George E.

Lewis
George Emanuel Lewis (born July 14, 1952) is an
American composer, performer, and scholar of George E. Lewis
experimental music.[1] He has been a member of the
Association for the Advancement of Creative
Musicians (AACM) since 1971, when he joined the
organization at the age of 19.[2] He is renowned for
his work as an improvising trombonist and considered
a pioneer of computer music, which he began
pursuing in the late 1970s; in the 1980s he created
Voyager, an improvising software he has used in
interactive performances.[2] Lewis's many honors
include a MacArthur Fellowship,[1] a Guggenheim George E. Lewis playing at the Moers Festival
Fellowship,[3] and the American Book Award[1] in 2009
received for his book A Power Stronger Than Itself:
Background information
The AACM and American Experimental Music.[4]
Born July 14, 1952
Lewis is the Edwin H. Case Professor of American
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Music, Composition & Historical Musicology at
Columbia University.[5] Genres Experimental, contemporary
classical, avant-garde jazz,
computer music
Early life Occupation(s) Musician, composer, professor
Labels Sackville, Charly, Black Saint,
Lewis was born July 14, 1952, in Chicago, Illinois.[6] Soul Note, Avant, Music & Arts,
Lewis's father, George Thomas Lewis, was a postal Pi, Incus, Tzadik
worker who studied electronics under the GI Bill and
had a deep love of jazz music; his mother, Cornelia Website music.columbia.edu/bios
Griffith Lewis, liked blues, soul, and R&B /george-e-lewis (https://music.c
singers.[6][4]: 281 olumbia.edu/bios/george-e-lewi
s)
Lewis began his education at a public elementary
school, but he was one of many Black students who could only attend half-days, allegedly to relieve
"overcrowding"; this was widely understood to be an excuse to enforce de facto segregation under
superintendent Benjamin Willis, whose policies led to the 1963 Chicago Public Schools boycott.[7][4]: 281
An African American teacher convinced Lewis's parents to enroll him at the University of Chicago
Laboratory School, where he started classes at age 9.[4]: 281 Lewis attended the Lab School from 1961
until his graduation in 1969.[8]

His parents wanted him to learn an instrument as a way to make friends, and Lewis chose the trombone,
which was paid for in monthly installments.[4]: 281 He played in the school orchestra and concert band,
took private lessons from University of Chicago graduate students, and as a teenager joined the school's
new jazz band, run by jazz historian Frank Tirro (then working on his PhD) and Dean Hey.[4]: 282 In the
late 1960s, classmate Ray Anderson took Lewis to hear Fred Anderson at an AACM concert, and Lewis
first heard the Art Ensemble of Chicago at another concert on his high school campus.[4]: 282

Education and joining the AACM

Lewis was accepted to Yale University in 1969, and at age 17 began his studies in prelaw.[4]: 282 He also
took music theory classes and met a number of artists in the community, but began to lose interest in
school after his sophomore year and decided to take a break.[4]: 283

In 1971, during his time off in Chicago, Lewis heard some musicians practicing together near his parents'
house; he introduced himself, and met Muhal Richard Abrams, John Shenoy Jackson, Steve Galloway,
and Pete Cosey.[4]: 283 Lewis was invited to check out a show at the Pumpkin Room, but misunderstood
the invitation and brought his trombone; they let him play anyway, as part of a group that also included
Joseph Jarman, Kalaparusha, and Steve McCall.[4]: 284 Lewis worried about his performance, but McCall
invited him to play another concert; at rehearsal, he was introduced to Roscoe Mitchell, Malachi Favors,
Sabu Toyozumi, Aaron Dodd, and Douglas Ewart.[4]: 285 Lewis became more involved with the AACM,
and Jackson encouraged him to apply to join the group. After his acceptance, Lewis was voted reading
secretary and began taking minutes at weekly meetings.[4]: 285 Lewis regularly played late gigs with the
Muhal Richard Abrams Big Band during his year off, and in the daytime held a United Steelworkers
union job at Illinois Slag and Ballast Company.[4]: 303

