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Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 78

Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Vikrant Bhateja
Swagatam Das Editors

Smart Computing
and Informatics
Proceedings of the First International
Conference on SCI 2016, Volume 2

123
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 78

Series editors
Robert James Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-sea, UK
e-mail: [email protected]

Lakhmi C. Jain, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia;

Bournemouth University, UK;
KES International, UK
e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
About this Series

The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the
topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the
series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of
single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest
results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research
combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought.
The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and
intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge
and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world problems in
industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses on the
knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies employed to make
this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent systems tools and a broad
range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science,
technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference
proceedings, edited collections, monographs, handbooks, reference books, and
other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart
systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions.
High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the
series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that
contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere
to KES quality principles.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767

Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Vikrant Bhateja Swagatam Das
•

Editors

Smart Computing
and Informatics
Proceedings of the First International
Conference on SCI 2016, Volume 2

123
Editors
Suresh Chandra Satapathy Swagatam Das
Department of Computer Science Electronics and Communication Sciences
Engineering Unit
PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology Indian Statistical Institute
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Kolkata, West Bengal
India India

Vikrant Bhateja
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Group
of Professional Colleges
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic)

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
ISBN 978-981-10-5546-1 ISBN 978-981-10-5547-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5547-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945691

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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Preface

The 1st International Conference on Smart Computing and Informatics (SCI) was
organized successfully with the excellent support of Department of CSE, ANITS,
Visakhapatnam, during March 3–4, 2017. The aim of this international conference
was to present a unified platform for advanced and multidisciplinary research
towards design of smart computing and information systems. The theme was on a
broader front focused on various innovation paradigms in system knowledge,
intelligence, and sustainability that is applied to provide realistic solution to varied
problems in society, environment, and industries. The scope was also extended
towards deployment of emerging computational and knowledge transfer approaches,
optimizing solutions in varied disciplines of science, technology, and healthcare.
The conference received many high-quality submissions in direct track and special
session tracks. After stringent quality check and review process only good papers
were accepted with an acceptance ratio of 0.38. Several eminent researchers and
academicians delivered talks addressing the participants in their respective field of
proficiency. Professor Ganapati Panda, IIT Bhubaneswar; Dr. R. Logeswaran,
Malaysia; Dr. C. Krishna Mohan, IIT Hyderabad; Dr. P.S. Grover, KIIT, Group of
Colleges, Gurgaon; Dr. A.K. Nayak, Hon. Secretary, Computer Society of India,
Director, Indian Institute of Business Management, Patna; Dr. Arunkumar
Thangavelu, VIT Vellore; Dr. Ramchandra V. Pujeri, Director, MIT College of
Engineering Pune; Dr. Nilanjan Dey, TICT Kolkota; and Dr. Prashant Kumar
Pattnaik, KIIT Bhubaneswar were the eminent speakers and guests on the
occasion.
We would like to express our appreciation to the members of the Program
Committee for their support and cooperation in this publication. We are also
thankful to the team from Springer for providing a meticulous service for the timely
production of this volume. Our heartfelt thanks to Chairman, ANITS, for the
support provided. Special thanks to all guests who have honored us with their
presence in the inaugural day of the conference. Our thanks are due to all special
session chairs, track managers and reviewers for their excellent support. Profound
thanks to Organizing Chair Prof. Pritee Parweker, ANITS, Visakhapatnam for
marvelous support. Sincere thanks to Honorary Chair, Dr. Lakhmi Jain, Australia,

v
vi Preface

for his valuable inputs and support during the conference. Last, but certainly not
least, our special thanks go to all the authors who submitted papers and all the
attendees for their contributions and fruitful discussions that made this conference a
great success.

Vijayawada, India Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Lucknow, India Vikrant Bhateja
Kolkata, India Swagatam Das
March 2017
Organizing Committee

Special Session Chairs

Dr. M. Bhanu Sridhar, GVP College of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam,

AP, India
Dr. D.N.D. Harini, GVP College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Dr. Tusar Kanti Mishra, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Prof. (Dr.) R. Sireesha, Professor, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Prof. (Dr.) R. Sivaranjani, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
Dr. Hari Mohan Pandey, Amity University, Delhi, India
Ankit Chaudhary, Truman State University, USA
Yudong Zhang, Nanjing Normal University, China, Research Scientist, MRI Unit,
Columbia University, USA
Tanupriya Choudhury, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Praveen Kumar, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Sai Sabitha, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Dr. Suma V., Dean, Research and Industry Incubation Centre, Dayananda Sagar
College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

International Advisory Committee/Program Committee

S.K. Udgata, UoH, Hyderabad, India

C.A. Murthy, ISI Calcutta, Kolkata, India
M.K. Tiwari, IIT Kharagpur, India
C. Chandra Sekhar, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
Suresh Sundaram, NTU, Singapore
Lipo Wang, NTU, Singapore
Amit Mitra, IIT Kanpur, India
Aruna Tiwari, IIT Indore, India

vii
viii Organizing Committee

D. Nagesh Kumar, IISc, Bangalore, India

V. Sushila Devi, IISc, Bangalore, India
C. Hota, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad, India
Chilukuri Mohan, Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA
Debjani Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur, India
P.K. Kalra, IIT Kanpur, India
Vasant Pandian, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Oscar Castillo, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Chula Vista CA, USA
Indranil Bose, IIM Calcutta, Kolkata, India
S. Bapi Raju, IIIT Hyderabad, India
Brijesh Verma, CQ University, Brisbane, Australia
C.R. Rao, UOHYD, Hyderabad, India
B.L. Deekshatulu, IDRBT, Hyderabad, India
Arun Agarwal, UOHYD, Hyderabad, India
Arnab Laha, IIM, Ahmedabad, India
Biplav Srivastava, IBM Research, New Delhi, India
B.K. Mohanty, IIM, Lucknow, India
M. Janga Reddy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
M.C. Deo, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Pankaj Dutta, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Usha Anantha Kumar, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Faiz Hamid, IIT Kanpur, India
S. Chakraverty, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela
H. Fujita, Iwate Prefectural University, Iwate, Japan
Dries Benoit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
S.A. Arul, Philips Electronics Singapore, Singapore
Pawan Lingars, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Canada
Amuelson Hong, Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Zhihua Cui, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
Balasubramaniam Jayaram, IIT Hyderabad, India
K. Saman Halgamuge, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Nischal Verma, IIT Kanpur, India
Laxmidhar Behera, IIT Kanpur, India
Prof. Yao Chu Jin, University of Surrey, Guildford, England
Vineeth Balasubramian, IIT Hyderabad, India
Atul Negi, Professor, University of Hyderabad, India
M. Naresh Kumar, NRSC, Hyderabad, India
Maurice Clerc, Franch Roderich Gross, England
Dr. Syed Basha, India
Kalyanmoy Deb, IIT Kanpur, India
Saman Halgamuge, Australia
Jeng-Shyang Pan, Talwan
Peng Shi, UK
Javier Del Ser, Spain
Leandro Dos Santos Coelho, Brazil
Organizing Committee ix

S. Pattanaik, India
Gerardo Beni, USA
K. Parsopoulos, Greece
Lingfeng Wang, China
Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Athens
Pei-Chann Chang, Taiwan
Chilukuri K. Mohan, USA
Saeid Nahavandi, Australia
Abbas Khosravi, Australia
Almoataz Youssef Abdelaziz, Egypt
K.T. Chaturvedi, India
M.K. Tiwari, India
Yuhui Shi, China
Dipankar Dasgupta, USA
Lakhmi Jain, Australia
X.Z. Gao, Finland
Juan Luis Fernandez Martinez, Spain
Oscar Castillo, Mexico
Heitor Silverio Lopes, Brazil
S.K. Udgata, India
Namrata Khemka, USA
G.K. Venayagamoorty, USA
Zong Woo Geem, USA
Ying Tan, China
S.G. Ponnambalam, Malaysia
Halina Kwasnicka, Poland
M.A. Abido, Saudi Arabia
Richa Singh, India
Manjaree Pandit, India
Hai Bin Duan, China
Delin Luo, China
V. Ravi, India
S. Basker, India
M. Rammohan, South Korea
Munesh Chandra Trivedi, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India
Alok Aggarwal, Professor and Director, JP Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Meerut, India
Dilip Kumar Sharma, Institute of Engineering and Technology, GLA University,
Mathura, India
K. Srujan Raju, CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad, India
B.N. Biswal, BEC, Bhubaneswar, India
Sanjay Sengupta, CSIR, New Delhi, India
Naeem Hanoon, Malaysia
Cirag Arora, India
Steven Fernades, India
x Organizing Committee

Kailash C. Patidar, South Africa

K. Srujan Raju, CMR Group, Hyderabad
Ramakrishna Murthy, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India
Ch. Suresh, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India
S. Mishra, ANITS, Visakhapatnam, India
Prof. Chintan Bhatt, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
V. Suma, Bangalore, India
Srinivas Sethi, IGIT, Odisha, India
H. Behera, Sambalpur, India
Sachi Dehuri, Balasore, India
Siressha Rodda, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, India
Lalitha Bhaskari, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
J.V.R. Murthy, JNTU Kakinada, India
A. Govardhan, JNTU Hyderabad, India
Kuda Nageswar Rao, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
P. Sanjeevi Kumar, India
Suresh Limkar, Pune, India
Suberna Kumar, MVGR, Vizayanagaram, India
B. Tirumala Rao, JNTU Vizayanagaram, India
Dr. Debabrata Samanta, Dayananda Sagar College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Bangalore, India
Dr. Divakar Yadav, Associate Professor, MMMUT, Gorakhpur, India
Dr. Anuja Arora, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
Contents

