VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi - 590018

A MINI-PROJECT REPORT ON
“AUTOMATIC TOLLGATE SYSTEM”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Submitted By

MANASA P R(1AH22CS086)
PRUTHVI (1AH22CS126)
K SNEHA (1AH22CS065)
KAVERI H S(1AH22CS071)

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. LAKSHMI
Assistant professor
Dept of CSE, ACSCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ACS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
Mysore Road, Bangalore-560074
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute) (2024-25)
 ACS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Mysore Road, Bangalore-560074
(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute)
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

CERTIFICATE

Certified that mini-Project work entitled

“AUTOMATIC TOLLGATE SYSTEM”
Carried out by

MANASA P R(1AH22CS086)
PRUTHVI (1AH22CS126
K SNEHA (1AH22CS065)
KAVERI H S(1AH22CS071)

The student of “ACS College of Engineering” in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
in Computer Science & Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year
2024–2025. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The Mini-Project report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini-Project work prescribed for the Fifth semester.

__________________ ________________ __________________

Signature of Guide Signature of Co-ordinator Signature of HOD

Mrs. Lakshmi, Mrs. Thamarai Selvi V, Dr. T Senthil Kumaran,

Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Dean Research &
CSE, ACSCE, CSE, ACSCE,
Bangalore Bangalore HOD,CSE,ACSCE, Bangalore

External Viva-Voce

Examiner Signature
1._____________________

2._____________________
 ABSTRACT

The Automatic Toll Gate System is a cost-effective and efficient solution designed to automate
the toll collection process without relying on advanced technologies such as RFID or image-
based vehicle recognition. The system leverages simple and accessible components, including
infrared (IR) sensors for vehicle detection, weight sensors for vehicle classification, and servo
motors for gate operation.
Upon detecting a vehicle, the system classifies it based on its weight or physical attributes to
calculate the appropriate toll. A real-time display provides feedback on the toll amount, and
payment is facilitated manually or through simple digital methods. Once payment is completed,
the gate automatically opens, allowing smooth traffic flow and reducing the need for human
intervention.
This system is ideal for small-scale toll booths, rural areas, and temporary setups where budget
constraints or infrastructure limitations make high-end systems impractical. While it simplifies
toll operations and reduces costs, the system can be further enhanced by integrating automated
payment systems, data logging, and advanced sensors for improved efficiency and scalability.
This project demonstrates a reliable, low-cost alternative for automating toll operations,
addressing the needs of underdeveloped regions and paving the way for future technological
upgrades.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and respect to the ACS College of
Engineering, Bengaluru for providing us an opportunity to carry out Mini Project.

We express our deep regards to our honorable chairman Dr. A C Shanmugam for providing us
an opportunity to fulfil our ambition in this prestige institute.

We would like to express our immense gratitude to Dr. Anandthirtha B Gudi, Principal, ACS
College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for his timely help and inspiration during the tenure of the
course.

We express our sincere regards and thanks to Dr. T Senthil Kumaran, Professor & HOD,
Computer Science and Engineering, ACSCE, Bengaluru for the encouragement and support
throughout the work.

We are highly thankful to our guide Mrs. Lakshmi, Assistant Professor, Computer Science and
Engineering, ACSCE for giving us a valuable suggestion, providing cooperation and moral
support towards completion of department Mini-Project Work.

We are highly thankful to our Coordinator Mrs. Thamarai Selvi V, Assistant Professor,
Computer Science and Engineering, ACSCE for giving us a valuable suggestion, providing
cooperation and moral support towards completion of department mini project.

Finally, we are very thankful to all faculty members of the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, our friends and our the parents for their constant encouragement, support and help
throughout the period of learning.