Lewis returned to Yale in 1972, just as the university began its Duke Ellington Fellowship Program;
artists brought to campus during Lewis's remaining years included Duke Ellington, Charles Mingus, Max
Roach, Dizzy Gillespie, William Warfield, Papa Jo Jones, Willie "The Lion" Smith, Marion Williams,
Tony Williams, and Slam Stewart.[4]: 303 Lewis met many more musicians among Yale's students, faculty,
and others living near New Haven such as Wadada Leo Smith, who began visiting Lewis early in the
morning before his classes.[4]: 304

Lewis graduated from Yale in 1974 with a degree in philosophy.[8]

Career
In 1976, Lewis released Solo Trombone Record to great acclaim.[9]

Lewis has long been active in creating and performing with interactive computer systems, most notably
his software Voyager, which "listens" and reacts to live performers.[2]

Lewis has recorded or performed with Anthony Braxton, Anthony Davis, Bertram Turetzky, Conny
Bauer, Count Basie, David Behrman, David Murray, Derek Bailey, Douglas Ewart, Alfred Harth, Evan
Parker, Fred Anderson, Frederic Rzewski, Gil Evans, Han Bennink, Irène Schweizer, J. D. Parran, James
Newton, Joel Ryan, Joëlle Léandre, John Zorn, Karl E. H. Seigfried, Laurie Anderson, Leroy Jenkins,
Marina Rosenfeld, Michel Portal, Misha Mengelberg, Miya Masaoka, Muhal Richard Abrams, Nicole
Mitchell, Richard Teitelbaum, Roscoe Mitchell, Sam Rivers, Steve Lacy, and Wadada Leo Smith, as well
as Frederic Rzewski and Alvin Curran's Musica Elettronica Viva[10] and the Globe Unity Orchestra[5] and
the ICP Orchestra (Instant Composer's Pool).[11]
In the 1980s, Lewis succeeded Rhys Chatham as the music director
of The Kitchen.[12]

From 1988-1990, Lewis collaborated with video artist Don Ritter to

create performances of interactive music and interactive video
controlled by Lewis's improvised trombone.[13]

In 1992, Lewis collaborated with Canadian artist Stan Douglas on the

video installation Hors-champs, featuring Lewis in an improvisation
of Albert Ayler's "Spirits Rejoice" with musicians Douglas Ewart,
Kent Carter and Oliver Johnson; the installation was featured at
documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany.[14]

Since 2004, he has served as Edward H. Case Professor of American

Music at Columbia University in New York City.[5] He previously
George E. Lewis in 2006.
taught at the University of California, San Diego.[15]

Lewis is featured extensively in Unyazi of the Bushveld (2005),

directed by Aryan Kaganof,[16] a documentary about the first
symposium of electronic music held in Africa.[17] Lewis gave an
invited keynote lecture and performance at NIME-06, the sixth
international conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression,
which was held at IRCAM, Paris, in June 2006.[18]

His work "Morning Blues for Yvan" was featured on the compilation
album Crosstalk: American Speech Music (Bridge Records), Lewis, circa 2003
produced by Mendi + Keith Obadike.

In 2008, Lewis published a book-length history of the AACM titled A Power Stronger Than Itself: The
AACM and American Experimental Music (University of Chicago Press).[19] Lewis later wrote an opera
based on the book, titling it Afterword: The AACM (as) Opera; the work premiered at the Museum of
Contemporary Art Chicago in 2015.[20]

In April 2022, the International Contemporary Ensemble announced the appointment of Lewis as its next
artistic director, effective April 2022.[21]

Honors and awards

In 2002, Lewis received a MacArthur Fellowship.[1] His many honors also include a Guggenheim
Fellowship (2015),[3] a United States Artists Fellowship (2011), the Alpert Award in the Arts (1999), and
the American Musicological Society's Music in American Culture Award in 2009.[5] He became a Fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2015, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy
in 2016, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2018. Lewis has received four
honorary degrees: Doctor of Music from the University of Edinburgh in 2015, Doctor of Humane Letters
from New College of Florida in 2017, Doctor of Music from Harvard University in 2018, and Doctor of
Music from the University of Pennsylvania in 2022.[22][23]
His monograph A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music received
the 2009 American Book Award.[1]

Discography

As sole leader

Released Album Title Label Personnel Rec.