High Level Verification of I2C Protocol Using System Verilog and

UVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lakshmi Manasa Kappaganthu, Avinash Yadlapati
and Matta Durga Prakash
Pre-informed Level Set for Flower Image Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Syed Inthiyaz, P.V.V. Kishore and B.T.P. Madhav
3D Motion Capture for Indian Sign Language Recognition (SLR) . . . . . 21
E. Kiran Kumar, P.V.V. Kishore, A.S.C.S. Sastry and D. Anil Kumar
SABE: Efficient and Scalable-Filtered Access Control in Distributed
Cloud Data Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
K. Kamakshaiah, K. Venkateswara Rao and M. Subrahmanyam
Automatic X-ray Image Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
C.M.A.K. Zeelan Basha, T. Maruthi Padmaja and G.N. Balaji
TILLAGE DRIP: An Efficient Seed Selection and Conservative
Irrigation with Crop Defective Alert by IOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
D.N.V.S.L.S. Indira, Manti Harshita, Dasari Shree Pranav
and Jasti Poornima Mani Sai
DVR for Identification and Mitigating of Voltage Sags Using
Estimation Technique in Power Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
P. Sasikiran, A. Deekshitha, P.V.V. Kishore and B. Sindhu
Multiband Fractal Slot Antenna with Closed Ground Structure . . . . . . . 75
V. Ugendra, Habibulla Khan, B.T.P. Madhav and Ch. Joshna
Frequency-Selective Surface-Based Wideband High-Gain Antenna . . . . 85
Ch. Joshna, T.V. Ramakrishna, B.T.P. Madhav and V. Ugendra

xi
xii Contents

Evaluating the Progressive Performance of Machine Learning

Techniques on E-commerce Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Bindu Madhuri Cheekati and Sai Varun Padala
Analysis of Variant Approaches for Initial Centroid Selection in
K-Means Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
N. Sandhya and M. Raja Sekar
Experimental Investigation on Navigation of Mobile Robot Using Ant
Colony Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A. Mallikarjuna Rao, K. Ramji and B.S.K. Sundara Siva Rao
Iterative Sorting-Based Non-dominated Sorting Algorithm for
Bi-objective Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Vikas Palakonda and Rammohan Mallipeddi
Harmonic and Contra-Harmonic Mean-Centric JPEG Compression
for an Objective Image Quality Enhancement of Noisy Images . . . . . . . 143
G. Srinivas, P. Naga Srinivasu, T. Srinivas Rao and Ch. Ramesh
Design of Narrow-Band Bandpass Filter with Extended Stopband
Using Open-Loop Triangular Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Yatindra Gaurav and R.K. Chauhan
Series Fed Patch Antenna Array with CSRR Inspired Ground Plane. . . . 161
Chirag Arora, Shyam S. Pattnaik and R.N. Baral
Design of Dual-Band BPF Using Interdigital Structure Loaded
Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Arvind Kumar Pandey and R.K. Chauhan
Characterization and Control Strategies of a Magnetic Levitation
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Maher Alwajih and Shabana Urooj
Power Energy Management for Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable
Energy System in Yemen Using Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Adel Rawea and Shabana Urooj
Classification of Mammograms Using Sigmoidal Transformation and
SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Vikrant Bhateja, Ananya Tiwari and Aman Gautam
An Approach for the Preprocessing of EMG Signals Using Canonical
Correlation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Deeksha Anand, Vikrant Bhateja, Ashita Srivastava
and Deepak Kumar Tiwari
Contents xiii

Big Data Analytics and Security: A Big Choice and Challenge for the
Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Gebremichael Girmay and D. Lalitha Bhaskari
A Prototype for Image Tamper Detection with Self-generated
Verification Code Using Gödelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
P. Raja Mani and D. Lalitha Bhaskari
Suspicious URLs Filtering Using Optimal RT-PFL: A Novel Feature
Selection Based Web URL Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Kotoju Rajitha and Doddapaneni Vijayalakshmi
A Decision Tree Approach to Identify the Factors Affecting Reliability
for Component-Based System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Rajni Sehgal, Deepti Mehrotra and Manju Bala
A Novel Differential Evolution Test Case Optimisation (DETCO)
Technique for Branch Coverage Fault Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Vibhor Gupta, Avneet Singh, Kapil Sharma and Himanshu Mittal
Comparative Analysis of Authentication and Access Control Protocols
Against Malicious Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Vikas Mittal, Sunil Gupta and Tanupriya Choudhury
Blockchain—Technology to Drive the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Shweta Bhardwaj and Manish Kaushik
Unified Payment Interface—A Way Ahead for Demonetization
in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Shweta Bhardwaj and Manish Kaushik
Evolutionary Algorithm Based Faults Optimization of Multi-modular
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Rana Majumdar, P.K. Kapur, Sunil K. Khatri and A.K. Shrivastava
Chip-Based Key Distribution Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
K. Naveen Kumar and Manisha J. Nene
An Efficient Way to Find Frequent Patterns Using Graph Mining and
Network Analysis Techniques on United States Airports Network . . . . . 301
Anant Joshi, Abhay Bansal, A. Sai Sabitha and Tanupriya Choudhury
Terrorist Attacks Analysis Using Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Pranjal Gupta, A. Sai Sabitha, Tanupriya Choudhury and Abhay Bansal
A Review on VANET Routing Protocols and Wireless Standards . . . . . 329
Gagan Deep Singh, Ravi Tomar, Hanumat G. Sastry and Manish Prateek
Mechanical CAD Parts Recognition for Industrial Automation . . . . . . . 341
Jain Tushar, Meenu and H.K. Sardana
xiv Contents

Classifiers for the Detection of Skin Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Ginni Arora, Ashwani Kumar Dubey and Zainul Abdin Jaffery
Comparison and Analysis of Information Retrieval DFR Models . . . . . . 361
Parul Kalra, Deepti Mehrotra and Abdul Wahid
An Extensive Review on Verbal-Guided Image Parsing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Pankhuri Agrawal, Tanupriya Choudhury, Praveen Kumar and Gaurav Raj
Analysis of External Content Plagiarism Using Character Swarm
Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Sudeshna Chakraborty, Vivek Kumar and Tanupriya Choudhury
A Data Flow Pipeline and Logical View for Enterprise Big Data
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Pooja Pant, Praveen Kumar and Seema Rawat
A SIR Epidemic Model with Primary Immunodeficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Elizabeth Sebastian and Priyanka Victor
American Sign Language Character Recognition Using Convolution
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Sarfaraz Masood, Harish Chandra Thuwal and Adhyan Srivastava
Analysis of Classical and Quantum Computing Based on Grover and
Shor Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Gaurav Raj, Dheerendra Singh and Abhishek Madaan
A Mathematical Model on Deforestation Due to Human
Population and Its Effect on Farm Fields: Role of Technology in Its
Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Elizabeth Sebastian and Preethi Victor
An Approach to Analyze Cyberpsycho Attacks Enabled Using
Persuasive Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Prashant Gupta and Manisha J. Nene
An Analytical Survey on Smart Electricity Meter Using GSM . . . . . . . . 441
Shobhit Mendiratta, Mukul Garg, Jitender Singh Jadon and Neha Arora
Testing of Web Services Using Manual Testing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Japneet Singh, Sanjib Kumar Sahu and Amit Prakash Singh
Analysis and Implementation of Business Intelligence Software for
Report Bursting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Sheril Yadav, Aijaz Ul Haq, Seema Rawat and Praveen Kumar
Practical Concepts and Future Implication of IoT: In Perspective of
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Ankita Gupta, Nabeel Zaidi, Himanshu Kaushik and Praveen Kumar
Contents xv

Analysis of Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Krishna Rawat, Nabeel Zaidi, Praveen Kumar and Tanupriya Choudhury
Systematic Evaluation of Iaas Including Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Nabeel Zaidi, Himanshu Kaushik, Raghav Bansal and Praveen Kumar
An Observation on Social Media Content to Analyze Cyberpsycho
Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Prashant Gupta and Manisha J. Nene
FPGA Implementation of Single-Precision Floating Point
Multiplication with Karatsuba Algorithm Using Vedic
Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
K.V. Gowreesrinivas and P. Samundiswary
On the Reduction of Partial Products Using Wallace
Tree Multiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Ayyagari Sai Ramya, B.S.S.V. Ramesh Babu, K.S.N. Raju, B. Ravi
Chandra, A. Sirisha and E. Srikala
Approaches to Fault Localization in Combinatorial Testing:
A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Rekha Jayaram and R. Krishnan
Software Fault Prediction Using Machine-Learning Techniques . . . . . . . 541
Deepak Sharma and Pravin Chandra
Mathematical Study for Reduction of Variables in Karnaugh Map . . . . 551
Molla Ramizur Rahman
E-learning: Mode to Improve the Quality of Educational System . . . . . . 559
Ananthi Sheshasaayee and M. Nazreen Bee
Exploring Multilateral Cloud Computing Security Architectural
Design Debt in Terms of Technical Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
M. Manoj Kumar and A.N. Nandakumar
Improved Data Hiding Technique Based on Audio and Video
Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Suresh Limkar, Aditya Nemade, Amruta Badgujar and Rupali Kate
Multi-owner Architecture System Using Visual Cryptography and
Watermarking for Secure Ownership in Cloud Environment . . . . . . . . . 589
Suresh Limkar, Rajas N. Bhalerao, Priya D. Shinde and Abhishek B. Raut
Movie Recommender Engine Using Collaborative Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . 599
Howal Sadanand, Desai Vrushali, Nerlekar Rohan, Mote Avadhut,
Vanjari Rushikesh and Rananaware Harshada
xvi Contents