MANASA P R(1AH22CS086)
PRUTHVI (1AH22CS126)
K SNEHA (1AH22CS065)
KAVERI H S(1AH22CS071)
 CONTENTS

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1. INTODUCTION 1-2
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective
1.3 Overview of the project
1.4 Problem Definition
1.5 Scope

2. PROPSED METHODOLOGY 3-16

2.1 System design and architecture
2.2 Components used
2.3 Flow of data
2.4 Algorithm

3. IMPLEMENTATION 17-19
3.1 Code snippets
3.2 Circuit diagram

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20-22

5. AIM AND SCOPE 23-24

6. CONCLUSION 25

7. REFERENCE 26
 Automatic toll gate system

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
As we all know that transportation is the backbone of any country’s economy. Improvement in
transportation systems result into the good lifestyle in which we achieve extraordinary freedom for
movement, immense trade in manufactured goods and services, as well as higher rate of employment
levels and social mobility. In fact, the economic condition of a nation has been closely related to efficient
ways of transportation. Increasing number of vehicles on the road, result into number of problems such
as congestion, accident rate, air pollution and many other. All economic activities for different tasks use
different methods of transportation. For this reason, increasing transportation is an immediate impact on
productivity of nation and the economy. Reducing the cost of transporting resource at production sites and
transport completed goods to markets is one of the important key factors in economic competition.
Automatic toll collection is a technology allows the automated electronic collection of toll costs. As it is
studied by researchers and also applied in various expressways, bridges, and tunnels require such a process
of Automatic Toll Plaza. ATP is capable of determining if the vehicle is registered or not, and then
informing the management center about to process violations, debits, and participating accounts .The most
excellent advantage of this ATP system is that it is capable of eliminate congestion in toll plaza, especially
during those seasons when traffic seems to be higher than normal.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
The primary objectives of the Automatic Toll Gate System are:
• To automate the toll collection process, reducing manual labour and human errors.
• To increase the efficiency of toll collection and reduce waiting time at toll booths.
• To integrate technology such as RFID or QR codes to facilitate seamless payments.
• To provide a user-friendly interface for both drivers and toll operators.
• To improve the overall traffic flow and reduce congestion at toll booths.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The Automatic Toll Gate System is a mini project that aims to design and develop an efficient and
automated toll collection system for highways and bridges. The system uses sensors, microcontrollers,

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and actuators to automate the toll collection process, reducing manual intervention and increasing
efficiency.

1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The base idea behind implementing Automatic Based Toll System is to automate the toll collection process
and their by reducing manual operation in toll booths and the long queues at toll booths. In addition to us
can not only help the vehicle owners and system administrators from vehicle theft detection but also can
track over speeding vehicles, and crossing the signals? Here we are going to see some points regarding to
purpose behind choosing this topic & what is the requirement of this type of the project in our day to day
life. Automatic collection of toll tax. Free flow of traffic. Time saving. Record maintenance. Problems
with pursuing toll evaders. Avoid the fuel loss. Saving of time in collecting toll. Avoid financial loss.
According to the survey of Karnataka Government, in Sept.2012 they have proposed to get the annual toll
collection about 2500 cores/year. But in the present situation they are able to collect only 900 corers of
the toll value. Means there is loss of 600 cores due to human errors. So, in this situation we have to control
this leakage. Now the present system we have with us on the high ways takes 1 minute to complete the
toll collection process for one vehicle. With this automatic process, it will take just less than a minute. to
3 complete the whole process. As there is reduction in time for completion of the process so indirectly
there will be no traffic as such & as there is no traffic so no fuel wastage takes place & the purpose of
designing the highways is achieved i.e. reduction in journey time & also the money loss will be reduced.

1.5 SCOPE
The scope of an Automatic Toll Gate System extends across multiple domains, from transportation
management and technology to customer experience and environmental impact. It involves the
automation of toll collection processes using technologies like RFID, sensors, and microcontrollers.
Below, the scope is elaborated in various aspects that demonstrate how the system can be applied, its
potential benefits, and its future expansion opportunities.
With microcontrollers such as Arduino UNO or specialized embedded systems, the automation of toll
gates can be realized. These controllers process inputs from sensors, and the payment system to manage
the entire toll collection operation.
The primary operation of the system is to collect tolls automatically, eliminating the need for human toll
collectors. This leads to a more streamlined process that reduces human errors and increases operational
efficiency.

