Unit 1: Parallel & Perpendicular Lines & Planes

Postulate 2.1 Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
Postulate 2.2 Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 2.3 A line contains at least two points.
Postulate 2.4 A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
Postulate 2.5 If two points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those points
lies in the plane.
Postulate 2.6 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point.
Postulate 2.7 If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Segment Addition If A, B, and C are collinear, then point B is between A and C if and only
Postulate (2.9) if AB + BC = AC.
Angle Addition Postulate D is in the interior of ∠ABC if and only if
(2.11) m∠ABD + m∠DBC = m∠ABC.
Midpoint Theorem If M is the midpoint of AB, then AM ≅ MB.
(2.1)
Congruent Supplements Angles supplementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are
Theorem (2.6) congruent.
Congruent Complements Angles complementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are
Theorem (2.7) congruent.
Vertical Angle Theorem If two angles are vertical angles, then they are congruent.
(2.8)
Corresponding Angles Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if corresponding
Biconditional angles are congruent.
(Postulates 3.1/3.4)
AIA Biconditional Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if alternate
(Theorems 3.1/3.5) interior angles are congruent.
CIA (SSI) Biconditional Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if consecutive
(Theorems 3.2/3.6) interior angles are supplementary.
AEA Biconditional Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if alternate
(Theorems 3.3/3.7) exterior angles are congruent.
PerpendicularTransversal In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are
(Theorems 3.4/3.8) parallel.
Slopes of Parallel Lines Two nonvertical lines have the same slope if and only if they are
(Postulate 3.2) parallel. All vertical lines are parallel.
Slopes of Perpendicular Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of
Lines (Postulate 3.3) their slopes is – 1. Vertical and horizontal lines are perpendicular.

Properties
Addition/Subtraction If a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d and a – c = b – d.
Property
Multiplication/ Division ! !
If a = b and c ≠ 0, then ! = !
and ac = bc.
Property
If a = b, then either a or b may be substituted for the other in any
Substitution Property equation/inequality.

Reflexive Property DE ≅ DE
∠D ≅ ∠D

Transitive Property If DE ≅ FG and FG ≅ JK, then DE ≅ JK .

If ∠D ≅ ∠E and ∠E ≅ ∠F, then ∠D ≅ ∠F.
 Unit 2: Triangle Relationships & Congruence
Triangle Sum Theorem The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
(4.1)
• Complementary Corollary 4.1: The acute angles of a right
Corollaries triangle are complementary.
• One Right/Obtuse Corollary 4.2: There can be at most one
right or obtuse angle in a triangle.
Exterior Angle Theorem The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
(4.2) measures of the two remote interior angles.
Third Angle Theorem If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of a second
(4.3) triangle, then the third angles are congruent.
SSS Postulate (4.1) If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
SAS Postulate (4.2) If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two
sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
ASA Postulate (4.3) If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two
angles and the included side of anther triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
AAS Theorem (4.5) If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding two angles and side of a second triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
HL Theorem (4.9/4.10) If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
hypotenuse and leg of a second right triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.
ITB Isosceles Triangle Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if the angles opposite
Biconditional (4.10/4.11) those sides are congruent.