1976 Solo Trombone Record Sackville Lewis (trombone)[24] 1976

Monads-Triple Slow Lewis (alto and tenor trombones, sousaphone,

Mix-Cycle- Black Moog synthesizer, sound-tube), Anthony Davis,
1978 Douglas Ewart, Leroy Jenkins, Roscoe Mitchell, 1977
Shadowgraph, 5 Saint
(Sextet) Adbul Wadud, Muhal Richard Abrams[25]

Homage to Charles Black Lewis (trombone, electronics), Ewart, Davis,

1979 1979
Parker Saint Richard Teitelbaum

Lewis (electronics, trombones), Ewart, J.D.

1981 Chicago Slow Dance Lovely 1977
Parran, Teitelbaum[26]

Lewis (trombone, computer, compositions),

1993 Voyager Avant 1993
Roscoe Mitchell[27]
Lewis (trombone), Daniel Koppelman, Ruth
Changing With the New Neville, Jerome Rothenberg, Ewart, Jeannie
1993 Cheatham, Bernard Mixon, Peter Gonzales III, 1993
Times World
Mary Oliver, Quincy Troupe[28]

Lewis (computer, conductor, trombone), Sarah

Cahill, Steven Schick, Quincy Troupe, and the 1995–
2000 Endless Shout Tzadik
1997
NOW Orchestra[29][30]
The Shadowgraph Lewis (trombone, conductor, compositions) / The
2001 Series: Compositions Spool 1999
for Creative Orchestra NOW Orchestra[31]

Lewis (trombone, laptop, Buchla Lightning,

Sequel (For Lester compositions), Siegfried Rössert, Guillermo E.
2006 Intakt 2004
Bowie) Brown, Jeff Parker, Kaffe Matthews, Miya
Masaoka, DJ Mutamassik[32]

Lewis (compositions, live electronic processing,

live electronics and spatialization performance) 2008–
2011 Les Exercices Spirituels Tzadik with large ensembles (Ensemble Erik Satie, Wet 2010
Ink, Vancouver Olympiad)[33][34]
Lewis (computer programming, hardware
2020 Rainbow Family (1984) Carrier hacking), Ewart, Joëlle Léandre, Derek Bailey, 1984
Steve Lacy[35]

Works for solo instrument and electronics: Claire

The Recombinant New Chase & Levy Lorenzo, Seth Parker Woods, 2016–
2021 Dana Jessen & Eli Stine, software by Damon
Trilogy Focus 2020
Holzborn[36]

As co-leader
Organized by year of release; year(s) of recording noted if known to be earlier.