Small Effort to Build Pune as a Smart City: Smart Real-Time Road

Condition Detection and Efficient Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Suresh Limkar, Omkar Rajmane, Aishwarya Bhosale and Vidya Rane
Penetration Testing as a Test Phase in Web Service Testing a Black
Box Pen Testing Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Shivam Mehta, Gaurav Raj and Dheerendra Singh
Analysis of Software Repositories Using Process Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Roohi Arora and Anchal Garg
Predictive Analytics for LAMA and Absconding Behaviour of
Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Roopal Chaudhary, Anchal Garg and Madhulika Bhadauria
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
About the Editors

Suresh Chandra Satapathy is currently working as Professor and Head,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering at PVP Siddhartha Institute of
Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science
and Engineering from JNTU Hyderabad and M.Tech. in CSE from NIT, Rourkela,
Odisha, India. He has 26 years of teaching experience. His research interests
include data mining, machine intelligence and swarm intelligence. He has acted as
program chair of many international conferences and edited 6 volumes of pro-
ceedings from Springer LNCS and AISC series. He is currently guiding 8 scholars
for Ph.D. Dr. Satapathy is also a Senior Member of IEEE.
Vikrant Bhateja is Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering at Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Group of Professional
Colleges (SRMGPC), Lucknow, and also the Head (Academics and Quality
Control) in the same college. His areas of research include digital image and video
processing, computer vision, medical imaging, machine learning, pattern analysis
and recognition, neural networks, soft computing, and bio-inspired computing
techniques. He has more than 90 publications in various international journals and
conference proceedings. Professor Bhateja has been on TPC and chaired various
sessions from the above domain in international conferences of IEEE and Springer.
He has been the track chair and served in the core-technical/editorial teams for
international conferences: FICTA 2014, CSI 2014 and INDIA 2015 under
Springer-ASIC Series and INDIACom-2015, ICACCI-2015 under IEEE. He is
associate editor in International Journal of Convergence Computing (IJConvC) and
also serving in the editorial board of International Journal of Image Mining (IJIM)
under Inderscience Publishers. At present he is guest editor for two special issues
floated in International Journal of Rough Sets and Data Analysis (IJRSDA) and
International Journal of System Dynamics Applications (IJSDA) under IGI Global
publications.
Swagatam Das received the B.E.Tel.E., M.E.Tel.E. (Control Engineering spe-
cialization) and Ph.D. degrees, all from Jadavpur University, India, in 2003, 2005,
and 2009, respectively. Currently, he is serving as Assistant Professor at the

xvii
xviii About the Editors

Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit of Indian Statistical Institute,

Kolkata. His research interests include evolutionary computing, pattern recognition,
multi-agent systems, and wireless communication. Dr. Das has published one
research monograph, one edited volume, and more than 150 research articles in
peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. He is the founding
co-editor-in-chief of “Swarm and Evolutionary Computation”, an international
journal from Elsevier. He serves as associate editor in the IEEE Trans. on Systems,
Man, and Cybernetics: Systems and Information Sciences (Elsevier). He is an
editorial board member of Progress in Artificial Intelligence (Springer),
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, International Journal of Artificial
Intelligence and Soft Computing, and International Journal of Adaptive and
Autonomous Communication Systems. He is the recipient of the 2012 Young
Engineer Award from the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE).
High Level Verification of I2C Protocol
Using System Verilog and UVM

Lakshmi Manasa Kappaganthu, Avinash Yadlapati

and Matta Durga Prakash

Abstract Present-day technology has reached a goal where an entire system can be
implemented on a single chip which is nothing but called system on chip (SOC). It
involves microcontrollers and various peripheral devices with each peripheral
device having its own intellectual property (IP) named as IP cores. Serial com-
munication is established between these IP cores using various protocols like
RS232, RS422 and UART etc. They perform point to point communication which
requires huge wiring connections, multiplexing of all the bus connections to deliver
the information to the IP Cores. To overcome this I2C protocol is developed by
Philips, which is a two line communication. Here only two pins, i.e., SCL and SDA
establish connection between various devices considering one as master and other
as slave (Eswari et al. in Implementation of I2C Master Bus Controller on FPGA,
2013) [1]. These two pins communicate using particular commands like start,
address, read/write, acknowledgement and stop commands. These commands show
a particular format in which data should transfer. Both 7-bit and 10-bit addressing
formats can be used, 10-bit addressing supports more addressing lines, i.e., 1024
compared to 127 addressing lines in 7-bit mode. The advantage in this protocol is it
has low wiring data transfer rate that can be improved using Ultra-Fast mode
(UFm) (Bandopadhyay in Designing with Xilinx FPGAs. Springer, Switzerland,
2017) [2]. Ultra-Fast mode is a unidirectional data transfer mode, i.e., only writing
data to an address can be done. In this paper they perform verification for the design
of an I2C protocol between a master and a slave using system Verilog and UVM in
the tool SimVision.

L.M. Kappaganthu
M.D. Prakash (&)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, K L University,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail: [email protected]
L.M. Kappaganthu
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Yadlapati
CYIENT Ltd, Hydearabad, Telangana, India
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

S.C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Smart Computing and Informatics, Smart Innovation,
Systems and Technologies 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5547-8_1
2 L.M. Kappaganthu et al.

1 Introduction

SDA and SCL are the two bidirectional pins employed for data transfer and clock
generation [3, 4]. In this paper work, they employ a master and a slave between
these pins; perform data transfer for both 7-bit and 10-bit addressing in normal and
Ultra-Fast modes. A particular pattern is used to make this transfer, i.e., start bit,
address bit, r/w bit, acknowledgement bit, data bit, acknowledgment bit, stop bit.
Master and slave act as both transmitter and receiver [5]. In ultrahigh speed mode
only unidirectional transfer occurs, i.e., data can only be written but cannot be
retrieved; it has a data rate of 5 Mbits/s.
I2C has various applications like LCD, LED displays, temperature sensors,
system management bus (SMBUS), real time clocks, power supply controlling,
ADC and DAC, etc. Thus it is best employed for short distance communication
with less wiring and high data rates.

1.1 Overview of the Implementation

Slave is considered as the DUT with Master coding various test cases, i.e., Test
Bench. DUT is coded using behavioral Verilog HDL, Test bench environment is
created in S.V using UVM methodology, is tested for various test cases. S.V is
based on OOPs concepts which make it advantageous to Verilog. Test Bench
environment involves various subparts like transaction, generator, driver, envi-
ronment, test and top. Each part of test bench related to individual blocks is sep-
arately executed and all are finally linked in the top module. Virtual interface is
used for communication between DUT and Test Bench. It is represented in Fig. 1.
Results are simulated in SimVision tool, it is an integrated graphical debugging
environment within Cadence which supports signal and transaction level flows
across the design and the test bench. It is used for simulating for various languages
like VHDL, Verilog, and System Verilog, etc. It is advantageous, i.e., DUT and
Test Bench both can be analyzed anytime during the verification time.

2 Protocol Description

I2C has two pins SDA and SCL, i.e., Serial Data transfer and Serial Clock which are
bidirectional. Devices connected to these pins are Master and Slave, as shown in
Fig. 2.
High Level Verification of I2C Protocol … 3

Fig. 1 System Verilog test bench architecture

Fig. 2 Signal transmission between master and slave using the two pins SCL (serial clock) and
SDA (serial data)

2.1 I2C Signal Description

SDA, Serial Data, acts as both input and output, on this pin our data is transmitted
and received. When Master transmits the data slave receives it and acknowledges,
similarly when slave transmits the data master receives and acknowledges after
proper reception. For this reason it is a bidirectional pin.
SCL, Serial Clock, is generated by the Master; on this pin the clock signal is
transmitted [6]. The signal description is as follows (Table 1).

2.2 I2C Functionality Description

Functionality of Master. It generates the clock pulse. It acts as a transmitter and a

receiver. It acknowledges when it acts as a receiver. When a master also acts as a
slave, its slave address is same as master address [4] (Table 2).

Table 1 Signal description

Signal I/O Description
name
SDA Input and Serial data transfers data in bidirectional format with a speed of
output 100 kbit/s in standard mode
SCL Input and Serial clock is bidirectional, is generated by the master and controls
output the transfer of data
USDA Input UFm serial data is unidirectional, transmits data at a speed of
5 Mbit/s
USCL Input UFm serial clock is unidirectional and is generated by the master
4 L.M. Kappaganthu et al.

Table 2 Functional description of the master

Signal I/O Description
name
Transmitter Input It generates the slave address and in return waits for the
acknowledgment from the slave to transfer data. After ACK is
received it transfers data and the slave generates ACK till it can
accept data
Receiver Output It generates the slave address, after receiving ACK from the slave,
i.e., it is ready to transfer data. Data is accepted by the master which
in return acknowledges to the slave till the extent it can receive data

Functionality of Slave. It acts as a transmitter and a receiver. It acknowledges

whenever it is addressed and when it acts as a receiver. It can perform clock
stretching to hold the SCL line low when it operates at low speed (Table 3).