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Chapter 2
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

2.1 System design and architecture

The Automatic Toll Gate System (ATGS) is designed to streamline the toll collection process by
automating vehicle identification, payment processing, and traffic management. The system leverages
technologies such as sensors, microcontrollers, and payment systems to ensure fast and efficient toll
collection process without the need for human intervention.
Below is a detailed explanation of the system design and architecture for the Automatic Toll Gate
System.

1. Vehicle Detection Sensors:

o These sensors (such as inductive loop sensors or infrared sensors) are embedded in the road surface to
detect the presence of vehicles at the toll booth.
o These sensors trigger the system to start the toll collection process when a vehicle is detected.

2. Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi):

o The microcontroller is the central processing unit of the system. It receives input from the RFID reader,
vehicle sensors, and payment system to control the toll collection process.
o It verifies the vehicle ID, calculates the toll fee, checks payment status, and controls the gate mechanism
(whether to open or close).
o It also interfaces with the display system to show information to the user.

3. Gate Mechanism:
o The gate mechanism is an automated barrier system that is controlled by the microcontroller.
o After the payment is confirmed, the microcontroller sends a signal to raise the barrier, allowing the vehicle
to pass.
o If payment fails or there is an issue, the gate remains closed, blocking the vehicle.

4. Payment System:
o Once the vehicle is identified, the microcontroller sends a request to the payment system to deduct the toll
fee.
o The payment can be deducted from a prepaid account or linked credit/debit card. It can be handled via a
direct payment gateway or through integration with a mobile payment app.

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o If the payment is successful, the payment system confirms it to the microcontroller, which then allows the
gate to open.

5. Display/Signage:
o A display screen (LED or LCD) shows the status of the toll collection process.
o It can indicate the toll fee, payment status (e.g., successful, failed), and gate status (open or closed).
o It provides visual feedback to both the vehicle driver and the toll booth operator.

6. Communication System:
o The communication system connects all the components of the toll gate system, allowing them to share
data and signals.
o It may involve wired or wireless connections between the microcontroller, RFID reader, payment system,
and gate mechanism.

The architecture of the Automatic Toll Gate System focuses on integrating the different components to
function as a cohesive unit. The main components interact in the following manner:

1. Vehicle Detection:
o The vehicle detection sensors identify the presence of a vehicle at the toll gate. When a vehicle is
detected, the system activates the RFID reader and starts the toll collection process.

2. RFID Tag Identification:

o The RFID reader detects the RFID tag placed on the vehicle. It sends the unique vehicle ID to the
microcontroller.
o The microcontroller checks if the vehicle's tag is registered in the system.

3. Toll Calculation:
o Once the vehicle is identified, the system calculates the toll fee based on predefined rules (e.g., vehicle
type, time of day, distance travelled).
o The microcontroller then initiates the payment request.

4. Payment Processing:
o The payment system deducts the toll fee from the user's account (prepaid toll card, bank account, mobile
wallet, etc.).
o The payment status is sent back to the microcontroller. If the payment is successful, the barrier will be
raised.

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5. Gate Control:
o The microcontroller sends a signal to the gate mechanism to raise the barrier once payment is confirmed.
o If the payment fails or there are insufficient funds, the gate remains closed, blocking the vehicle.

6. Display Updates:
o The display/signage system updates the driver with the payment status (e.g., "Payment Successful" or
"Insufficient Funds") and indicates whether the gate is open or closed.

2.2 COMPONENTS USED

1. ARDUINO UNO: It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

FIGURE 1: Pin diagram of Atmega 328P Microcontroller

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Specifications:
• Microcontroller ATmega328
• Operating Voltage 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
• Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin50 mA
• Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
• SRAM 2 KB
• EEPROM 1 KB
• Clock Speed 16 MHz

FIGURE 2: Arduino Uno (Atmega 328P Microcontroller)

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 Automatic toll gate system

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5
volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). We can supply voltage through this pin,
or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
• The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This
can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply.
• A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.

