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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY TWO MARK QUESTIONS

UNIT -1

TWO PORT RF NETWORKS –CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION

1.Define Microwave?

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m, or frequencies

between 300 MHz and 300 GHz.

2.Define Scattering matrix?

Scattering matrix is a squre matrix which gives all the combination of power relationship between the
various input and output ports.

3.Mention the limitation in measuring Z,Y and ABCD parameters at microwave frequencies
[Nov/Dec-11]

 Non availability of terminal voltage and current measuring equipment

 Short circuit and open circuit are nit easily achieved for a wide range of frequencies
 Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for short or open circuit

4. A 5dB attenuator is specified as having VSWR of 1.2 assuming that the device is reciprocal
find S parameters. [Nov/Dec-11]

Attenuation dB for any devices is = -20log [s12]

Log s12 = -5/20 = -0.25

(or) [s12] = 10 -0.25 = 0.56

Thus Г = s11 =VSWR -1/VSWR+1

= 1.2 – 1/1.2+1 = 0.2/2.22 = 0.091

5. Name the properties of S – Parameters? [Nov/Dec-12]

It possess symmetric property sij =sji

It possess unitary property [s][s]*=[i]

6.Draw the equivalent circuit for practical capacitor [Nov/Dec -12]

SCE 109 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

7.Define reciprocal and symmetrical networks?[May/June-13]

The reciprocal device has a same transmission characteristics in either direction of a pair of ports and is
characterized by a symmetric scattering matrix
Sij = Sji ; i !=j
Which results [s]t = [s]
8.Express power input and power output under matched conditions for a two port network in
terms of wave components [May/June - 13]

Pin = ½ [an]2
Prn = ½ [bn]2

9. Draw the equivalent circuit for a inductor at radio frequency[Nov/Dec-13]

10.List any four reasons for wide use of RF?[May/June-14]

 Because of high operating frequency microwave system can carry large quantities of
information
 High frequency mean short wavelength , which require relatively small antennas
 Microwave signals are more easily propagated around physical obstacles , such as water and
high mountains
 Fewer repeaters are necessary for amplification
 Increased bandwidth availability
 Minimal cross talk

11.Give the relationship between [s] and [z] matrix[May/June - 14]

1 11 21 1
=
2 21 22 2

Thus S – Parameters Are

11 12
[S ] =
21 22

SCE 110 ECE

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The S – matrix can be expressed in terms of [Z] is

[S] = ([Z] / Z0 - [U] ) ( [Z]/z0 =+ [u])-1

.
12.Given [Y] = find S parameters?[Nov/Dec-14]
.

This is a reciprocal and symmetrical network

Because;

S11 = S22

S 12 = S 21

So;

S11 & s22 = 3.2

S21 & S12 = 1

13. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit for resistor and inductor [Apr/May-15]

Resistor

Inductor

14. Why the s-parameters are used in microwaves?

The H, Y, Z and ABCD parameters are difficult at microwave frequencies due to the following reasons.
(i)Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current at the ports of the network.
(ii) Short circuit and open circuit are difficult to achieve over a wide range of frequencies.
(iii) Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for short or open circuit.
Therefore microwave circuits are analyzed using scattering or S parameters which linearly relate the
reflected wave amplitude with those of incident waves.

SCE 111 ECE

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15 .What is the Scattering matrix for N port device?

[S]= S11 S12 S13…… S1n
S21 S22 …………S2n
S31 S32 ………….S3n
..
..
Sm1 Sm2 ………...Smm

16. Give the application of microwave

 Satellite communication
 Telemetry
 Microwave oven
 Transmission of video signals
 Microwave diathermy

SCE 112 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – 2
MICROWAVE PASSIVE COMPONENTS

1)What is Gyrator? [Nov/Dec-13]

Gyrator is a two port device which provides a relative phase shift of 180 degree for transmission from
port 1 to port 2 as compared to the phase for transmission from Port2 to port 1.