Corollaries • Equilateral Corollary 4.3: A triangle is equilateral if

and only if it is equiangular.
• 60° Angle Corollary 4.4: Each angle of an equilateral
triangle measures 60 degrees.
Perpendicular Bisector A point is on the perpendicular bisector of a segment if and only if it is
Biconditional (5.1/5.2) equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
Circumcenter Theorem The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called the
(5.3) circumcenter that is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle.
Angle Bisector A point is on the bisector of an angle if and only if it is equidistant
Biconditional (5.4/5.5) from the sides of the angle.
Incenter Theorem (5.6) The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called the incenter
that is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
Centroid Theorem (5.7) The medians of a triangle intersect at a point called the centroid that is
two thirds of the distance from each vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side.
Exterior Angle Inequality The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the
Theorem (5.8) measure of either of its corresponding remote interior angles.
Angle-Side Biconditional One side of a triangle is longer than another side if and only if the
(5.9/5.10) angle opposite the longer side has a greater measure than the angle
opposite the shorter side.
Triangle Inequality The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater
Theorem (5.11) than the length of the third side.
 Unit 3: Quadrilaterals
Polygon Interior Angles The sum of the interior angle measures of an n-sided
Sum Theorem (6.1) polygon is (𝑛 − 2) ⋅ 180.
Polygon Exterior Angles The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a convex
Sum Theorem (6.2) polygon, one angle at each vertex, is 360.
Opposite Sides of ∥-gram A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if both pairs
Biconditional (6.3/6.9) of opposite sides are congruent.
Opp Angles of ∥-gram A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if both pairs
Biconditional (6.4/6.10) of opposite angles are congruent.
Consecutive Angles of If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its consecutive
Parallelogram Thm (6.5) angles are supplementary.
One Right Angle of If a parallelogram has one right angle, then it has four right
Parallelogram Thm (6.6) angles.
Diagonals of ∥-gram A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if its
Biconditional (6.7/6.11) diagonals bisect each other.
One Diagonal of If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then each diagonal
Parallelogram Thm (6.8) separates the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
One Pair of Opposite If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is both
Sides Theorem (6.12) parallel and congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Diagonals of Rectangles A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its diagonals
Biconditional (6.13/6.14) are congruent.
Diagonals of Rhombus A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if its diagonals
Biconditional (6.15/6.17) are perpendicular.
Diagonals of Rhombus A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if each diagonal
Biconditional (6.16/6.18) bisects a pair of opposite angles.
Consecutive Sides of If one pair of consecutive sides of a parallelogram are
Parallelogram Thm congruent, then the parallelogram is a rhombus.
(6.19)
Square Theorem (6.20) If a quadrilateral is both a rhombus and a rectangle, then it
is a square.
Isosceles Trapezoid A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if one pair of base
Biconditional (6.21/6.22) angles is congruent.
Diagonals of Isosceles A trapezoid is isosceles if and only if its diagonals are
Trapezoid Biconditional congruent.
(6.23)
Trapezoid Midsegment The midsegment of a trapezoid is parallel to each base and
Theorem (6.24) its measure is one half the sum of the lengths of the bases.

Kite Diagonal Thm If a quadrilateral is a kite, then its diagonals are

(6.25) perpendicular.