Input Output Pins:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. 13
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising
or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite () function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although
provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is
on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
• The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values).
By defualt they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their
range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference () function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
• I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Physical frame to hold components like wheels,
motors, sensors, and microcontroller.

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2.SERVO MOTOR
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear
position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position
feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
specifically for use with servomotors. Servomotors are not a specific class of motor, although the term
servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system. Servomotors
are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.

FIGURE 3: SERVO MOTOR

specification of servo motor:

Size: 32 × 11.5 × 24mm (Include tabs) 23.5 × 11.5 × 24mm.
Weight: 8.5g (Not include a cable and a connector) 9.3g (Include a cable and a connector)
Speed: 0.12sec/60degrees (4.8V) 0.10sec/60degrees (6.0V)
Torque: 1.5kgf-cm (4.8V) 2.0kgf-cm (6.0V)
Voltage: 4.8V-6.0V
Connector type: JR type (Yellow: Signal, Red: VCC, Brown: GND)

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3.ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in conjunction with Arduino for various projects such as distance
measurement, object detection, and robotics. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is one of the most
popular ultrasonic sensors used with Arduino due to its low cost and ease of use.

Overview of the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

The HC-SR04 is an affordable ultrasonic distance sensor that can measure distances from 2 cm to 4 meters
(depending on the environment and setup). It works by sending out ultrasonic pulses and measuring the
time taken for the pulses to bounce back from an object. The distance to the object is then calculated based
on the time-of-flight of the ultrasonic waves.

FIGURE 4: ULTRASONIC SENSOR

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Pinout

• VCC: Connect to 5V on Arduino.
• Trig: Trigger pin, used to send out the ultrasonic pulse.
• Echo: Echo pin, receives the pulse back after bouncing off an object.
• GND: Connect to ground (GND) on Arduino.

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Basic Working Principle

1. Trigger Pin: The trigger pin is activated by sending a HIGH signal for at least 10 microseconds. This sends
out an ultrasonic pulse from the sensor.
2. Echo Pin: The ultrasonic pulse travels through the air and reflects off any object in its path. The echo pin
receives the reflected pulse.
3. Time Calculation: The time between the emission of the pulse and the reception of the reflected signal is
measured.

Using ultrasonic sensors with Arduino, especially the popular HC-SR04 sensor, is a great way to
implement various measurement and detection tasks in embedded systems. This setup is ideal for distance
measurement, object detection, and robotics projects. The simplicity of the components and ease of
integration with Arduino makes it an excellent tool for both beginners and experienced developers.

2.3 FLOW DATA

An Automatic Toll Gate System typically involves a series of steps in which data is captured, processed,
and used to manage toll payments efficiently without the need for manual intervention. The flow of data
in such a system ensures that vehicles are identified, fees are calculated, and tolls are collected seamlessly.
The system also provides feedback to the driver, allowing smooth passage through the toll gate.

Here's an overview of the flow of data in an automatic toll gate system:

1. Vehicle Detection
The first step involves detecting the vehicle approaching the toll gate. Data is captured by various sensors
such as:
• Ultrasonic Sensors: Detect the presence and size of the vehicle. These sensors calculate the distance
between the sensor and the vehicle, helping the system determine whether a vehicle is at the toll gate.
• Inductive Loop Sensors: Embedded in the road, these sensors detect the vehicle's presence when the
metal of the vehicle causes a change in inductance.
• Cameras or RFID: In advanced systems, cameras or RFID readers can also be used to identify the
vehicle.

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Data Collected:
• Vehicle presence.
• Vehicle size or classification (optional, if based on sensors or cameras).

2. Vehicle Identification and Classification

Once a vehicle is detected, the system uses multiple identification methods to classify the vehicle and
determine the toll charge. This stage involves:
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Most automatic toll systems use RFID tags affixed to vehicles.
When a vehicle approaches the toll booth, the RFID reader scans the tag and sends the unique identifier
to the system.
• License Plate Recognition (LPR): In systems that do not use RFID, a camera may capture the vehicle’s
license plate. Optical character recognition (OCR) software processes the image and extracts the vehicle’s
ID from the license plate.
Data Collected:
• Vehicle’s unique RFID tag ID (if using RFID).
• License plate number (if using LPR or camera-based recognition).
• Vehicle type (car, truck, bus, etc.).