2)What are the composition of ferrites[Nov/Dec-13]

Ferrites are ceramic like materials. These are by sintering a mixture of metallic oxides Properties
Specific resistivity‟s may be used as much as 1014 greater than that of metals Dielectric constants around
10 to 15 or greater Relative permeability is 1000 . Examples of ferrite devices: Isolator Circulator Phase
shifters, Modulators, Power limiters

3)What are the high frequency limitation in conventional tubes[Nov/Dec-14]

The high frequency effects in conventional tubes are

i) Circuit reactance like Inter electrode capacitance and
Lead inductance
ii) Transit time effect
iii) Cathode emission
iv) Plate heat dissipation area
v) Power loss due to skin effect, radiation and dielectric loss.

4) What is Faraday’s rotation law?

If a circular polarized wave is made to pass through a ferrite rod which has been influenced by an
Axial magnetic field B, then the axis of polarization gets tilted in clockwise direction and amount of tilt
depends upon the strength of magnetic field and geometry of the ferrite.

5. What is the S-matrix of 3 port circulators?

Anticlockwise [S]= 0 1 0
001
100
Clockwise [S]= 0 0 1
100
010

6)Give the significance of Rat race junction[May / June-13]

The rat race is particularly used for combining 2 signals or dividing a single signal into 2 equal halves

7)What are ferrite? Why its needed in circulator[Nov/Dec-13], [May/June-14]

Ferrites are non metallic meterials with resistives nearly 10 14 times greater than metals and also the
dielectric constant is in between 10 -15 and relative permeability of the order of 1000

8)Mention the application of gyrator and isolator [Nov/Dec-14]

SCE 113 ECE

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Gyrator :

(i) In can be in radar antenna as a duplexer

(ii) It will handle a low power . hence they are used as low power devices

Isolator:

(i) Isolator are generally used to improve the frequency stability of microwave generators, such
as klystrons and magnetrons in which the reflection from the load affects the generating
frequency

8) Name the microwave passive devices which make use of faraday rotation[Apr/May-15]

 Isolator
 Gyrator
 Circulator

9)What are properties of S- Matrix [Apr/May-15]

 Zero diagonal elements for perfect matched networks

 Symmetry of reciprocal network
 Unitary property
 Phase shift property

10) What are matched terminators[May/June-14]

 Low power co axial termination

 Resistance strip
 Standard mis matches

11) Define isolator?

An isolator or uniline is two port non reciprocal devices, which produce a minimum attenuation to wave
in one direction and very high attenuation in the opposite directio

12) Draw the Structure of Two hole Directional coupler [Nov/Dec-11]

SCE 114 ECE

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13) Draw the diagram for H – plan tee? [Nov/Dec-12]

14 )What is H-Plane Tee?

It is a wave guide tee in which the axis of the slide arm is shunting the E- field or parallel to the
H-field of the main guide.

15 ) Name some uses of waveguide twists?(NOV/DEC 2009)

(i) waveguide twists are used to change the plane of polarization of a propagating wave.

(ii) Waveguide twists are helpful in converting vertical to horizontal polarizations or vice versa.

16 ) Give the applications of directional coupler

1. Unidirectional power measurement

2. SWR measurement

3. Unidirectional wave launching

4. Reflectometer
5. Balanced duplexer.

17 ) What are waveguide corners, bends and twists? (NOV/DEC 2007)

These wave guide components are normally used to change the direction of guide through an
arbitrary angle

SCE 115 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – III
MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

1) What is Gunn Effect? What are the elements that exhibit Gunn Effect?[May/june-13]

Gun effect was first observed by GUNN in n_type GaAs bulk diode. According to GUNN, above some
critical voltage corresponding to an electric field of 2000-4000v/cm, the current in every specimen
became a fluctuating fuction of time. The frequency of oscillation was determined mainly by the
specimen and not by the external circuit.

The elements are

a) Gallium arsenide

b )Indium phosphate

c) Cadmium telluride
d)Indium arsenide

2) What are the factors reducing efficiency of IMPATT diode?(NOV/DEC 2009)

1) Space charge effect

2) Reverse saturation current effect

3) High frequency skin effect

4) Ionization saturation effect.

3) What is Transferred electron effect?[Nov/Dec-12]

Some materials like GaAs exhibit negative differential mobility, when biased above a threshold value of
the electric field. This behavior is called transferred electron effect. The electrons in the lower energy
band will move to the higher energy ban d its called TED.

4) What are the factors reduces the efficiency in Impatt Diode

1) Space charge effect

2) Reverse saturation current effect

3) High frequency skin effect

4) Ionization saturation effect.