2.3 I2C Block Diagram Description

Block diagram for the I2C represents the serial flow of data and clock. There is a
particular pattern the protocol follows for transmitting data. Data transmission gets
initiated with a start command ends with a stop command, as in [7].
In standard mode it is represented as (Fig. 3):
S (Start) It represents start command and is generated only by the master. It
occurs when SCL is high and SDA makes a high to low transition.
Slave address It is a 7-bit slave address, which is the address of the slave to which
the corresponding transaction has to be done.
Read/Write If a write action needs to be done, then the SDA bit value to be
assigned ‘0’. If a read action needs to be done SDA bit value will be
assigned ‘1’.
ACK The one which is being addressed needs to acknowledge that it is
ready for data transmission, i.e., write or read by making SDA bit

Table 3 Functional description of the slave

Signal I/O Description
Transmitter Input When the slave address generated by the master matches with the
slave device address. It transfers data to the master, waits for the
ACK signal from the master to transfer next byte When Not ACK
signal is received from master it halts transmission
Receiver Output When the slave address generated by the master matches with the
slave device address. Slave sends an ACK signal and accepts data
from the master. When it cannot handle any more data it sends a not
ACK signal
High Level Verification of I2C Protocol … 5

Fig. 3 Block diagram flow between master and slave with a specific data flow pattern in standard
mode

‘0’. If SDA bit is ‘1’ it means the one addressed is not ready for
transmission, data does not get transmitted.
Wait When the slave is busy, it makes SCL low so that it remains in a
wait state without loss of data until slave gets free.
Data After receiving the acknowledgment signal the one being addressed
transmits 8-bit data to the slave address or reads data from the slave
address based on the condition specified.
ACK/ACK If the one being addressed is ready for another data transmission it
sends an ACK (active low), i.e., ‘0’ else it generates an ACK i.e.,
‘1’.
P (Stop) It represents a stop command and is generated only by the master. It
occurs when SCL is high and SDA makes a high to low transition.
The data transmission with the slave gets terminated when this
command is generated.

In Ultra-Fast mode it is represented [7] as (Fig. 4):

S (Start) It represents start command and is generated only by the master. It
occurs when USCL is high and USDA makes a high to low
transition.
Slave address It is a 7-bit slave address, which is the address of the slave to which
the corresponding transaction has to be done.
Write Only write action can be done in ultra-fast mode, so the USDA bit
value is assigned as ‘0’.
6 L.M. Kappaganthu et al.

Fig. 4 Block diagram representing the data flow between Master and Slave in a specified pattern
in ultra-fast mode

ACK Acknowledgment signal is not present in ultra-fast mode, but to

maintain the compatibility with I2C protocol this bit is reserved. It
is always set high by the master.
Data After receiving the acknowledgment signal the one being addressed
transmits 8-bit data to the slave address or reads data from the slave
address based on the condition specified.
ACK To follow the I2C protocol pattern this bit is set to ‘1’ by the master
by default.
P (Stop) It represents a stop command and is generated only by the master. It
occurs when USCL is high and USDA makes a high to low
transition. The data transmission with the slave gets terminated
when this command is generated.

3 Timing Diagram

It represents basic format of the data flow with various commands. Start command
which starts transmission, slave address to which transmission has to be done, write
mode set to write data, acknowledgement from the slave that it will accept the data,
data is written to particular address, not acknowledgment indicating slave can’t
accept any more data, repeated start to perform read action which is similar to start,
slave address from which data to be read, read mode enabling by setting bit to ‘1’,
acknowledgment from slave that it is free to send data, data read from the particular
High Level Verification of I2C Protocol … 7

Fig. 5 Timing analysis for write and read actions in standard mode

location, not acknowledgment indicating slave is busy, stop command by the

master that transmission is complete, as in [8, 9].
These steps are the minimum required for performing data transmission (Fig. 5).

4 Results

In standard mode and ultra-fast mode the results acquired for 7-bit and 10-bit
addressing are as follows.
Standard mode. In this mode it has 7-bit and 10-bit addressing ways; both write
and read operations are performed, as in [4].
Firstly 7-bit addressing has 128 ways of addressing; here write and read oper-
ations occur as follows (Figs. 6 and 7).
Now in 10-bit addressing it has two addresses, the first 7-bit has a fixed pattern
of 7’b11110xx and the second address is a byte. The last two bits of the first address
and the second byte build up our 10-bit address. Advantage of having 10-bit

Fig. 6 Writing data into the slave using 7-bit addressing in standard mode. (01) Start bit is set,
(02–08) slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘0’ mentioning write action, (0A) acknowledgment bit as
‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (0B–12) data written to slave, (13) acknowledgment from
slave to make repeated start i.e., performing read action from the slave

Fig. 7 Reading data from the slave using 7-bit addressing in standard mode. (01) Start bit is set,
(02–08) slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘1’ mentioning read action, (0A) acknowledgment bit as
‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (0A–11) data read from slave, (12) acknowledgment from
slave to make repeated start
8 L.M. Kappaganthu et al.

addressing is that if it has 1024 address locations instead of just 128 locations where
address collisions may occur, as in [6, 7]. Write and read operations here are as
follows (Figs. 8 and 9).
Ultra-Fast mode. In Ultra-Fast mode only write operation is done as the signals
are unidirectional. ACK has no significance and is controlled by the master to make
it compatible with I2C protocol. Remaining is same as per mentioned in the stan-
dard mode, as in [6, 9].
7-bit and 10-bit write operations occur as follows (Figs. 10 and 11).

Fig. 8 Writing data into the slave using 10-bit addressing in Standard mode. (01) Start bit is set,
(02–08) first part of slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘0’ mentioning write action, (0A)
acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (0B–12) 2nd byte address of the slave,
(13) acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (14–1B) data written to slave,
(1C) acknowledgment from slave to make repeated start i.e., performing read action from the slave

Fig. 9 Reading data from the slave using 10-bit addressing in Standard mode. (01) Start bit is set,
(02–08) first part of slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘0’ mentioning write action, (0A)
acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (0B–12) 2nd byte address of the slave,
(13) acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to send data to the master, (14–1B) data read
from the slave, (1C) acknowledgment from slave to make repeated start

Fig. 10 Writing data into the slave using 7-bit addressing in UFm mode. (01) Start bit is set, (02–
08) slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘0’ mentioning write action, (0A) acknowledgment bit as ‘1’
(ack signal is not required in UFm mode but to retain protocol bit pattern the ack bit is mentioned),
(0B–12) data written to slave, (13) acknowledgment from slave which is always set as high

Fig. 11 Writing data into the slave using 10-bit addressing in UFm mode. (01) Start bit is set,
(02–08) first part of slave address is mentioned, (09) ‘0’ mentioning write action, (0A)
acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (0B–12) 2nd byte address of the slave,
(13) acknowledgment bit as ‘0’ i.e., slave is ready to accept data, (14–1B) data written to slave,
(1C) acknowledgment bit as ‘1’ indicating stop action
High Level Verification of I2C Protocol … 9

5 Conclusion

In this work, implementation of I2C protocol in standard and ultra-fast modes is

discussed. The operations are performed with only two signals having minimum
wiring there by reducing delay and is very useful for small distance communication,
i.e., making interconnections on board. Instead of the basic 7-bit address format,
they have done 10-bit addressing such that it can have 1024 ways of addressing
which reduces address collisions.

6 Future Work

Present work can be extended by including clock stretching case in which slave
controls the clock when it is busy to handle new information from the master. The
same concept can be implemented on an FPGA tool.

Acknowledgements Heartfelt thanks to the SEMICON team [CYIENT Ltd, Hyderabad] for
giving me attention and their valuable time at peak times. My special gratitude and love to my
parents.

References

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FPGAs. LNCS, pp. 127–140. Springer, Switzerland (2017)
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Features. Springer, Colorado (2012)
4. I2C-bus specification and user manual Rev. 6 — 4 Apr. 2014, http://www.nxp.com
5. S. Palnitkar.: Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey, Prentice Hall (1996)
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Methodology and techniques. Norwell, MA, USA (2000)
7. Zheng-wei HU.: I2C Protocol Design for Reusability. In: Third International Symposium on
Information Processing, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China (2010)
8. J. W. Bruce.: Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Based I2C Bus Analysis. In: IEEE Transactions
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Pre-informed Level Set for Flower Image
Segmentation

Syed Inthiyaz, P.V.V. Kishore and B.T.P. Madhav

Abstract This work proposes a pre-informed Chan–Vese (CV) based level sets
algorithm. Pre-information includes objects colour, texture and shape fused fea-
tures. The aim is to use this algorithm to segment flower images and extract
meaningful features that will help is classification of floral content. Shape
pre-information modelling is handled manually using advance image processing
tools. Local binary patterns (LBP) features makeup texture pre-information and
RGB colour channels of the object provide colour pre-information. All pre-defined
object information is fused together to for high dimension subspace defining object
characteristics. Testing of the algorithm on flower images datasets shows a jump in
information content in the resulting segmentation output compared to other models
in the category. Segmentation of flowers is important for recognition, classification
and quality assessment to ever-increasing volumes in floral markets.