3. Toll Calculation
Once the vehicle is identified, the system calculates the appropriate toll fee. This calculation depends on
several factors:
• Vehicle Type: Different vehicles are charged differently based on their size, weight, or category. The toll
rate may be higher for larger vehicles such as trucks or buses.
• Time of Day: Some toll systems may apply variable pricing depending on traffic conditions or time of
day (peak or off-peak).
• Traffic Flow: Some systems may adjust toll rates dynamically based on the traffic congestion at a given
time (e.g., congestion pricing).
Data Collected:
• Vehicle classification.
• Time of passage.
• Applicable toll rate.

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4. Toll Payment Process

After the toll calculation, the system initiates the payment process. Depending on the payment mode, the
following happens:
• RFID Payment: If the vehicle has an RFID tag linked to a payment account, the system can deduct the
toll fee automatically when the tag is scanned. The toll booth opens once the transaction is completed.
• Online Payment or Prepaid Accounts: Some systems may allow payments through mobile apps or
online platforms, where the vehicle owner has pre-loaded an account or linked a credit/debit card for
automatic toll deduction.
• Cash or Credit Payment: In some cases, the driver may need to pay using a credit card, debit card, or
cash. This data is processed through a payment gateway that connects to a centralized server for
verification and authorization.
Data Collected:
• Payment transaction information.
• Account status (whether the toll account has enough funds).
• Payment confirmation or failure response.

5. Gate Control (Access)

Once the toll payment is processed successfully, the system sends a signal to the gate mechanism to allow
the vehicle to pass. The gate may be controlled using:
• Servo motors or actuators: To raise or lower the gate.
• Lights or signals: To indicate whether the vehicle can proceed (green light for access, red light for stop).
Data Collected:
• Gate status (open or closed).
• Timestamp for gate operation.
• Vehicle exit or passage event.

6. Data Logging and Monitoring

All activities in the toll system are logged for monitoring and auditing purposes. The system collects the
following data:

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• Vehicle Identification: The RFID or license plate number.

• Transaction Information: Toll amounts, payment methods, and transaction times.
• System Health: Information on system performance, sensor status, or errors.
• Traffic Data: Vehicle count, traffic flow, congestion levels, etc.
This data is sent to a central control system or cloud-based server for analysis and reporting.
Data Collected:
• Logs of vehicle entry, exit, and toll transactions.
• System and sensor performance data.
• Traffic metrics (number of vehicles, congestion levels).

7. Communication and Data Synchronization

For the smooth operation of the automatic toll gate system, communication between different components
(sensors, RFID readers, cameras, payment gateways, gate control systems) is essential. Data can be
synchronized using wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, GPRS, or Ethernet,
depending on the infrastructure.
• Central Server/Cloud Database: Data is aggregated and stored in a central server or cloud-based system
for real-time monitoring, analysis, and reporting.
• Payment Gateway: The payment information is securely processed via online payment gateways and
financial institutions.
Data Collected:
• Real-time data synchronization across system components.
• Data transmission logs (error reports, transmission status).
• Financial transactions data.

8. Data Reporting and Analysis

The collected data is used for various reporting and analysis purposes:
• Revenue Reports: Daily, weekly, or monthly toll revenue reports.
• Traffic Analysis: Identifying peak hours, average traffic volume, and congestion trends.
• System Performance: Monitoring sensor efficiency, gate operation times, and identifying faults.
• User Data: Vehicle owners can access their toll usage history, payment status, and balance (for RFID or
prepaid accounts).

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Data Collected:
• Financial and transaction reports.
• Traffic flow and congestion analysis.
• System performance logs and maintenance alerts

2.4 ALGORITHM
Here’s an algorithm for an Automatic Toll Gate System that operates without RFID and cameras. Instead,
it uses other detection methods like motion sensors, weight sensors, or pressure plates, combined with
manual or basic automation mechanisms for toll collection.