1978: Anthony Braxton / George Lewis Duo – Elements of Surprise (Moers; recorded 1976)
1979: George Lewis / Douglas Ewart – Jila Save! Mon. - The Imaginary Suite (Black Saint;
recorded 1978)
1980: Company (Derek Bailey, Dave Holland, Lewis, Evan Parker) – Fables (Incus)
1980: Evan Parker / George Lewis – From Saxophone & Trombone (Incus; reissued on Psi
(2002) and Otoroku (2023))
1982: Derek Bailey / George Lewis / John Zorn – Yankees (Charly)
1985: Misha Mengelberg / Steve Lacy / George Lewis / Harjen Gorter / Han Bennink –
Change of Season (Music Of Herbie Nichols) (Soul Note)
1987: Mengelberg / Lacy / Lewis / Ernst Reijseger / Bennink – Dutch Masters (Soul Note)
1988: John Zorn / George Lewis / Bill Frisell – News for Lulu (hat Hut)
1992: Zorn / Lewis / Frisell – More News for Lulu (hat Hut; recorded 1989)
1994: Anthony Braxton & George Lewis – Donaueschingen (Duo) 1976 (hatART; recorded
1976)
1994: Ray Anderson, Craig Harris, Lewis, Gary Valente – Slideride (hat Hut)
1996: Vinny Golia / George Lewis / Bertram Turetzky – Triangulation (Nine Winds)
1998: George Lewis & Miya Masaoka – The Usual Turmoil and Other Duets (Music & Arts)
1998: George E. Lewis & Bertram Turetzky – Conversations (Incus)
2006: Muhal Richard Abrams / George Lewis / Roscoe Mitchell – Streaming (Pi)
2009: Joëlle Léandre & George Lewis – Transatlantic Visions (RogueArt)
2009: George Lewis / Marina Rosenfeld – Sour Mash (Innova)
2009: Glasgow Improvisers Orchestra & George Lewis – Metamorphic Rock (Iorram)
2014: George Lewis / Wadada Leo Smith / John Zorn – Sonic Rivers (Tzadik)[37]
2016: George Lewis & International Contemporary Ensemble – The Will to Adorn (Tundra)
2016: George Lewis & Splitter Orchester – Creative Construction Set™ (Mikroton)
2017: Ensemble Dal Niente & George Lewis – Assemblage (New World Records)
2019: Kimmig-Studer-Zimmerlin & George Lewis – Kimmig-Studer-Zimmerlin & George
Lewis (ezz-thetics)
2019: George Lewis / Roscoe Mitchell – Voyage And Homecoming (RogueArt)
2021: Joelle Léandre / George Lewis / Pauline Oliveros – Play as You Go (Trost; recorded
2014)[38]

As sideman
Organized by year of release; year(s) of recording noted if known to be more than two years earlier.

With Muhal Richard Abrams

1979: Spihumonesty (Black Saint)

1980: Mama and Daddy (Black Saint)
2011: SoundDance (Pi)
With Anthony Braxton

1976: Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista)

1977: The Montreux/Berlin Concerts (Arista)
 1983: Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983 (Black Saint)
1991: Dortmund (Quartet) 1976 (hatART)
1992: Ensemble (Victoriaville) 1988 (Victo)
1995: Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 (hatART)
1999: News from the 70s (New Tone; recorded 1971–1976)
2000: Quintet (Basel) 1977 (hatOLOGY)
2011: Quartet (Graz) 1976 (Braxton Bootleg)
2011: Orchestra (Paris) 1978 (Braxton Bootleg)
2011: Orchestra (Los Angeles) 1992 (Braxton Bootleg)
2012: Trio (Pisa) 1982 (Braxton Bootleg)
2013: Quintet (Moers) 1977 - 05.30 (Braxton Bootleg)
2013: Quartet (Berlin) 1976 (Braxton Bootleg)
With Anthony Davis

Episteme (Gramavision)
Hemispheres (Gramavision)
Variations in Dream Time (Gramavision)
Hidden Voices (India Navigation)
With Gil Evans

1981: Live at the Public Theater (New York 1980) (Trio)

1993: Lunar Eclypse (New Tone; recorded 1981)
With Globe Unity Orchestra

1993: 20th Anniversary (FMP; recorded 1986)

2007: Globe Unity – 40 Years (Intakt)
With ICP Orchestra

1986: Bospaadje Konijnehol I

1986: ICP Plays Monk
With Steve Lacy

1983: Prospectus (hat ART; rereleased in 1999 as Cliches)

1985: Futurities (hat Hut)
2001: The Beat Suite (Sunnyside)
2004: Last Tour (Emanem)
With Roscoe Mitchell

1976: Roscoe Mitchell Quartet (Sackville)

1977: Nonaah (Nessa)
1978: L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples (Nessa)
1979: Sketches from Bamboo (Moers)
1999: Nine to Get Ready (ECM)
With David Murray

1980: Ming (Black Saint)