1 Introduction

Flowers induce instantaneous and elongated effects on emotions, mood, behaviours

and memory of both males and females [1]. The authors studied extensively about
the reactions flowers cause during their contact with humans in three different ways
and concluded that human happiness is directly linked to flowers. This is the reason
for a 30% increase in world floriculture market every year and a 25% in India per
annum [2]. The other side of the story is the losses incurred as they do not last long

S. Inthiyaz (&)
P.V.V. Kishore
B.T.P. Madhav

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, K L University, Green Fields,
Vaddeswaram, Guntur, DT, Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail: [email protected]
P.V.V. Kishore
e-mail: [email protected]
B.T.P. Madhav
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 11

S.C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Smart Computing and Informatics, Smart Innovation,
Systems and Technologies 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5547-8_2
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 CHAPTER XII.
LANDING IN THE TERRITORY OF THE BAGHÀRAS. — DESCRIPTION OF
THEM. — THEIR HOSTILITY TO THE DINKAS, AND MARAUDING
EXCURSIONS INTO THE COUNTRY OF THIS TRIBE. — CURIOUS
POSITION IN WHICH THE LATTER TRIBE STAND. — MOUNT NJEMATI:
EXAMINATION OF IT. — A SHRUB-ACACIA. — APPEARANCE OF
ELEPHANTS AND LIONS. — GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
MOUNTAINS. — MONKEYS APPEAR AGAIN. — MOHAMMED ALI UNDER
THE FORM OF AN HIPPOPOTAMUS. — ISLAND OF ABU. — THE
HASSANIES. — A HIPPOPOTAMUS KILLED BY SULIMAN KASHEF. —
SHORES OF THE NILE COMPARED TO THOSE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. — EL
AES. — THE KABBABISH ARABS. — HEDJASI. — THE MOUNTAIN GROUP
OF ARASKOLL. — CONDUCT OF SULIMAN KASCHEF TO A SHIEKH AND
ARABS. — BEST WAY TO TREAT THE TURKS. — THE DOWNS; THEIR
NATURE. — INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEATH OF SOLIMAN EFFENDI AND
VAISSIERE. — APPROACH TO KHARTÙM. — ARRIVAL, AND MEETING OF
OUR AUTHOR WITH HIS BROTHER. — CONCLUSION.

9th April.—Our direction yesterday was generally N; to-day N.