Algorithm: Automatic Toll Gate System

Input:
1. Motion detection using IR sensors or laser sensors.
2. Vehicle weight or axle count using a weight sensor or pressure plate.
3. Toll rate configuration based on vehicle category (e.g., light vehicle, heavy vehicle).
4. Payment system (e.g., cash, contactless card, or mobile app).

Output:
1. Toll deducted or paid manually.
2. Gate operation (open/close).

Step-by-Step Process:
1. Initialization
• Load pre-configured toll rates and vehicle category rules.
• Connect and initialize hardware components (motion sensors, weight sensors, gate motors).

2. Vehicle Detection
Detect a vehicle approaching the toll gate:
• Use an infrared (IR) sensor or laser beam to detect motion.
• If a vehicle is detected, proceed to the next step.

3. Vehicle Classification
1. Measure the weight or axle count of the vehicle:

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o Use a weight sensor or pressure plate embedded in the road.

o Based on the data:
▪ Classify the vehicle as light or heavy (e.g., car, truck, two-wheeler).
2. If weight exceeds a predefined threshold for heavy vehicles, adjust toll rates accordingly.

4. Toll Calculation
1. Calculate the toll amount:
o Use the vehicle category and toll rate configuration.
o For vehicles with multi-axle classification, calculate dynamically based on axle count.

5. Payment Processing
1. Display the toll amount on an electronic display for the driver.
2. Offer payment options:
o Cash payment at the counter.
o Contactless payment using a mobile device or card (via NFC or QR code scanner).
3. Wait for payment confirmation:
o If successful, log the transaction details (e.g., time, amount, vehicle type).

6. Gate Operation
1. Open the gate if:
o Payment is completed.
o The operator manually approves the payment.
2. Close the gate after the vehicle passes:
o Use a motion sensor or timer to detect the vehicle departure.

7. Exception Handling
1. If payment is incomplete or the vehicle is unregistered:
o Block the gate.
o Notify the operator for manual intervention.
2. If weight sensors fail or data is inconsistent:
o Alert the operator for manual vehicle classification.

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8. Exit and Gate Closure

1. Confirm vehicle departure using motion sensors.
2. Automatically close the gate after the vehicle exits the toll lane.

Enhancements:
1. Automatic Ticket Dispensing: If prepayment or ticket-based systems are used, dispense a ticket upon
entry for manual collection at the exit point.
2. Mobile App Integration: Allow vehicles to pay tolls in advance via a mobile app, using the transaction
ID at the toll gate for verification.
3. Prepaid Toll Lanes: Implement separate lanes for prepaid toll users where the system deducts tolls based
on a unique ID entered manually.
4. Dynamic Pricing: Adjust tolls dynamically based on traffic flow or time of day.
This algorithm offers an efficient and simple approach to manage tolls in the absence of RFID and camera-
based systems, relying on basic detection mechanisms and manual or semi-automated payment methods.

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Chapter 3
IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Code snippets

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
int cm = 0;

long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin) {

digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);
return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
}

void setup() {
myservo.attach(9);
myservo.write(0); // Initialize servo position
pinMode(6, OUTPUT); // Ultrasonic Trigger
pinMode(7, INPUT); // Ultrasonic Echo
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
cm = 0.01723 * readUltrasonicDistance(6, 7);

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if (cm > 0 && cm < 30) { // Check valid reading and range
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.println(" cm");

for (pos = 0; pos <= 120; pos += 1) {

myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
delay(500);

for (pos = 120; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) {

myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
delay(5000); // Delay after closing the gate
}
}

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 Automatic toll gate system

3.2 Circuit diagram

FIGURE 5: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 Automatic toll gate system

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS
The implementation of the Automatic Toll Gate System successfully demonstrates the following
outcomes:

1. Vehicle Detection:
o Vehicles are reliably detected using IR sensors at the entry and exit points of the toll gate.
o The system triggers appropriate actions (e.g., toll calculation, gate operation) upon detection.