 1982: Home (Black Saint)
With Richard Teitelbaum

1988: Concerto Grosso (hat Hut)

1993: Cyberband (Moers)
1995: Golem (Tzadik)
With others

1977: Barry Altschul, You Can't Name Your Own Tune (Muse)
1979: Fred Anderson, Another Place (Moers)
1979: Jacques Bekaert, Summer Music 1970 (Lovely/Vital)
1979: Leo Smith Creative Orchestra, Budding of a Rose (Moers)
1979: Leroy Jenkins, Space Minds, New Worlds, Survival of America (Tomato)
1979: Sam Rivers, Contrasts (ECM)
1981: Material, Memory Serves (Celluloid)[39]
1981: John Zorn, Archery (Parachute)
1981: Laurie Anderson, Big Science (Warner Bros.)
1982: John Lindberg Trio, Give and Take (Black Saint)
1983: Rhys Chatham, Factor X (Moers)
1985: Evan Parker (with Lewis, Barry Guy, Paul Lytton), Hook, Drift & Shuffle (Incus)
1985: Joëlle Leandre, Les Douze Sons (NATO)
1986: Ushio Torikai, Go Where? (Victor)
1986: Irene Schweizer, Live at Taktlos (Intakt)
1987: Joe Sachse with David Moss, Lewis, Berlin Tango (Jazzwerkstatt)
1987: Heiner Goebbels, Der Mann im Fahrstuhl (ECM)
1988: Irene Schweizer, The Storming of the Winter Palace (Intakt)
1996: India Cooke, RedHanded (Music & Arts)
1997: Steve Coleman, Genesis & The Opening of the Way (BMG/RCA Victor)
1998: Evod Magek, Through Love to Freedom (Black Pot)
1998: Miya Masaoka Orchestra, What Is the Difference Between Stripping and Playing the
Violin? (Victo)
1999: NOW Orchestra, WOWOW (Spool)
2001: Bert Turetzky & Mike Wofford, Transition and Transformation (Nine Winds)
2008: Musica Elettronica Viva, MEV 40 (New World)
2009: Paul Rutherford, Tetralogy (Emanem)

Compositions
Solo and chamber music

"Toneburst" (1976) for three trombones

"Endless Shout" (1994), for piano
"Collage" (1995), for poet and chamber orchestra, with text by Quincy Troupe
"Ring Shout Ramble" (1998), for saxophone quartet
"Signifying Riffs" (1998), for string quartet and percussion
"Dancing in the Palace" (2009), for tenor voice and viola, with text by Donald Hall
 "Ikons" (2010), for octet
"The Will to Adorn" (2011), for large chamber ensemble
"Thistledown" (2012), for quartet
"Float, Sting" (2018), for sextet
Electronics

"Atlantic" (1978), for amplified trombones with resonant filters

"Nightmare at the Best Western" (1992), for baritone voice and six instruments
"Virtual Discourse" (1993), composition for infrared-controlled "virtual percussion" and four
percussionists
"North Star Boogaloo" (1996), for percussionist and computer, with text by Quincy Troupe
"Crazy Quilt" (2002), for infrared-controlled "virtual percussion" and four percussionists
"Hello Mary Lou" (2007) for chamber ensemble and live electronics
"Sour Mash" (2009), composition for vinyl turntablists, with Marina Rosenfeld
"Les Exercices Spirituels" (2010) for eight instruments and computer sound spatialization
"Anthem" (2011), for chamber ensemble with electronics
Installations

"Mbirascope/Algorithme et kalimba" (1985), interactive mbira-driven audiovisual installation,

with David Behrman
"A Map of the Known World" (1987), interactive mbira-driven audiovisual installation, with
David Behrman
"Rio Negro" (1992), robotic-acoustic sound-sculpture installation, with Douglas Ewart
"Information Station No. 1" (2000), multi-screen videosonic interactive installation for the
Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant, San Diego, Calif.
"Rio Negro II" (2007), robotic-acoustic sound installation, with Douglas Ewart and Douglas
Irving Repetto.
"Travelogue" (2009), sound installation
"Ikons" (2010), interactive sound sculpture, with Eric Metcalfe
Interactive computer music