5) Mention the ideal characterize of dielectric material in MMIC?[Nov/Dec-13]

1) Small size and Weight

SCE 116 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

2) High reliability

3) Improved reproducibility

4) Improved performance

5) Eventual cost reduction when produced in large quantities.

6)Draw the voltage waveforms of TRAPATT diode[May/June-13]

7) What are the necessary condition for Gunn diode

This mode is defined in the region when the fL value is about 107 cm/s and the n0/L > 1012 cm2. In this
region the device is unstable because of the cyclic formation of either the accumulation layer or the high
field domain.

8)List the advantages of parametric amplifier[Nov/dec-11]

 Positive input impedance

 More stable
 Power gain independent of source impendence
 No circulator required
 Larger bandwidth

9) What are the two modes available in negative resistance devices?

a) Voltage controlled mode
b) Current controlled mode
10) List the gunn modes of operations.
a) Transit time mode
b) LSA mode
c) Quenched time mode
d) Delayed mode

11) Give the applications of parametric amplifier.

a) space communication systems

SCE 117 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

b) Radio telescopes and

c) Torpo-receivers

12) Draw the equivalent circuit for varactor diode[Apr/may-2015]

13) Draw the equivalent circuit for Tunnel diode

SCE 118 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – VI
MICROWAVE TUBES AND MEASUREMENTS
1)What is the role of slow wave structure in TWT?
Slow wave structure are a special circuits that are used in microwave tubes to reduce the wave velocity in
a certain direction so that the electron beam and the signal were interact
2)Compare M and O type tubes[Nov/Dec-12]
M type Tubes O type Tubes
Static magnetic field is perpendicular Static magnetic field is same direction
to the electric field to the electric field
Magnetron is the M type Tube Klystron and TWT are the O type tubes
Electron travel in curved path Electron travel in linear path

3)Compare TWT & Klystron[Nov/Dec-14]

Klystron Amplifier TWTA
Linear beam or O type tubes Linear beam or O type tubes
Uses a cavities for input and output Uses non resonant wave circuit
circuits
Narrow band device duo to use of Wide band device because use of non-
resonant cavities resonant circuit

4) what are the limitation in conventional vacuum tubes[Apr/May -15]

The concentional tubes such as triode, tetrodes, pentodes can be used as amplifiers and oscillators more
efficiently. But these conventional tubes can not used as amplifier or oscillator at high frequency
(>1000MHZ) because at higher frequencies output drops off

The factors of contributing of output at UHF are

 Circuit resistance
a) Inter electrode capacitance
b) Lead inductance
 Transit time effects
 Cathode emission plate heat dissipation area
 Power loss due to skin effect, radiation and dielectric loss
 Gain band width product

SCE 119 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

5)Define convection current in TWT [May/june-14]

The convection current induced in the electron beam is by the axial electric field. When the space charge
effect is considered, the electron velocity, charge density, current density and the axial electric field will
perturbate about their averages or DC values.

i= jβe I0E1/2vo(jβe-γ2)
6)Define SWR?[Nov/Dec-14]
standing-wave ratio (SWR) is a mathematical expression of the non-uniformity of an electromagnetic
field (EM field) on a transmission line such as coaxial cable. Usually, SWR is defined as the ratio of the
maximum radio-frequency (RF) voltage to the minimum RF voltage along the line.

SWR = Vmax/ Vmin

=1+Г/1-Г
7.Name the possible errors VSWR measurements?[Nov/Dec-12,May/june-13]
 The signal source give a signal frequency. any spurious signals present leads to the shift in
maxima and minima and hence error is resulted in the readings
 There should not be any undesired reflection. for this matched load can be used as shown. These
undesiresd reflection cause peaks and nodes to shift position in the standing wave pattern and
VSWR thus measured will not be accurate.
 For higher VSWR near 10, the minimum voltage will be small and there will be deformation in
the pattern because of the high coupling at voltage maximum resulting in errors
 Depth of penetration of probe into slotted wave guide introduces errors
8) What are the errors in impendence measurements[May/june-14]
 Scalar or sensitivity errors
 Vector errors or phase errors
9) What is the significance of VSWR measurements[Nov/Dec-14]
 VSWR and the magnitude of voltage reflection coefficient (Г) are very important parameters
which determine the degree of impendence matching
 VSWR and Г are also used for measurement of load impendence by the slotted line method
 When a load ZL ≠ Zo is connected to transmission line, standing waves are produced

10) What is Bolometer?