2. Vehicle Classification:
o Weight sensors or pressure plates effectively classify vehicles as "light" or "heavy."
o The toll amount is calculated based on the weight of the vehicle, with predefined rates for different
categories.

3. Payment Simulation:
o The toll collection process is simulated using a push button to confirm manual payment.
o The system waits for payment confirmation before proceeding with gate operation.

4. Gate Operation:
o A servo motor successfully opens the gate once the toll is paid.
o After the vehicle exits, the gate automatically closes, ensuring smooth traffic flow.

5. Feedback and Notifications:

o LCD displays provide clear instructions to users, showing the toll amount and system status.
o A buzzer alerts users in case of payment delays or system errors.

Discussion
Advantages
1. Cost-Effectiveness:
o By eliminating RFID and camera systems, the setup significantly reduces costs, making it suitable for
low-budget installations.

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 Automatic toll gate system

2. Simplicity:
o The design is straightforward, utilizing commonly available components like IR sensors, load cells, and
servo motors.
o This simplicity ensures easy implementation and maintenance.

3. Basic Automation:
o The system automates the core functions of vehicle detection, classification, and gate operation, reducing
the need for human intervention.

4. Scalability:
o Additional sensors or payment methods (e.g., QR codes, contactless cards) can be integrated to enhance
the system.

Limitations
1. Manual Payment Dependency:
o The reliance on manual payment (simulated by a button) introduces delays and reduces the efficiency of
the system compared to fully automated toll booths.

2. Limited Vehicle Identification:

o The system lacks the ability to identify individual vehicles, making it susceptible to toll evasion or misuse.

3. Environmental Sensitivity:
o IR sensors can be affected by environmental factors such as rain, dust, or direct sunlight, which may result
in inaccurate vehicle detection.

4. Limited Classification Parameters:

o The vehicle classification is based solely on weight, which may not always align with the type of vehicle
(e.g., some light vehicles may be misclassified as heavy due to payload).

5. Data Management:
o The system lacks data storage or real-time logging capabilities, which limits its ability to track vehicle
transactions or generate reports.

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 Automatic toll gate system

Future Improvements
1. Automated Payment Options:
o Integrate payment systems like QR code scanners, contactless payment readers, or mobile wallet
compatibility to streamline the toll collection process.

2. Enhanced Detection:
o Use ultrasonic sensors or LIDAR for more accurate vehicle detection under varying environmental
conditions.

3. Real-Time Data Logging:

o Include cloud connectivity using modules like ESP8266 or GSM to log toll transactions for auditing and
analysis.

4. Vehicle Identification:
o Introduce a barcode or unique ticket system at entry, allowing vehicles to pay tolls at the exit while linking
payments to specific vehicles.

5. Dynamic Pricing Models:

o Implement congestion-based or time-dependent toll rates to improve traffic management and optimize
revenue.
The designed Automatic Toll Gate System achieves its primary objectives of vehicle detection,
classification, toll collection, and gate operation. While it is a cost-effective solution for basic toll gate
automation, future enhancements can improve its accuracy, efficiency, and scalability, making it suitable
for a wider range of applications.

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 Automatic toll gate system

FIGURE 6: AUTOMATIC TOLLGATE SYSTEM

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 Automatic toll gate system

Chapter 5
AIM AND SCOPE

AIM
To design and implement a cost-effective and reliable Automatic Toll Gate System that automates
vehicle detection, classification, toll calculation, and gate operation using simple sensors (IR and weight
sensors) without relying on RFID or camera-based technologies.

SCOPE
1. Automation of Toll Collection:
o Streamline toll collection by automating the process of detecting vehicles, classifying them based on
weight or other physical parameters, and calculating toll amounts dynamically.

2. Cost-Effective Solution:
o Provide an affordable alternative to RFID or camera-based toll systems, making it suitable for small-scale
toll booths or rural setups with limited budgets.

3. Ease of Implementation:
o Use readily available and simple hardware components (e.g., IR sensors, pressure plates, weight sensors,
servo motors) for easy installation and maintenance.

4. Real-Time Feedback:
o Display toll information and transaction status to drivers in real time via an LCD or LED display.