"The KIM and I" (1979), for micro-computer and improvising musician
"Chamber Music for Humans and Non-Humans" (1980), for micro-computer and improvising
musician
"Rainbow Family" (1984), for soloists with multiple interactive computer systems
"Voyager" (1987), for improvising soloist and interactive “virtual orchestra"
"Virtual Concerto" (2004), for improvising computer piano soloist and orchestra
"Interactive Trio" (2007), for interactive computer-driven piano, human pianist, and additional
instrumentalist
"Interactive Duo" (2007), for interactive computer-driven piano and human instrumentalist
Music Theatre

"The Empty Chair" (1986), computer-driven videosonic music theatre work

"Changing with the Times" (1991), radiophonic/music theatre work
Creative orchestra

"The Shadowgraph Series, 1-5" (1975–77)

 "Hello and Goodbye" (1976/2000)
"Angry Bird" (2007)
"Fractals" (2007)
"Shuffle" (2007)
"The Chicken Skin II" (2007)
"Something Like Fred" (2009)
"Triangle" (2009)
Minds in Flux (2021)[40]
Graphic and instructional scores

"Monads" (1977), graphic score for any instrumentation

"The Imaginary Suite" (1977), two movements for tape, live electronics, and instruments
"Chicago Slow Dance" (1977), for electro-acoustic ensemble
"Blues" (1979), graphic score for four instruments
"Homage to Charles Parker" (1979), for improvisors and electronics
"Sequel" (2004), for eight electro-acoustic performers
"Artificial Life 2007" (2007), composition for improvisors with open instrumentation

Books and articles

Monographs
Lewis, George E. (2008). A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American
Experimental Music (https://books.google.com/books?id=fUbCMeCrxa0C). University of
Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226477039.

Edited collections
Kisiedu, Harald; Lewis, George E., eds. (2023). Composing While Black: Afrodiasporische
Neue Musik Heute / Afrodiasporic New Music Today (https://books.google.com/books?id=ra
n-zwEACAAJ) (in German and English). Wolke Verlag. ISBN 9783955932626.
Lewis, George E.; Piekut, Benjamin, eds. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Critical
Improvisation Studies: Volume 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=mXzADAAAQBAJ).
Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195370935.
Lewis, George E.; Piekut, Benjamin, eds. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Critical
Improvisation Studies: Volume 2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=dTRADQAAQBAJ).
Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190627973.