with deviations to the East. We landed early at the left shore, near
the Baghàras, who received us on all sides in a friendly manner, and
displayed here real hospitality,—with a little craft and self-interest.
The mighty bond of language, race and religion, knit immediately
reciprocal confidence, which begot eloquence, and lively questions
and answers. The herdsmen, part of whom had handsome
physiognomies, surveyed our vessels. Whilst their horses remained
close by, they brought goats and sheep to us, holding them by a
rope, a kurbàk in one hand, and a long lance and three javelins in
the other; and seemed, on the whole, to be a more cultivated and
cleanly people, in spite of their dirty ferdas and kittels, which, being
originally of a white or blue colour, were not strongly contrasted one
with the other. Their countenance was expressive, with their thick
eyebrows and sparkling eyes; the hair being twisted more or less to
the back of the head in a cue, allowed the beautifully arched
forehead to stand out, but it is often difficult to tell the sex of the
young persons.
The women and girls coming to us with milk, butter, and fresh
tamarinds, were free in their movements, joked and laughed, and
sought to sell their wares as dear as they possibly could, which they
exchanged for salt, beads, red pepper, and strings of ostrich-egg
shells. All of them were distinguished by a slender shape, a bold
carriage, and pleasing form of countenance; some, according to my
idea, might be called really beautiful, and they were generally
excellently proportioned; they appeared to me like independent, dark
Spartan women. A ferda was slung over the invisible rahàt being
used at other times to cover their heads as a protection against the
sun; the hair was parted, and arranged in tasteful, little plaits in
different directions, or falling down over the shoulders. Red, and
other coloured pieces of coral, were placed on each side of the head
in an oval form; in which copper, silver, or gold rings were entwined,
and even the ear-rings with their pretty elongation of corals and
small conchglia were fastened to the temples by the shining black
tresses of hair falling over the forehead. This head-dress could not
fail of making an agreeable impression upon me, when I thought of
the shaven and dishevelled heads of the women in the countries up
the river; the unseemly custom of wearing rings in the nostrils was
scarcely unpleasing here, from this supposed ornament being so
small. They wore brilliant cut agates or flints of the desert round their
neck and across the shoulder and breast,—the younger girls also
over the rahàt and on the wrists, which they buy from the Dinkas, as
well as corals of different kinds.
On all sides people were advancing slowly towards us, and a
regular market was soon formed; but it was only with a great deal of
difficulty that I procured a bad javelin. The Arabs said that it would be
disgraceful for them to sell their weapons as they were continually at
war. These Baghàras are also from Kordofàn, of the race of Selim,
and of unmixed blood, for they never marry into any other tribe:
whence the difference between them and our radically ugly crew.
From time to time they pay tribute, but properly speaking, it is a don
gratuit. They told us that they would now cross over to the Jengähs
(they call the Dinkas Jengähs, although the latter are a different
people, and dwell above the Shilluks), since we (their Mohammedan
brothers) had visited these regions, but asked accidentally whether
so many Shilluks dwelt above, as was reported. They also said that
there were a few of the latter nation here, who had retreated at their
arrival on the island, and that there was nothing to fear since the
death of the Sheikh of the Shilluks, Abdurachmàn. They thought
themselves already in possession of the whole country. The
Baghàras left us after sunset, but afterwards partly returned to bring
more milk and sheep (for a sheep, one ferda, for a goat about an
okka of salt). Thermometer 18°, 29°, 32°.
10th April.—We sail a little with a south-east wind in a north
direction with easterly declinations till noon, then it becomes calm
and we navigate. Subsequently, with a north-east wind, almost
universally to N. and even westerly declinations, until we halt at an
island by the shore of the Shilluks. Thermometer 22°, 32°, 30°.
11th April.—It is a faint south-west wind, but we are able to sail;
the direction is first N. with easterly deviations, then westerly, and
even N.W. by N. until we to go N., where an immeasurable course
extends before us. Easterly deviations follow in the afternoon, and
the mountain with two peaks seen from the mast before noon, shews
itself in N. The river gains a majestic breadth for the short track it is
free of islands; the anterior part of the shores is low and bordered
with grass. Nile buffaloes which are in incredible numbers here,
owing to the grass on the islands, greeted us twice to-day, and with
such blows that Rassulla Effendi became quite pale. The tailor-
captain is not with us; he has fallen out with Rassulla about a sheep,
and was the more desirous for a quarrel, because Suliman Kashef
presented to him a loaf of sugar, and he therefore does not want the
help of Rassulla to eat Helluh. However, we are lucky, for the
hippopotami have vented their just anger on the strongest point of
our vessel.
 “Look! there is a dead hippopotamus in the water, and men near
it,” was the cry subsequently, but we soon found the difference when
we came closer. It was a boat or raft of ambak just pushed into the
water and on it some men, whilst others were advancing from the
copsewood. Ten Baghàras with lance and shield following out their
old system of plunder, had wanted to play the freebooter here among
the Dinkas, but were obliged to retreat without having accomplished
their object. They found themselves now in the greatest dilemma, for
the water was shallow and they were pursued by the Dinkas, of
whom we counted from twenty-five to thirty. Suliman Kashef, who
sailed a-head of us, ordered a couple of shots to be fired over the
heads of the Dinkas, whereupon they retreated a little. The vessel,
however, could not take up the Baghàras, on account of the shallow
water; they shouted to us to fire once more, but in vain, for the tailor
sat at his handywork and would give no orders till Sale discharged
one double barrel in the air, which made the Dinkas stand still and
gave the Arabs time to row off. In a regular pursuit, the former would
undoubtedly have got the worst of it, for they are no swimmers, were
without shields, and like the Shilluks, do not cast their spears from
their hands, whilst the Baghàras carried shields and javelins.
The Dinkas, however, will not be long in paying a return visit with
similar intentions to the Baghàras, and will then bear oval and round
shields similar to those of the Shilluks, which they are accustomed to
use in war; the shields of the Baghàras, on the contrary, are round at
the bottom and obtuse at the top.
I saw Dinkas frequently on the shore, and nearly all of them were
in the same peculiar position which we also remarked above, and on
the banks of the entire White River; and which perhaps would denote
a kind of affinity, if the language, form of countenance, and customs
did not prove otherwise. To rest themselves, they place one foot on
the knee whilst standing, and put underneath as a support their
hassaie (club of white wood pointed at the bottom) or their spear. A
dozen of such one-legged persons standing together is a comical
sight enough.
 We halted to-day at five o’clock near the left shore to wait for the
vessels at an island on which there were monstrous foot-prints of
hippopotami. Close above our landing-place lay the tolerably long
and wooded island of the deceased Sheikh of the Shilluk islands,
Abdurachmàn (Ab del Rahman), Wolled el Desh. It is called by the
Arabs Telleb, by the Shilluks, however, Afunje; a name that might
bring to our recollection the Funghs,—and here it was where, as I
have already mentioned, the Turks in the Expedition of the year
1839, were not ashamed to open the grave of the Sheikh in order to
convince themselves that the sworn enemy of themselves and the
Baghàras was really dead. It can easily be inferred what a prejudicial
impression such an act must have left behind in the minds of the
Island-Shilluks. Thermometer 23°, 32°, 30°.
12th April.—We sail N. with easterly deviations; then at noon
towards N., close to a mountain group called by the Dinkas and
Baghàras Njemati, and it is only with considerable difficulty that we
can find a landing-place on the flat shore below the rocks extending
in the river, and when we do so we encamp at some distance from it.
Thus many islands have retreated at our side which rejoiced the
heart previously with their soft verdure, their flowers, creepers, and
trees, or their blades of grass shooting from the majestic stream,
whilst the water retreated into the forests of both the shores, and
afforded many an interesting picture. Now it is no longer so, the
vessel goes far lower: where the wood does not grow on the shore,
there is only a melancholy low country, and the cheerful ambak-
acacias lie dry on the ground bent and dismembered, throwing out in
vain their long shoots with small leaves and solitary little flowers, on
the soil where some moisture still remains. The hand of destruction
has even fallen on the grass and reeds; sun, animals, and fire have
consumed it, leaving merely miserable remains. It is only at times
when the sun is rising, that the landscape presents a more
enlivening aspect.
13th April.—We shall stop here in the neighbourhood of the
mountain till noon. Notwithstanding the heat, I had not any rest till I
made yesterday a trip to the mountain, which I always thought must
be the real Defafaùngh. I had already seen by the rounded rocks in
the river what kind of stone I might expect to find. A layer of gravel
extends to the north from these rocks, and I soon came upon large
stones of coarse-grained granite, inclined to a reddish colour, among
numerous little marble stones, which I had not hitherto seen. A
species of shrub-acacia covered the whole side of the path I had
taken under the mountain where the gravel ceased, of which some
bushes served me as a shady resting-place. Its leaves had already
fallen, its bark was green, and it had short arcuate thorns. The
immense number of seed-husks is a proof of the quantity of flowers it
bore; they hung altogether in clusters, and I filled my pockets full with
them. I saw a quantity of guinea-fowls on a rock running obliquely to
the base:—the rocks of the lower mountains are not perhaps more
than a quarter of an hour from the water. They became very active
when they remarked us, and I ordered, therefore, my dark, half-
naked, huntsman to go first, for these are more accustomed to such
a sight.
I had roused a herd of gazelles standing at my left, but permitted
them to withdraw in peace; for I had just found two little hills
consisting of stones of inconsiderable size, evidently thrown together
here. Judging from the analogy of the stone hills I had seen in
Kassela, and being fully persuaded that no violent rains from the
mountains above, or flood from the Nile, could have so placed them,
I took them to be ancient tombs, and searched for potsherds and
other memorials of buildings that might have stood here, but in vain.
Negro villages and cities disappear the moment they are not
inhabited, like ignited bundles of straw, and the ashes do not remain
on the ground. Yet it is not likely that there were many inhabited
places here, for the unprotected man of nature does not make his
residence near the rocky encampments and cavities of wild beasts,
and no fragments here indicated the contrary. The native of a
civilised country must forget all analogies of his own land, if he wish
to comprehend the meaning, custom, and possible conduct of a rude
nation.
 I ascended with ease the nearest fundament of the granite rock.
The rain and distilling sun had produced several round holes, which
appeared to have been chiselled by the hand of man, and which may
frequently blow up these firm masses of stone, as if a mine were
sprung underneath, when they happen to fall on a vein. I found these
holes principally in those places where the rocks presented a flat,
horizontal superfices, as I had remarked also previously in the
granite mountains of the Land of the Troglodytes.
My huntsman—whom, however, I could not see—shot close to
me, and a covey of guinea-fowls rose from behind the next block of
stone, and induced me to mount in pursuit of them. I took off my
shoes, and it was like walking on a red-hot oven, notwithstanding I
kept on my stockings. As we ascend to the summit of this mountain-
group, a dreadful destruction and piling of rocks one over the other is
observed, similar to the scene on the rocks near Phile. Granite
rocks, originally lying above the level of the waters, are rounded on
the top into the form of pikes, cupolas, and horns. Periodical rains
and a hot sun may split, rend, and break them, though only as an
exception to the general rule, as I believe from the analogy of the
Alps, the mountains on the Nile, and in the desert and country of
Taka; they throw off, therefore, perhaps, their decayed covering, and
burst forth new like an egg from the shell; and, although the layers
on the side of the wind, rain, and sun, admit of no regularity of form,
yet they seldom display any ghastly splits or gaps. I would assume,
therefore, that these rocks also stood at one time as crags above or
beneath the water, in which opinion I am supported by the rounded
gravel visible here and there on the layers of rocks. I cannot certainly
determine in what manner the granite rocks, projecting here into the
Nile, and extending into the river bed as far as the mountains of
Kordofàn, and connected with the distant mountain visible on the
other side, in N. and S.E. from the mountains here, may prevent at
some future times the waters of the lake from being drawn off.
I was now on the summit, where I found a human skull, and felt
myself very tired, whilst evening was coming on. In order to descend
by another path, I slid down, disregardless of hurting my posteriora,
laying my gun on my knees, and tying two guinea-fowls I had shot
round my neck; and it was fortunate for me I did so, or else the back
of my head would have been stove in. I met one of Suliman Kashef’s
soldiers on the lower declivity, who pointed out to me wild buffaloes
and elephants at a distance, close to whom he had been. We had
seen already a very large quantity of elephants’ dung. I had lost my
huntsman in the rocks: he brought fowls also, but trembled
dreadfully, because, just as he was aiming at the herds, a lion had
presented himself at a short distance. The presence of lions was
subsequently doubted; but this morning my two other servants took
quite a young lion in their hands, to bring him to me; but they thought
it more advisable afterwards to let him bask on in the sun. They, as
well as several others, remarked also wild buffaloes and boars
(Jalùff) in the neighbourhood; and they brought me, as a proof of the
former animals being present here, a horn quite fresh, the owner of
which, had become the prey of lions; for the marafill (the spotted
hyæna), whose calcareous dung is visible in all parts of this region,
never attacks buffaloes.
I repaired now to the foot of the next mountain-group, and was
soon convinced that it was of the same species of stone; however, to
be quite sure, I had pieces or specimens of stone brought me from
the highest peak, and my servants have confirmed me in my opinion,
that there are only two mountains, although Arnaud asserts that he
has seen sixteen, without putting on magnifying glasses. Some of
these specimens consist of pink feldspar, white albin, grey quartz,
and black mica; others of dark red feldspar, but without albin, with
white quartz and black mica.
I stumbled upon Suliman Kashef on my way back, who had
collected his halberdiers around him, and was enthroned on a rock
where he could be seen at a distance. He set out this afternoon to
make observations, which he might have done yesterday evening.
The heat is very great, and I bathe for the first time since a long
while, having left it off from fear of catching fever. The Frenchmen
think that they shew great courage by going into the water; but it is
always full of men the whole day long, and no accident has
happened from the crocodiles. My men had not shot any of the
gazelles that appeared near the rocks, to take a hasty draught; the
Baghàras, however, paid us a visit, and brought sheep; they thought
that we were come to make war in their favour, yet no Dinkas dwell
near here, but more up the river. Thermometer 27·30°; 32·31°.
14th April.—This morning we proceed at last with a favourable
south-east wind to north, with easterly deviations; but we soon came
to a flat in the Nile, formed by a granite shelf partly visible, which
crosses the river. It is called Gisser—the same as wall or dam,
analogous to Tschellal—and was once perhaps really a dam and
breast-work, of which only the foundations remain. Who can
estimate its future form, and its present ramifications! We scrape
along it a little, but then all went right, and we passed in the
afternoon, N. by W., the very dangerous Machada—el ans, and
Machada Abu Seid mentioned in the ascent, where there was an
eternal grating of the vessels, as if over a gravelly bank: first we,
then the others stuck fast, and the sailors had very troublesome
work. We halted at the left shore, where an incredible number of
monkeys were sitting on the trees. I took my gun, and in searching
through the forest, remarked a she-monkey, among numerous
others, the young one sitting on the lower branches. As soon as she
perceived us, she sprang quickly to her young, took it under her arm,
and set herself on the highest bough of the tree. Who could shoot at
the mother for the sake of getting the young? There was another
monkey-like animal there which can only be taken at night; I forget
the name of it.
An arm of the Nile, the ends of which are now closed, appeared
to be a favourite pond of the gazelles, though not one of them fell to
our lot.
The inundation rises through the entire forest, the earth is
cracked far and wide, and not a spike of grass is to be seen under
the sunt, of which the forest of the Shilluks consists, with few
exceptions. But there lay a number of broken off branches and dead
trees, that had not attained their proper age, because, when there is
too much water, the trees stand too thickly, and their tops get lashed
