fell in a thick wedge across his forehead. Brunetti introduced himself and
started to take his warrant card out again, but the postman stopped him with a gesture and
suggested they talk over coffee. They walked down to the bar, where Mario ordered two
coffees and asked Brunetti what he could do for him.

‘Did you deliver mail to Maria Battestini at Cannaregio...?’

‘Yes. I delivered her mail for three years. I must have taken her, in that time, thirty or forty
items of registered mail, had to climb all those steps to get her to sign for them.’

Brunetti anticipated his anger at never having been tipped and waited for him to give voice to
it, but the main simply said, ‘I don’t expect to be tipped, especially by old people, but she never
even said thank you.’

‘Isn’t that a lot of registered mail?’ Brunetti asked.

‘How often did they come?’

‘Once a month,’ the postman answered, ‘as regular as a Swiss watch. And it wasn’t letters, but
those padded envelopes, you know the sort you send photos or CDs in.’

Or money, thought Brunetti, and asked, ‘Do you remember where they came from?’

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‘There were a couple of addresses, I think,’ Mario answered. ‘They sounded like charity things,
you know, Care and Share, and Child Aid. That sort of things,’

‘Can you remember any of the exactly?’

‘I deliver mail to almost four hundred people,’ he said by way of answer.

‘Do you remember when they started?’

‘Oh, she was getting them already when I started on that route.’

‘Who had the route before you?’ Brunetti asked.

‘Nicolo Matucci, but he retired and went back to Sicily.’

Brunetti left the subject of the registered packages and asked, ‘Did you bring her bank
statements?’

‘Yes, every month,’ he said, and recited the names of the banks. ‘Those and the bills were the
only things she ever got, except for some other registered letters.’

‘Do you remember where those were from?’

‘Most of them came from people in the neighborhood, complaining about the television.’

Before Brunette could ask him about how he knew this, Mario said, ‘They all told me about
them, wanted to be sure that the letters were delivered. Everyone heard it, that noise, but
there was nothing they could do. She’s old, and the police wouldn’t do anything. They’re
useless.’ He looked up suddenly at Brunetti and said, ‘Excuse me.’

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 27. What do we learn about Mario in the second paragraph?
(A) He was older than Brunetti had expected
(B) He found his work boring
(C) He was very experiences at his work
(D) He was surprised by Brunetti’s arrival

28. When Mario mentioned getting Maria Battestini to sign for registered mail,
(A) He said that most old people weren’t polite to postmen
(B) Brunetti asked him if her reaction had annoyed him
(C) He said that this effort deserved a tip
(D) Brunetti formed an incorrect opinion about how he had felt

29. When asked exactly where the registered envelopes came from, Mario
(A) Indicated that he could not be expected to remember that information
(B) Suggested that the addresses had seemed strange to him at first
(C) Said that someone else might have that information
(D) Replied that there were too many addresses for him to remember

30. When they discussed other mail that Maria Batestini received, Mario
(A) Explained why he knew what some of it contained
(B) Wasn’t sure where some of the bank statements came from
(C) Expressed surprise at the amount of it
(D) Said that he had asked other people about it

31. When Mario mentioned the problem of noise, he made it clear that
(A) He sympathized with the police in that situation
(B) He didn't want to criticize Brunetti personally
(C) Nothing would have had any effect on the old woman
(D) He had discussed the matter with the police himself

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Questions 32-37

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Your genes are responsible for your appearance and your health. Half your genes are from your
mother, the other half from your father. You are not identical to your mother or your father,
but you probably look a bit like both of them. Or you may resemble one of your ancestors, for
example, a great-great-grandparent. But even if you are like other members of your family, you
are unique. Your genes are different from everyone else’s genes. The only people who have
exactly the same genes are identical twins.

Some of the features you inherit from your parents are hair, eye color, skin color and facial
features like the size and shape of your nose.

You probably have the same hair color one of your parents, but this is not always true. Two
dark-haired parents can have a blond or red-headed child. This happens when there was a
blond or red-headed child to have freckles, even if the parents don’t have them.

The strongest, or dominant, gene in eye color is brown. If both parents have brown eyes, their
children probably have brown eyes too. It’s common for two brown-eyed parents to have a
blue-eyed child, but unusual for two blue-eyed parents to have a brown-eyed child. As well as
eye color, you can inherit poor eyesight from your parents. So if you’re short-sighted, you’re
probably not the only person in your family who wears glasses.