Articles and book chapters

Lewis, George E. (2021). " 'Is Our Machines Learning Yet?' Machine Learning's Challenge to
Improvisation and the Aesthetic". In de Assis, Paulo; Giudici, Paolo (eds.). Machinic
Assemblages of Desire: Deleuze and Artistic Research 3 (https://muse.jhu.edu/book/82127).
Leuven: Leuven University Press. ISBN 9789461663603. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2020). " "Foreword: On the Art of Becoming" ". In MacDonald, Raymond
A.R.; Wilson, Graeme B. (eds.). The Art of Becoming: How Group Improvisation Works (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=-QbcDwAAQBAJ). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–
xx. ISBN 978-0-19-084091-4. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (3 July 2020). "Lifting the Cone of Silence From Black Composers" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/arts/music/black-composers-classical-music.html). The
New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (January 2020). "A Small Act of Curation" (https://www.on-curating.org/iss
ue-44-reader/a-small-act-of-curation.html). Curating Contemporary Music (44). Retrieved
23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E.; Calico, Joy H. (Fall 2019). "Editorial Introduction" (https://doi.org/10.152
5%2Fjams.2019.72.3.607). Journal of the American Musicological Society. 72 (3): 607–611.
doi:10.1525/jams.2019.72.3.607 (https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjams.2019.72.3.607).
Lewis, George E. (Winter 2019). "Listening for Freedom with Arnold Davidson" (https://doi.or
g/10.1086/700996). Critical Inquiry. 45 (2): 434–447. doi:10.1086/700996 (https://doi.org/10.
1086%2F700996). S2CID 165901758 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16590175
8). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (December 2018). "(Machine) Listening as Improvisation" (https://www.tec
hnosphere-magazine.hkw.de/p/5-Rainbow-Family-5Aj9nAxzG6zFRAAd9icEvH).
Technosphere Magazine. 23. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2018). "Toni Dove's Nonmodern Ontologies". In McLendon, Matthew
(ed.). Toni Dove: Embodied Machines (https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/toni-dov
es-nonmodern-ontologies). New York: Scala Arts Publishers & John and Mable Ringling
Museum of Art. pp. 31–41. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2018). "Why Do We Want Our Computers to Improvise?". In McLean,
Alex; Dean, Roger T. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Algorithmic Music (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=IqbYAQAACAAJ). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–130.
ISBN 978-0-19-022699-2. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2017). "The Situation of a Creole (In: Defining Twentieth-and-Twenty
First-Century Music)" (https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/the-situation-of-a-creole-
in-defining-twentieth-and-twenty-first-). Twentieth-Century Music. 14 (3): 442–446. Retrieved
23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2017). "The Sound of Terry Adkins". In Berry, Ian (ed.). Terry Adkins:
Recital (https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/the-sound-of-terry-adkins). New York:
Prestel Publishing. pp. 105–129. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2017). "From Network Bands to Ubiquitous Computing: Rich Gold and
the Social Aesthetics of Interactivity". In Born, Georgina; Lewis, Eric; Straw, Will (eds.).
Improvisation and Social Aesthetics (https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/2347/chapter/
920944/From-Network-Bands-to-Ubiquitous-ComputingRich). Durham and London: Duke
University Press. pp. 91–109. doi:10.1215/9780822374015-005 (https://doi.org/10.1215%2F
9780822374015-005). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (Fall 2011). "Americanist Musicology and Nomadic Noise" (https://www.pr
oquest.com/openview/f1881265f7b05329ff159d0673ae6a38/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36
28). Journal of the American Musicological Society. 64 (3): 691–95. Retrieved 23 March
2023.
Lewis, George E. (2009). "Interactivity and Improvisation". In Dean, Roger T. (ed.). The
Oxford Handbook of Computer Music (https://books.google.com/books?id=96ymxXy3wjM
C). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 457–66. ISBN 978-0-19-971593-0.
Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (May 2008). Lewis, George E. (ed.). "Foreword: After Afrofuturism" (http
s://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1752196308080048). Journal of the Society for American Music.
Special issue on Technology and Black Music in the Americas. 2 (2): 139–153.
doi:10.1017/S1752196308080048 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1752196308080048).
S2CID 194949189 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194949189).
Lewis, George E. (2008). "Stan Douglas's Suspiria: Genealogies of Recombinant
Narrativity". In Douglas, Stan (ed.). Past Imperfect: Works 1986-2007 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=O6s0AQAAIAAJ). Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag. pp. 42–53.
ISBN 9783775720212. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2007). "Improvising Tomorrow's Bodies: The Politics of Transduction" (htt
ps://hemisphericinstitute.org/en/emisferica-42/4-2-essays/improvising-tomorrows-bodies-the
