Written & Composed By MATHEMATICS – Part II

Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

(Analytic Geometry Formulae)
Chapter#4

DISTANCE FORMULA
Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y2 ) be two points in the plane then distance between A and B is given by
d  AB  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
OR
 ( x 1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2
RATIO FORMULA

A( x1 , y1 ) k1 P k2 B( x 2 , y 2 )

Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y2 ) be two points in the plane and P be a point which divides AB
internally
 k x  k 2 x 1 k 1 y 2  k 2 y1 
in the ratio k1 : k 2 then coordinates of P are P  1 2 , 
 k 1  k 2 k 1  k 2 
NOTE
 x  x 2 y1  y 2 
 If k1  k2 then P becomes mid point of AB. P  1 , 
 2 2 
 If the directed distance AP and PB have the same sign , then their ratio is positive and P is
said to divide AB internally.
 If the directed distance AP and PB have the opposite signs P is beyond AB , then their ratio
 k x  k 2 x1 k 1 y 2  k 2 y1 
is negative and P is said to divide AB externally. P  1 2 , 
 k1  k 2 k 1  k 2 

 The centroid of a ABC is a point that divides each median in the ratio 2:1 and is
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 
 , 
 3 3 
 The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle is called its In-centre.
 ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by2  cy3 
 ,  , where a , b and c are sides of the triangle.
 abc abc 

By:: Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

Lecturer :: PGC Gujranwala
Written & Composed By MATHEMATICS – Part II
Prof. FAISAL AKBAR
(Analytic Geometry Formulae)
Chapter#4

TRANSLATION OF AXES
In translation of axes , origin is shifted to another point in the plane but the axes remain parallel to
old axes.
Let P be a point with coordinates (x , y) referred to xy-coordinate system and the axes be translated
through the point O(h, k ) . If P has coordinates (X ,Y) referred to new axes then
X = x – h and Y = y – k :
Let P be a point with coordinates (X , Y) referred to XY-coordinate system and the axes be
translated through the point O(h, k ) . If P has coordinates (x ,y) referred to new axes then
x = X + h and y = Y + k
ROTATION OF AXES
Let xy-coordinate system be given . we rotate Ox and Oy about the origin through an angle 
(0    90 0 ) So that the new axes are OX and OY.
X  x cos   y sin   x  X cos   Y sin  
 and 
Y   x sin   y sin   y  X sin   Y cos  
SLOPE OR GRADIENT OF A LINE:
The slope or gradient of a non-vertical straight line having inclination ' ' is defined by m  tan 
NOTE:
 A line parallel to x-axis( horizontal line) has slope zero.
 A line parallel to y-axis( vertical line) has slope undefined.
SLOPE OF A LINE JOINING TWO POINTS:
y 2  y1
Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x 2 , y2 ) then slopeof AB  m  OR
x 2  x1
NOTE:
a coefficient of x
 If a line ax  by  c  0 is given then m   
b coefficient of y
y

(0 , b)
INTERCEPTS

 If a line intersects x-axis at (a ,0) then a is called x-intercept b

 If a line intersects y-axis at (0 , b) then b is called y-intercept (a ,0)
O a
X

By:: Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

Lecturer :: PGC Gujranwala
Written & Composed By MATHEMATICS – Part II
Prof. FAISAL AKBAR
(Analytic Geometry Formulae)
Chapter#4

General form of a equation of straight line : ax + by + c = 0

Slope intercept form: Equation of a non – vertical straight line having slope m and y-intercept
c is y  mx  c
Point-slope form: Equation of a non–vertical straight line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) having slope m
is y  y1  m( x  x1 )
Symmetric form: Equation of a non – vertical straight line having inclination ' '
x  x1 y  y1
is  r
cos sin
Two point form: Equation of a non – vertical straight line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 )
x y 1
y  y1 y 2  y1 y 2  y1
is  OR y  y1  ( x  x1 ) OR x1 y1 1  0
x  x 2 x 2  x1 x 2  x1
x 2 y2 1
Intercept form: Equation of a non – vertical straight line having x and y intercepts are a and b
x y
is  1
a b
Normal form: Equation of a non – vertical straight line is x cos   y sin   p where “p” is the
length of perpendicular from origin to line and  is the inclination of the
perpendicular.