Tall parents usually have tall children and short parents usually have short children. But this
isn’t always true-in fact; children are getting taller thanks to improved diets and healthier
lifestyles.

Fifty percent of men with bald fathers will lose their hair. But the gene for baldness can come
from the mother’s family too-boys should look at their mother’s father. They may take after
him.

There are many different skin colors: from black, dark brown, brown, light brown to white.
Most families share the same skin color, but black parents can give birth to a lighter-skinned
child if they have pale-skinned ancestors.

Usually, a black and a white parent have dark-skinned children because black is a dominant
gene. But twin sisters Hayleigh and Lauren are exceptions. One twin is black and the other is
white. Hayleigh looks exactly like her black father and Lauren is the image of her white mother.
This was only possible because their father had a white relative in this pat.

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Finally, if you are left-handed or if you have dimples in your cheeks or chin, you can thank your
genes.

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 32. From the first paragraph we learn that genes
(A) Come mainly from your mother
(B) Mean you always resemble one of your parents
(C) Determine what you look like
(D) Are always unique to you

33. If a brown-eyed child has two blue-eyed parents, this is

(A) Uncommon
(B) Fairly common
(C) Impossible
(D) Extremely common

34. The reason some children are tall is because

(A) Their parents are very healthy
(B) They have short parents
(C) They enjoy their lifestyle
(D) They eat well and live well

35. Men who go bald

(A) Always lose their hair because of their father’s genes
(B) Nearly always have sons who go bald
(C) Sometimes inherit baldness from their mother’s side
(D) Never pass on baldness through their daughter’s genes

36. When is it possible to have black and white twins?

(A) When a black parent has white-skinned ancestors
(B) When there is a dominant black gene in the family
(C) When the parents are both black
(D) When the parents are both white

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37. What would be the best title for the text?

(A) What do you look like?
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 (B) A family tradition
(C) Where are you from?
(D) It’s all in the genes

Questions 38-42

Hope was one of the best students in our class. But she had been absent from school for several
weeks and we were worried. We decided to go to her village and find out what was wrong.

When we arrived, Hope’s mother told us that Hope was sick with malaria. We were shocked-we
knew how serious malaria could be. We asked how it had started. Hope’s mother explained,
‘One evening, Hope was really hot and had terrible headaches. She had no appetite. This went
on for a few days. We thought that she had been in the sun too long. My husband gave Hope
some herbal medicine, but it didn’t help. Her condition began to get worse and she developed
new symptoms. The fever got higher and she started vomiting. As this point, I was sure she had
malaria, but I didn’t know what to do.’

Fortunately, we had learnt about malaria at school, and Hope told her mother that she needed
medicine quickly. Her mother took Hope to the hospital. She didn’t want to lose another child.
Two years before, Hope’s baby brother had fallen ill with malaria and died.

At the hospital the doctor had examined Hope and diagnosed malaria. He had given her an
injection and prescribed some medicine. And now she was getting better thanks to the
treatment.

We asked if we could see her. We weren’t worried about catching the disease- we knew that
malaria was not contagious. At school we had learnt that you catch malaria at night, from
female mosquitoes. So we were upset to see that Hope was sleeping without a mosquito net.

We told our friend about a place where her parents could get free mosquito nets. We told her
we wanted her to come back to school soon. We know that she was very lucky to recover from
this disease that kills one baby every sixty seconds.

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38. The students went to visit Hope because

(A) She was ill
(B) She needed some work from school

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 (C) They didn’t know why she was away
(D) They lived near her village

39. Hope’s mother realized that Hope had malaria

(A) Because the herbal medicine didn’t work
(B) After a really hot day in the sun
(C) Because Hope stopped eating
(D) When Hope began to vomit

40. Who understood the situation and knew what to do?

(A) Hope
(B) Hope’s mother
(C) Hope’s father
(D) Nobody

41. What worried Hope’s friends most when they saw her?
(A) They thought they might catch malaria
(B) Hope wasn’t sleeping
(C) Hope wasn’t getting better
(D) Hope’s bed didn’t have a mosquito net

42. What is the main message of this story?

(A) Malaria is a deadly disease
(B) Hope is a very lucky girl
(C) Learning about malaria can save lives
(D) Doctors enjoy treating malaria