-politics-of-transduction.html). E-misférica. 4 (2). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2007). "Mobilitas Animi: Improvising Technologies, Intending Chance" (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1080/13534640701682867). Parallax. 13 (4): 108–122.
doi:10.1080/13534640701682867 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13534640701682867).
S2CID 143489398 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143489398). Retrieved
23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2007). "Living with Creative Machines: An Improvisor Reflects". In
Everett, Anna; Wallace, Amber J. (eds.). AfroGEEKS: Beyond the Digital Divide (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=vF0hAQAAIAAJ). Santa Barbara: Center for Black Studies
Research. pp. 83–99. ISBN 9780976503637. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (May 2007). "Live Algorithms and the Future of Music" (https://icl.utk.edu/c
twatch/quarterly/articles/2007/05/live-algorithms-and-the-future-of-music/4/index.html). CT
Watch Quarterly. 3 (2). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (February 2007). "The Virtual Discourses of Pamela Z" (https://doi.org/10.
1017/S1752196307070034). Journal of the Society for American Music. 1 (1): 57–77.
doi:10.1017/S1752196307070034 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1752196307070034).
S2CID 194105202 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194105202). Retrieved
23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2006). "Improvisation and the Orchestra: A Composer Reflects" (https://d
oi.org/10.1080/07494460600989812). Contemporary Music Review. 25 (5/6): 429–434.
doi:10.1080/07494460600989812 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07494460600989812).
S2CID 194029038 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194029038). Retrieved
23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2005). "The Secret Love between Interactivity and Improvisation, or
Missing in Interaction: A Prehistory of Computer Interactivity". In Fähndrich, Walter (ed.).
Improvisation V: 14 Beiträge (https://www.amadeusmusic.ch/itemcard.php). Winterthur:
Amadeus. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (2004). "Gittin' to Know Y'all: Improvised Music, Interculturalism and the
Racial Imagination" (https://www.criticalimprov.com/index.php/csieci/article/view/6). Critical
Studies in Improvisation. 1 (1). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. "Leben mit kreativen Maschinen: Reflexionen eines improvisierenden
Musikers". In Knauer, Wolfram (ed.). Improvisieren: Darmstädter Beiträge zur
Jazzforschung, Band 8 (in German). Hofheim: Wolke Verlag. pp. 123–144.
Lewis, George E. (30 March 2004). "Afterword to "Improvised Music After 1950": The
Changing Same". In Fischlin, Daniel; Heble, Ajay (eds.). The Other Side of Nowhere: Jazz,
Improvisation, and Communities in Dialogue (https://books.google.com/books?id=i213QL-G
vp4C). Middletown: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 131–162. ISBN 9780819566829.
Retrieved 23 March 2023.
 Lewis, George E. (2000). "Too Many Notes: Computers, Complexity and Culture in
'Voyager' " (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513376). Leonardo Music Journal. 10: 33–39.
doi:10.1162/096112100570585 (https://doi.org/10.1162%2F096112100570585).
JSTOR 1513376 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513376). S2CID 57566736 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566736). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Zorn, John, ed. (2000). "Teaching Improvised Music: An Ethnographic Memoir". Arcana:
Musicians on music (https://www.granarybooks.com/pages/books/GB_74/john-zorn/arcana-
musicians-on-music). New York: Granary Books. pp. 78–109. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
Lewis, George E. (Spring 1996). "Improvised Music after 1950: Afrological and Eurological
Perspectives" (https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/58902/original%20%20/Lewis+-+Impro
vised+Music+after+1950-+Afrological+and+Eurological+Perspectives+.pdf) (PDF). Black
Music Research Journal. 16 (1): 91–122. doi:10.2307/779379 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F7
79379). JSTOR 779379 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/779379). Retrieved 23 March 2023.

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filmmaker%20Ken,an%20honorary%20degree%20from%20Penn.). Retrieved 2022-05-30.
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1). Tzadik. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
35. Broomer, Stuart (5 February 2021). "Atelier George Lewis: Rainbow Family 1984 - George
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sso-volkov-review-brisk-and-beautiful-beethoven-but-lewis-premiere-is-hard-to-like). The
Guardian. Retrieved 2022-04-18.

External links
George Lewis faculty profile (http://music.columbia.edu/people/bios/glewis) from Columbia
University site
Casserley, Lawrence. "Person to... person?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060517014255/
http://www.l-m-c.org.uk/texts/lewis.html) at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2006)
Interview with George Lewis, discussing computer music and other topics, including
improvisation and Voyager
Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with George Lewis." eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (http://
cec.concordia.ca/econtact/12_2/interviews_golden.html) (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.

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