SCE 120 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

It is a power sensor whose resistance change with changed temperature as it absorb the microwave power.
It is a short thin metallic wire sensor with positive temperature coefficient of reistance.

11) Define insertion loss?

It is defined as difference in power arriving at the terminating load .with or without The network in circuit

Insertion loss(db)=10 log(po/pi)

12) What is radiation pattern?

Radiation pattern is a representation of radiation characteristics of an antenna which is a function of

elevation angle azimuth angle for a constant radial distance and frequency

12)What is spectrum analyzer?

Spectrum analyzer is a broad band super heterodyne receiver which is used to display a wave in
frequency domain additionally, power measurements, side bands can also be observed.

13)What is the principle by which high power measurements could be done by calorimetric
method?(APRIL/MAY 2008)

The measurement involves conversion of microwave energy into heat, absorbing this heat in a fluid
(usually water) and then measuring the temperature rice of the fluid.

SCE 121 ECE

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EC2403 RF &MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT – V

RF AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND MATCHING NETWORKS

1)What is meant by fractional bandwidth?

The fractional bandwidth is given by

2) Write the function of matching networks? [Nov/dec-11]

Matching networks can help stabilize the amplifier by keeping the source and load impedances in
the appropriate range. Impedance matching (or tuning) is an important issue for - Maximum power is
delivered when load is matched to line (assuming the generator is matched) - Power loss is minimized.
S/N- ratio of receiver components is increased. - Amplitude and phase errors are reduced.

3) What is function of input and output matching networks?

Input and output matching networks are needed to reduce undesired reflections and improve the power
flow capabilities.

4) What are the parameters used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier?

Key parameters of amplifier, to evaluate the performance are
i. Gain and gain flatness(in dB)
ii. Operating frequency and bandwidth (in Hz)
iii. Output power (in dB)
iv. Power supply requirements (in V and A)
v. Input and output reflection coefficients (VSWR)
vi. Noise figure (in dB)

5) Define transducer power gain. [Nov/dec-13]

Transducer power gain is nothing but the gain of the amplifier when placed between source and load.

SCE 122 ECE

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6) Define Unilateral Power gain. [Nov/Dec-14]

It is the amplifier power gain, when feedback effect of amplifier is neglected i.e.S12=0.

7) What is available Power Gain (GA) at Load?

The available power gain for load side matching (TL = T*Out) is given as,

8) Define Operating Power Gain.

The operating power gain is defined as “the ratio of power delivered to the load to the power supplied to
the amplifier”.

9) Write a short note on feedback of RF circuit.

i. If |T|>1, then the magnitude of the return voltage wave increases called positive feedback,
which causes instability (oscillator).
ii. If |T|<1, then the return voltage wave is totally avoided (amplifier). It‟s called as negative
feedback.

9)Define Stability factor ( Rolette Factor) [May/June -14]

SCE 123 ECE

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10)Draw the block diagram of a Single Stage Amplifier

11.Give the expression that relates nodal quality factor (Qn) with loaded quality factor (QL)
[Nov/Dec-13]

Nodal quality factor (Qn) is defined as ratio of the absolute value of the reactance Xs to the corresponding
Resistance Rs

Qn = [Xs] / Rs

The nodel quality factor is

QL = Qn / 2
12.What are the need of Impedance Matching Network [May/June-14]

 Minimal power loss in feed line

 Maximum power delivary
 Improving the S/N ratio of the system for sensitive receiver components
 Reducing amplitude & phase errors in a power distribution networks
 Minimum reflection in transmission line
 Optimal efficiency

13.Define power gain of amplifier in terms of S- parameter and reflection coefficient[Nov/Dec-12]

Transducer Power Gain

Transducer Power Gain is nothing but the gain of the amplifier when placed between source and load

Available Power Gain

Operating power gain

SCE 124 ECE

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The Operating power gain is defined as the ratio of power delivered to the load to the power supplied to
the amplifier

SCE 125 ECE

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