together, and these sunts, especially, spreading from top to bottom
with short boughs, leave no draught, so that the centre of them is
deprived of the necessary air. We remark, however, where the forest
is sufficiently thin, a number of trees thrown down and withered,
especially where the shores lie lower, and where, therefore, the
ground can be scarcely dry at any time of the year. This may
proceed perhaps from wind, for though the latter is not so violent as
to tear up trees from the root, like our northern storms, yet the tender
nourishing fibres are injured or torn off by the continual motion of the
trees, which must be followed by a stretching and straining of the
roots. The tree stands, pines away, and falls, as we have remarked
previously in the country of Taka.
Suliman Kashef related, with an important air, that he shot quite
close to a large hippopotamus several times yesterday evening,
without the beast moving, until, at last, it slowly walked into the river.
This Nile buffalo was said to be a Scheïtan, and Selim Capitan
believed the very same thing. I threw in a hint that Mohammed Ali
might have assumed this form, in order to see what good the
expedition was doing—whereupon there was altum silentium!
Thermometer, 22° 32° to 33°.
15th April.—Between N. and N.W. The nearest shores are low,
and even where the forest extends to them, they are but slightly
elevated, and the overthrown trees present a melancholy
appearance here instead of the cheerful underwood. The old shores
of the river are visible right and left through the downs of the forest,
and are really high shores, without any deception, for the vessel
goes considerably lower during our present return voyage, and no
illusion takes place, as is the case with the slight elevation in the
extensive plain, which always appears to the eye to be ascending.
We navigate on the broad stream as if in the forest, woody islands
on the right, the same on the left, but sunt, always sunt, with its
melancholy foliage,—my heart longs for beeches and oaks and their
shady halls! It is only on the shore where winds and water take effect
above and below, that we see trees completely uprooted. The high
water has no power towards the interior of the shore, but another evil
spirit, the Habùb (storm), throws down and scatters boughs and
trees.
The north-west wind is against us; we go therefore over N.
easterly to N.E. These windings depend principally on how we sail
round the islands. The main direction of the stream is, and remains
from the present, N., with slight deviations to E. and W. The shores
encompassing the long island-sound, are generally invisible; an
accurate map, therefore, could be only drawn up by a longer stay
here.
In the afternoon we halt for a moment at the right shore, and near
the large island of Aba, and hear from the Hassaniës and people of
El Aes that a large hippopotamus had been struck by three harpoons
close at hand. We navigate, therefore, to the left, at the island of El
Gamùss, which has its name partly from the number of Nile
buffaloes taking up their abode in their neighbourhood; and we see,
at its head, the mighty snorting beast half out of water; but he soon,
however, drew back, and swam into the Nile arm, between the island
and the left shore. The sàndal was towed near him, and after the
sürtuk had twice upset, yet without confounding the experienced
swimmers, and the beast had tried in vain to escape, it occurred to
our men, as the hippopotamus was obliged from want of breath to
come up constantly to the surface, to fasten the towing-rope to the
three harpoon, and thus to drag him ashore like a vessel. Before,
however, they got so far, the beast collected his last strength, and
shortly before arriving at the shore, sprung up with such force that
several of the heroes jumped back. I thought that I should see a
national hunt, and the hippopotamus killed with the spear; but the
Turks did not wait for him to gain terra firma, but shot at him where
he was, half out of water, and certainly, had he landed, he might
have trod several men under his feet, and torn them with his
respectable tusks.
Nine shots were fired one after the other, Suliman Kashef’s was
the last, and it hit the animal behind the ear: the blood spouted up,
and the monster fell, slain by man’s art, not by his courage. We had
him dragged by the tow-rope of the sàndal to our landing-place, and
I then found that the balls had pierced his neck and back, which
might well happen, when we consider that the distance was only
fifteen paces and that the beast had a fat hide, with no other shield
than the yielding rumples, extending crossways over the back. The
inside of the holes perforated by the bullets, felt like the body of a fat
hog. The monster might be even compared in his clumsy form to a
small elephant, and both correspond just as little as the crocodile, to
our usual ideas of beauty in animals, which are generally reduced to
the standard of the noble horse. The skin of the hippopotamus
displays a dirty pink hue, from the back to the belly, and the dark
green of the upper part of the body runs into this other colour. The
skin, in drying, changes to a dark grey.
The soil of the island, excellent in other respects, is torn up by the
inundation, ascending several feet over it; but many trees are lying
withered and parched up on the ground. I took a specimen of the
seeds of a dwarf acacia, with barbs: I observed also guinea-fowls
and monkeys: the last are said to swim.
Sabatier, who compares the shores of the Nile here to those of
the Mississippi, only that on the latter the trees are higher, is going to
accompany me, in Thibaut’s bark to the Aes, whilst M. Arnaud
decides upon preparing to-morrow the skin of the hippopotamus,
which he has bought for two hundred and fifty piasters.
16th April.—Thibaut has started without us—asleep, as he
afterwards said. We remain under Arnaud’s jurisdiction till the
afternoon, then go libàhn against the north wind, and halt late in the
evening, at the right shore. Thermometer 24°, 34°, to 35°.
17th April.—The wind is against us in our course; forest, islands,
downs, mostly with a gentle ascent and shallows, alternate with my
impatience, until at last we reach El Aes in the afternoon.
El Aes, lying on a sandy down, which ascends and descends with
intermission, is said to be a new place, and is called after a former
sheikh of this name. The present sheikh is denominated Achmet,
and the people appear to be a mixed breed. They do not wish to
have much acquaintance with the Turks, although they are subject to
taxation, which a soldier collects there as Kaimakan. Thermometer,
noon, 33°.
18th April.—Long before daybreak we proceeded on our voyage,
without any oxen having been brought to us. At first we passed by
several islands, and then left the island of Gùbescha at our right;
several Sagiën fallen to ruin, and some chains of buckets being
visible on the left shore. The village of Hedjasi lies in the
neighbourhood, but not a person was to be seen, although we
remained there the afternoon; even onions were not to be got.
Suliman Kashef thinks that he is not much beloved here, which I can
very readily believe. Thousands of camels were being led to water
on the left shore, by the Kabbabish Arabs who come from the
interior, and are said to possess more of these animals than all the
other Arabs put together. This occurs every eight or ten days, and
the tribe take back with them what water they need. Suliman Kashef
wanted to make friends with them, because he saw that they had
some cows and goats; but they trotted off as if a storm were coming
on, keeping themselves in troops like an army, whilst they are said to
have shouted “Abu Daoud!”
The colony of Hedjasi lies in a good situation, and might become
a granary for Kordofàn. The soil is somewhat light; the ground
formerly ascended, which declination might have been gradually lost,
when the terraces were in the act of formation; at present it is all
fallen away.
19th April.—After we had navigated the whole night, we found
ourselves this morning in the country called Tura, from whence
various roads lead to Kordofàn. The flat shores are sandy, and rise,
having a bad and meagre growth of trees. On the right and left are
some hills of downs, on which we find reddish pieces of granite, such
as I met with near the Sagiën. Whence this poverty of humus, for
Nature ought to be more fertilizing, as she washes away sand from
the ground first, and then brings the lighter humus just as we see at
the Delta? We saw nothing of the mountain group of Araskòll, for the
vessels go now too low. Suliman Kashef continues his voyage, whilst
Selim Capitan and Arnaud have landed on the left shore, the latter to
seek for gold in the Araskòll. The shores continue in sandy downs,
especially on the right side, but an immeasurable level plain extends
on the left, of which we have an extensive view, by reason of the
shores being scarcely elevated above the water. This character of
the country passes also subsequently to the right side. The entirely
flat margin of the broader part of the stream, which we sail through
with a favourable east wind, following Suliman Kashef, is not pure
sand; yet we observe upon it thin tracts of underwood standing back
a little, and dwarf mimosas.
This part is, as it were, the mouth of the river, and formed, in
ancient times, a shallow lake by the conflux of the White and Blue
streams, as the downs on the right prove, which are in connection
with those at Khartùm, and formed the very same embankment; for
the more violent pressure of the Blue river clearly opposes the broad
stream of the White one, as we see plainly near the island of Tuti,
and perhaps only subsequently broke through the angle of land at
the right side of this island; if it made previously, as the Arabs
believe, a bend from the city of Soba to the west into the White river,
and thus surrounded, with the latter, the desert rocks of Omdurman
lying at the side. An investigation, however, would be necessary to
ascertain this point. The Downs continue again afterwards at the
right shore, alternating even with downs of earth.
If a shallow lake of such dimensions existed here at one time, the
north wind drove its waves and billows to this side, and piled up
these irregular heights, which are not arranged in a row like a chain,
but sometimes advance, sometimes retreat. The lake withdrew, and
the river levelled, took and gave, so that in many places long tracts
of continuous sandy shores existed, having, however, a fertile
substratum, because otherwise there could not be the vegetation
that there is. This subjacent soil is also frequently visible as humus
or morass, and under it an adhesive blue clay is found, as I ascertain
plainly by the sailors’ poles, which are continually being pushed into
the deep. Thermometer 22° 29° to 30° 28°.
20th April.—We halted yesterday at sunset, near the mandjeras
of Khurdshid Basha on the right shore. These docks (there is a
similar one on the blue river at Kamlin) are still used, and two new
ships have just been built, whilst ten barks are in dock for repairs.
The workmen live in the village immediately behind the high shore of
the downs, and I saw, in my excursion there, several fowls walking
cheerfully with a number of turtle-doves in the shade of the sunt
trees, although the people would not sell me a fowl. There is also a
corn magazine here, with overseers and soldiers.
The neighbouring sheikh and Arabs came to kiss Suliman
Kashef’s hand: he never once looked at them, but went on speaking
with the other Turks. Such conduct, with many other things of the
same kind, is practised deliberately; although it may seem to the
inexperienced only to arise from forgetfulness. In short, the Turks do
everything to make themselves disliked. It is most advisable for a
person who is not dependent on them, to treat them with a certain
kind of indifference, to seat himself immediately close to them,
stretch his legs here and there in all possible ways, and ask for a
pipe, without waiting for this favour from the swaggering fools;
otherwise the Jaur or Kaffr will always be neglected and despised by
the Musselmen.
I examined this morning the nature of the downs, and found that
they are rather deposited earthen walls or dikes, fruitful humus
strongly impregnated with shingle or rubbish, (dissolved particles of
stone) and sand. A covering of sand overlays these hills of earth,
being thick, and accumulated by water and wind towards that part of
the river-side which is more broken and washed away. The hills lose
themselves towards the land side, gently descending in a wide plain
(galla) covered with scanty mimosas, which still remain tolerably
elevated above the river and the left shore. We observe here far
beyond the lower trees, a second dam of downs, which may surpass
the former one in height, and perhaps is the old border of the right
side of the Nile.
Now, when I see from these heights of downs, which are
sufficiently elevated to enable me to look over a low surface of earth,
the left shore lying level with the water-line itself, I am no longer
surprised at not having found any limits for the border of the Nile, on
our ascent. But it is exactly on this account that I take it to be
impossible, with the present state of the Nile, that those morass hills
(for the constituent parts are and remain nothing else but morass,
mixed and rolled on by other powers than the present), could be
formed, even at the highest water-mark, under present
circumstances. Yet the latter have been always the same since the
land became dry, and the left shore was still lower than it is at
present. But now the river has full play, and it cannot therefore rise
high, as the appearance of the hills of earth teach us themselves. If
there lay here, however, a shallow lake, through which the current of
the Nile flowed, then morass-hills might have been formed to the
height of the highest water-mark. And this is what I believe. The
Downs still continue for a good tract, and are lost imperceptibly,
again to emerge under the very same appearance.
Arnaud wants to have the hippopotamus-skin dressed again; it is
extended on the sand, but it diffuses a very bad smell, and he retains
therefore only its head. We must remain here till noon for the sake of
this important business, and because Arnaud will make
observations. Then a somewhat favourable but faint wind gets up:
we navigate henceforth almost N. and N.W. In the afternoon the piles
of earth, thrown up by the waters of the lake, are visible on the right
side of the Nile, similar to those I have seen in the lake-caldron of
Taka.
At dusk reefs are seen in the river: they appear to me to be
limestones, and extend from the granite bank of Syene across the
river from E. to W. At one time they might have carried on their backs
beautiful islands, as the granite reefs also previously seen, which
took the road of the lake, and perhaps settled themselves again at
the Delta. We see that the White River finds opposition also here,
and has found still more, from which its slow current is confined by
itself. We navigate till late at night as far as Mount Mussa or Brane,
from which I procure specimens of stones of the chert species, and
remain there. Thermometer, 22°, 30° to 33°, 21°.
21st April.—We come again before noon to a reef of rocks
running through the river, although the passage remains wide and
broad enough:—then to sluices. The favourable wind does not last
long to day; but the men row diligently, for every one is hoping to see
something dear to him again, like myself, who am impatient and
ardently longing for my beloved brother. Our course goes mostly
between N. and N.N.E., and in the evening, we land near the trees of
Moha Bey, where the last downs appear, whilst the shore extending
flat on the left, supports its old character. I am thinking of making an
excursion afterwards from Khartùm, because by the direction of the
downs I hope to be able to determine something with respect to the
shallow lake of the city.
22nd April.—Thibaut wanted to go yesterday evening to Khartùm,
to take the first intelligence of our return, but that was not allowed. I
am obliged also to remain, because I have fallen among robbers,
and have eyes like Argus. The intelligence just arrives that Soliman
Effendi is dead. I am sorry for his family, as I was for that of
Vaissière, intelligence of whose death was brought to us seven days
ago, by an Arabian officer. Soliman Effendi is said, as I hear now, to
have poisoned the young lions I possessed: but let him rest in
peace! The society of Europeans must and will now take another
and better form.
A number of people came from Khartùm to pay their respects to
our little Basha, Suliman Kashef, who is lying under the trees on the
extended carpet. I am tired, and almost worn out, for I have not slept
the whole night, because I am expecting every instant to see my
brother, and have been looking, since sunrise, in the direction of the
spires of Khartùm. Thermometer 22° at sunrise.
 At first we navigate N. by E., then N.N.E. Oh, for the happy
meeting! a former servant of ours has just come to his brother, Fadl,
and gives me good, but not sufficient, intelligence. We wind north,
near Omdurman, shortly before the mouth of the White river, where
an arm of the Nile runs round the little island on the left, and rocks in
the water on the right lie opposite to those at the right shore. Here,
therefore, the White stream had to break the last dam, and its
current was doubtless under the small chain of downs of Omdurman.
At last we bear up near the rocks from whence the White river, which
was unquestionably pressed through them and has but a slight
breadth here, takes the direction to north for this short tract. The
other vessels are already sailing up the Blue river, and we navigate
very slowly behind with our heavy vessel, the wind being contrary.
The thunder of cannon rolled down from the vessels—joy and
pleasure. I wished to describe our return, but I did not see my
brother. Black thoughts suddenly shook me as if a fit of ague had
attacked me. When I saw even the window-shutters of our divan
closed, where he might wait for me so comfortably in the shade, I
trembled violently, and my knees tottered so that they laid me on the
bed. I soon, however, got up, and sat before the cabin; and just at
the moment when our vessel touched the land, some one pointed
him out standing on the shore. I jumped ashore from the deck, and
fell down: my brother raised me up. Eleven days after this happy
meeting he died in my arms, completely broken by the effects of the
climate.
 APPENDIX.