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Questions 43-48

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Harpers magazine in December 1951 published an article by Nancy B. Mavity on an unsettling
new phenomenon, the two-income family, in which husband and wife both went out to work to
pay for a more ambitious lifestyle. Mavity’s worry was not how women would cope with the
demands of employment on top of child-rearing and housework, but rather what this would do
to the man’s traditional status as breadwinner. ‘I’d be ashamed to let my wife work,’ one man
told Mavity tartly, and it was clear from her tone that Mavity tartly, and it was clear from her
tone that Mavity expected most readers to agree. Remarkably, until the war many women in
American had been unable to work whether they wanted to or not. Up until Pearl Harbor, half
of the forty-eight states had laws making it illegal to employ a married woman.

In this respect, my father was commendably-I would even say enthusiastically-liberal, and was
completely in favor of my mother working. She worked for the Des Moines Register, as the
Home Furnishing Editor, in which capacity she provided calm reassurance to two generations of
homemakers who were anxious to know whether the time had come for paisley in the
bedroom and whether they should have square sofa cushions or round.

Because they both worked, we were better off than most people of our socio-economic
background (which in Des Moines in the 1950s was most people). We-which is to say, my
parents, my brother, Michael, my sister, Mary Elizabeth (or Betty) and I-had a bigger house on a
large lot than most of my parents’ colleagues. It was a white clapboard house with black shutter
and a big screened porch on top of a shady hill on the best side of town.

The only downside of my mother’s working was that it put little pressure on her with regard to
running the home and particularly with regard to dinner, which, frankly, she wasn’t very good
at anyway. My mother always ran late and was dangerously forgetful. You soon learned to
stand aside about ten to six every evening, for it was then that she would fly in the back door,
throw something in the oven and disappear into some other quarter of the house to embark on
the thousand other household tasks that greeted her each evening. In consequence, she nearly
always forgot about dinner until a point slightly beyond way too late. As a rule, you knew it was
time to eat when you could hear potatoes exploding in the oven. We didn’t call it the kitchen in
our house. We called it the Burns Unit.

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‘It’s a bit burned.’ my mother would say apologetically at every meal, presenting you with a
piece of meat that looked like something- a much-loved pet perhaps- salvaged from a tragic
house fire. ‘But I think I scraped off most of the burned part,’ she would add, overlooking that
this included every bit of it that had once been flesh.

(line 33) Happily, all this suited my father, his palate only responded to two tastes- burned and
ice cream-so everything was fine by him so long as it was sufficiently dark and not too
startlingly flavorful. Theirs truly was a marriage made in heaven, for no one could burn food like
my mother or eat it like my dad.

As part of her job, my mother bought stacks of housekeeping magazines- House beautiful,
House and Garden, Better Homes and gardens, Good Housekeeping- and I read these with a
certain avidity, partly because they were always lying around and in our house all idle moments
were spent reading something, and partly because they depicted lives so absorbingly at
variance with our own. The housewives in my mother’s magazines were so collected, so
organized, so calmly on top of things, and their food was perfect- their lives were perfect. They
dressed up to take their food out of the oven!

43. Nancy B. Mavity

(A) Believed both husbands and wives should work
(B) Worried about women who were ambitious in their work
(C) Wondered how couples would share housework
(D) Thought that gender roles should not be changed

44. The writer’s family

(A) Were sure that their home furnishing were up-to-date
(B) Came from a better socio-economic background than most people
(C) Had a more comfortable lifestyle thanks to their dual income
(D) Knew a lot of people with large houses in a good part of town

45. In paragraph 4, the writer

(A) Sympathizes with his mother’s situation
(B) Complains that his mother was always late
(C) Suggests that his mother was overworked
(D) Recommends that women shouldn’t work

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 46. How does the writer’s mother feel about the food she cooks?
(A) Upset that her food is burned
(B) Uncaring about the family’s reaction
(C) Aware that it is not perfect
(D) Confident that the family will enjoy it

47. What does this refer to in line 33?

(A) The lack of meat on the plate
(B) His wife’s way of cooking
(C) His wife’s apology
(D) The appearance of his meal

48. The writer liked reading the magazines because

(A) They showed a different way of living
(B) He didn’t have anything else to read
(C) He wanted to learn about his mother’s job
(D) He envied the lifestyle they portrayed

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