5. Traffic Flow Optimization:

o Automate gate operation to reduce human intervention, minimize delays, and ensure smooth traffic flow
through toll booths.

6. Vehicle Classification:
o Classify vehicles based on their weight or other physical characteristics, enabling appropriate toll charges
for different vehicle categories (e.g., light vehicles, heavy vehicles).

7. Error Handling and Alerts:

o Incorporate mechanisms to alert operators in case of payment issues, sensor malfunctions, or unauthorized
vehicle passage.

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 Automatic toll gate system

8. Manual Payment Integration:

o Allow flexibility for manual payment methods such as cash or card for users without prepayment systems,
making it versatile for various user demographics.

9. Scalability:
o Provide a foundation for future upgrades, such as integration with mobile apps, QR code payment systems,
or data logging for audit and analysis.

10. Eco-Friendly Operation:

o Reduce paper-based processes by eliminating the need for physical toll tickets, contributing to
environmental sustainability.

Applications
1. Small Toll Booths:
Ideal for toll booths on local or less busy roads where traffic volume does not justify the investment in
high-tech systems.

2. Temporary Toll Stations:

Useful for toll collection at temporary or seasonal locations, such as event parking or fairgrounds.

3. Rural Areas:
Suitable for rural areas where budget constraints or infrastructure limitations make high-end systems
impractical.

4. Parking Lots and Gated Communities:

Can be adapted for automated access control in parking lots, residential gated communities, or industrial
zones.
This system addresses the need for a simplified, efficient, and budget-friendly toll collection solution,
making it practical for diverse use cases while paving the way for future enhancements.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

The Automatic Toll Gate System Without RFID and Cameras is a practical, cost-effective solution
that automates the toll collection process using simple yet efficient technologies like IR sensors, weight
sensors, and servo motors. By eliminating the need for advanced technologies such as RFID and cameras,
this system reduces installation and operational costs, making it particularly suitable for small-scale toll
booths, rural areas, and low-traffic roads.
The system achieves its primary objectives of vehicle detection, classification, toll calculation, payment
simulation, and gate operation. It enhances traffic flow by minimizing human intervention and reducing
waiting times. The integration of real-time feedback mechanisms, such as LCD displays and buzzer alerts,
ensures user convenience and system reliability.
However, the system has certain limitations, such as dependency on manual payment methods and a lack
of advanced vehicle identification capabilities. These limitations can be addressed through future
enhancements, including the integration of QR code payment systems, mobile app support, and real-time
data logging.
Overall, the system provides a robust foundation for automating toll operations in budget-constrained
settings. It serves as a stepping stone for more sophisticated systems while fulfilling the immediate need
for efficient and accessible toll management.

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REFERENCES

[1] C.R. Kumar, B. Vijayalakshmi, C. Ramesh, C. Pandian, “Vehicle Theft Alarm and Tracking The
Location Using RFID & GPS”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com ISO Certified Journal 2013, pp. 525528.
[2] Sanchit Agarwal, Shachi Gupta, Nidheesh Sharma, “Electronic Toll Collection System Using Barcode
Laser Technology”, International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science
(IJETTCS), Vol 3, 2014
[3] D. Kiranmayi, “Vehicle Monitoring System Using RFID”, DuruguKiranmayi / (IJCSIT) International
Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 7 (3), 2016, pp. 1444-1447
[4] R. Karthikayeni1, P. KeerthikaBala2, K. Vignesh, “toll plaza payment using QR code”, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2018.
[5] Aishwarya Agarwal, “Automatic License Plate Recognition using Raspberry Pi,” IEEE International
Interdisciplinary Conference on Science Technology Engineering Management Singapore, 22nd, 23rd
April 2017.
[6] Persad, Khali, C. Michael Walton, and Shahriyar Hussain. Toll Collection Technology and Best
Practices. No. Product 0-5217-P1. 2007.
[7] Li, Shuguang, et al. "Video-based traffic data collection system for multiple vehicle types." IET
Intelligent Transport Systems 8.2 (2013): 164-174.

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