Much has been written, advised, and spoken, concerning the

important question of the Geographical position of the sources of the
White Nile, since this voyage of mine; many ridiculous as well as
arrogant conjectures, and bold assertions, have been laid before the
learned world, without any loss of time, respecting this historical
subject. Among the pretenders to the discovery of the sources,
Antoine D’Abbadie stands out the boldest of the bold. (Vide his
letters from Omokullu in Ethiopia, 5th, 6th, and 7th Aug., 1847, in the
Athenæum, Nos. MXLI. and MXLII. and those to Jomard and Arago, in
Paris, in the “Journal des Débats,” 5th Oct., and in the “Comptes
rendus Hebdomadaires des séances de l’Academie,” 4th Oct. 1847,
No. XIV., T. XXV. p. 485-487).
The principal thing of importance for a traveller who starts on
expeditions of this kind, is to see with his own eyes, and to verify by
personal inspection or mental contemplation what he hears from the
Natives; for the solitary traveller may have everything related to him
that he wishes, and, in fact, seeks to obtain. There are no European
companions, and still less eye-witnesses of the soil of happy
Ethiopia, to tax him with false statements; and how easy is it to find
natives who have no conception of the great importance of their
expressions, and are ready, without any qualm of conscience, to
assent to the preconceived notions of the traveller, when they think
by that means to please him!
M. Antoine D’Abbadie, even previously, had discovered the
sources of the White Nile,—as he wrote in a letter, dated 17th
October, 1844, from Adoa (Adwa), in Habesh, addressed to us in
Kàhira. (Preussiche Zeitung, 21st February, 1845, and others.) That
glorious fountain-head was said to lie then in the land of Gmura, or
Gamru, near the mountains of Bochi, or Dochi. The latitude and
longitude of it were not given. He does not seem to have planted the
drapeau tricolore there, any more than my French companions did at
the final point of our expedition; because, had they done so, both the
Turks and myself would have set up our national standard. For my
part I did not let the opportunity slip of denying the claims of
D’Abbadie to raise a shout of victory at having solved the question of
the sources of the Nile, and to contradict his absurd etymology of the
Mountains of the Moon, upon which the whole discovery was said to
be based. (Monthly Report of the Geographical Society in Berlin, 7th
Annual Vol., p. 20.) He thought that the name of “Gmura,” or
“Gamru,” being analogous in sound to that of the Arabic language,
had induced the Arabian Geographers to adopt this word, and to
form it into the present Kamar (Moon). Mr. Ayrton, to whom I will
afterwards advert, takes the opposite side, and is of opinion that the
former denomination is a corruption of the Arabic word “Kamar.”
This Nile source of 1844 appears, however, to have been dried
up again, or discarded by M. D’Abbadie, for he suddenly
transplanted the true sources of the White Stream into another
country; the forest of Babia, between Inarya (Enarea,) and Jumma
Kaka (Djimma Kaka); and, to be sure,—between 7° 49′ N. Lat., and
34° 48′ E. Long., from Paris. (See his reports and letters of 1847).
I must, however, entirely controvert this second discovery,
notwithstanding it is declared in the most positive manner. Error,
indeed, is natural to man, but truth must assert its claims; besides, I
do not deny that M. Antoine D’Abbadie would have liked to have
made such a discovery, or to become an historical discoverer. Far be
it from me, who know what travelling is in Africa,—who suffered the
tortures of its deserts and its scorching heat, and struggled several
times with fever and death, to consider the Tricolour which he
fastened to the trees of the Babia forest as a vane or weathercock.
No: I greet it rather with friendly interest as a cheerful sign to science
and a way-mark to geographical progress, and as an agreeable
surprise to succeeding travellers.
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