Kite Opposite Angles If a quadrilateral is a kite, then exactly one pair of opposite
Theorem (6.26) angles is congruent.
 Unit 4: Similarity
Perimeter of Similar If two polygons are similar, then their perimeters are
Polygons Theorem (7.1) proportional to the scale factor.
AA Similarity Postulate If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
(7.1) another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
SSS Similarity Theorem If the corresponding side lengths of two triangles are
(7.2) proportional, then the triangles are similar.
SAS Similarity Theorem If the lengths of two sides of one triangle are proportional
(7.2) to the lengths of two corresponding sides of another
triangle and the included angles are congruent, then the
triangles are similar.
Triangle Proportionality A line is parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the
Biconditional (7.5/7.6) other two sides if and only if it divides the sides into
segments of proportional length.
Triangle Midsegment A midsegment of a triangle is parallel to one side of the
Theorem (7.7) triangle, and its length is one half the length of that side.
Proportional Parts of || If three or more parallel lines intersect two transversals,
lines Corollary (7.1) then they cut off the transversals proportionally.
Congruent Parts of || If three or more parallel lines cut off congruent segments
Lines Corollary (7.2) on one transversal, then they cut off congruent segments on
every transversal.
Corresponding Altitudes If two triangles are similar, the lengths of corresponding
Theorem (7.8) altitudes are proportional to the lengths of corresponding
sides.
Corresponding Angle If two triangles are similar, the lengths of corresponding
Bisectors Theorem (7.9) angle bisectors are proportional to the lengths of
corresponding sides.
Corresponding Median If two triangles are similar, the lengths of corresponding
Theorem (7.10) medians are proportional to the lengths of corresponding
sides.
Triangle Angle Bisector An angle bisector in a triangle separates the opposite side
Theorem (7.11) into two segments that are proportional to the lengths of the
other two sides.
Right Triangle If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle,
Similarity Theorem (8.1) then the two triangles formed are similar to the original
triangle and to each other.
Geometric Mean The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
(Altitude) Theorem (8.2) separates the hypotenuse into two segments. The length of
this altitude is the geometric mean between the lengths of
these two segments.
Geometric Mean (Leg) The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
Theorem (8.3) separates the hypotenuse into two segments. The length of
a leg of this triangle is the geometric mean between the
length the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse
adjacent to that leg.
 Unit 5: Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem The sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of
Biconditional (8.4/8.5) the length of the hypotenuse if and only if the triangle is a right triangle.
𝑎! + 𝑏 ! = 𝑐 ! ,where a and b are legs of a right triangle and c is the
hypotenuse.
Acute Pythagorean If the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is less than the
Inequality Theorem sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle
(8.6) is an acute triangle.
Obtuse Pythagorean If the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is greater than
Inequality Theorem the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, then the
(8.7) triangle is an obtuse triangle.
Isosceles Right Triangle In an isosceles right triangle (45°- 45°- 90°), the legs are congruent and
Theorem (8.8) the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the length of a leg.
30°- 60°- 90° Triangle In a 30°- 60°- 90° triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the
Theorem (8.9) length of the shorter leg, and the length of the longer leg is 3 times the
length of the shorter leg.
Law of Sines Theorem If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 has lengths a, b, and c representing the lengths of the sides
(8.10) opposite the angles with measure A, B, and C, then
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Law of Cosines Theorem If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 has lengths a, b, and c representing the lengths of the sides
(8.11) opposite the angles with measure A, B, and C, then
𝑎! = 𝑏 ! + 𝑐 ! − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
Unit 6: Circles
Congruent Central Angle In the same circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if
Biconditional (10.1) and only if their central angles are congruent.
Arc Addition Postulate The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the
(10.1) measure of the two arcs.
Congruent Chord In the same circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if
Biconditional (10.2) and only if their corresponding chords are congruent.
Diameter Perpendicular If a diameter (or radius) of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, then it
to Chord Theorem (10.3) bisects the chord and its arc.
Perpendicular Bisector of The perpendicular bisector of a chord is a diameter (or radius) of the
Chord Theorem (10.4) circle.
Chord Equidistant from In the same circle or in congruent circles, two chords are congruent if
Center Biconditional (10.5) and only if they are equidistant from the center.
Inscribed Angle Theorem If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle equals
(10.6) one half the measure of its intercepted arc.
Congruent Inscribed ∠’s If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc or congruent
Thm (10.7) arcs, then the angles are congruent.
Inscribed Right Angle An inscribed angle of a triangle intercepts a diameter or semicircle if and
Biconditional (10.8) only if the angle is a right angle.
Inscribed Quadrilateral If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are
Theorem (10.9) supplementary.
Tangent to Circle In a plane, a line is tangent to a circle if and only if it is perpendicular to
Biconditional (10.10) a radius drawn to the point of tangency.
Two Tangents to Circle If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then
Theorem (10.11) they are congruent.
Equation of a Circle The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at (h, k) and
radius r is 𝑥 − ℎ ! + 𝑦 − 𝑘 ! = 𝑟 ! .
Arc Length x!
Arc length = !
• 2π r , where x  is the central angle and r is the radius.
360
Circumference C = 2π r = π d , where r is radius and d is diameter.
 Unit 7: Area & Volume
Area of a Parallelogram A = bh, where b is base length and h is height.
Area of a Triangle A = ½bh, where b is base length and h is height.
Area of a Trapezoid A = ½h(b1 + b2), where b1 and b2 are base lengths and h is height.
Area of a Rhombus or Kite A = ½d1d2 where d1 and d2 are diagonal lengths.
Area of a Circle A = 𝜋𝑟 ! , where r is the radius
!
Area of a Sector A = !"# 𝜋𝑟 ! , where x is arc measure and r is radius length.
Area of a Regular Polygon A = ½aP = ½a(ns), where a is apothem length, P is perimeter, n is
number of sides and s is side length.
Surface Area of a Prism The surface area of a prism is the sum of the area of both bases plus the
lateral area. SA = 2B + Ph, where B is base area, P is perimeter and h
is height.
Surface Area of a Cylinder The surface area of a cylinder is the sum of the area of both bases plus
the lateral area. SA = 2B + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ, where B is base area, r is radius
length and h is height.
Surface Area of a Pyramid The surface area of a pyramid is the sum of the area of the base plus
the lateral area. SA = B + ½ Pl, where B is base area, P is perimeter
and l is slant height.
Surface Area of a Cone The surface area of a cone is the sum of the area of the base plus the
lateral area. SA = B + 𝜋𝑟𝑙, where B is base area, r is radius length and l
is slant height.
Volumes of Prisms and V = Bh, where B is base area and h is height.
Cylinders
Volume of Pyramids and !
V = !Bh, where B is base area and h is height.
Cones
Surface Area of Sphere The surface area of a sphere is 4 times the area of the great circle.
SA = 4 𝜋𝑟 ! , where r is radius length.
Volume of Sphere !
V = ! 𝜋𝑟 ! , where r is radius length.
Theorem 12.1 If two similar solids have a scale factor of a:b, then:
Ratios of Similar Solids • the surface areas have a ratio a2:b2
• the volumes have a ratio of a3:b3

Unit 8: Transformations
Composition of Isometry Thm (9.1) The composition of two (or more) isometries is an isometry.
Reflections in Parallel The composition of two reflections in parallel lines can be described by
Lines Theorem (9.2) a translation vector that is
• perpendicular to the two lines, and
• twice the distance between the two lines.
Reflections in Intersecting The composition of two reflections in intersecting lines can be
Lines Theorem (9.3) described by a rotation
• about the point where the lines intersect, and
• through an angle that is twice the measure of the acute or right
angle formed by the lines.