POSITION OF A POINT W.r.t LINE

Consider a non – vertical  : ax  by  c  0 and p( x1 , y1 ) be a point in the plane then p( x1 , y1 ) lies
(i) above the line  if ax1  by1  c  0 where b > 0
(ii) below the line  if ax1  by1  c  0 where b > 0
(iii) on the line  if ax1  by1  c  0 where b > 0

NOTE:
 The point p( x1 , y1 ) lies above the line  if ax1  by1  c and b have same sign .
 The point p( x1 , y1 ) lies below the line  if ax1  by1  c and b have opposite sign .
 The point p( x1 , y1 ) and origin are on the same side of line  if ax1  by1  c and c
have same sign.
 The point p( x1 , y1 ) and origin are on the opposite side of line  if ax1  by1  c and c
have opposite sign.

By:: Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

Lecturer :: PGC Gujranwala
Written & Composed By MATHEMATICS – Part II
Prof. FAISAL AKBAR
(Analytic Geometry Formulae)
Chapter#4

TWO STRAIGHT LINES:

Let  1 : ax1  by1  c1  0 and  2 : ax2  by2  c 2  0 be two lines then
 1 ||  2 if m1  m 2 OR a1b2  a 2 b1  0
 1   2 if m1  m 2  1 OR a1 a 2  b1 b2  0

NOTE:
 Let  1 : ax1  by1  c1  0 and  2 : ax2  by2  c 2  0 be two non-parallel lines then equation
of a lines through the point of intersection of two lines is
( ax1  by1  c1 )  k ( ax2  by2  c 2 )  0
 Three non-parallel lines  1 : ax1  by1  c1  0 ,  2 : ax2  by2  c 2  0 and
a 1 b1 c 1
 3 : ax3  by3  c 3  0 are concurrent if a 2 b2 c 2  0
a 3 b3 c 3
 Three non-parallel lines 1 : y  m1 x  c1 , 2 : y  m2 x  c2 and 3 : y  m3 x  c3
are concurrent if (m2  m1 )(c3  c1 )  (m3  m1 )(c2  c1 )
 Altitude of a triangle are concurrent.
 Right bisector of a triangle are concurrent.
 Medians of a triangles are concurrent.
 Angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
CENTRIOD , IN – CENTRE , CIRCUMCENTER , ORTHOCENTER
 The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle is called centroid
 The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle is called in-center
 The point of concurrency of the right bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
circumcenter
 The point of concurrency of the altitude of a triangle is called orthocenter
DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A LINE p( x1 , y1 )
The distance ‘d’ from the point p( x1 , y1 ) to the line  : ax  by  c  0
ax1  by1  c
is d 
a 2  b2
ax1  by1  c = 0
NOTE:
If the point lies on the line then distance would be zero.

By:: Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

Lecturer :: PGC Gujranwala
Written & Composed By MATHEMATICS – Part II
Prof. FAISAL AKBAR
(Analytic Geometry Formulae)
Chapter#4

AREA OF A TRIANGULAR REGION

Let A(x1 , y1) , B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of a triangle then
x1 y1 1 x1 x2 x3
1 1
Area of a triangle    x2 y2 1 or  y1 y2 y3
2 2
x3 y3 1 1 1 1
NOTE:
 If A ,B , C are collinear then  = 0
 A quadrilateral having two parallel and two non-parallel sides is called a Trapezium.
1
 Area of trapezoidal region = ( sum of || sides ) ( distance between || sides)
2
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
Let  1 and  2 be two non-vertical lines and m1 , m2 be their slopes then angle  from  1 to  2 is
m  m1
tan   2
1  m 2 m1
SECOND DEGREE HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is a general second degree homogenous equation(joint equation) and it
2 h 2  ab
represents a pair of lines through origin. And angle between the two lines is tan  
ab
 ax  2hxy  by  0 represents a pair of orthogonal (perpendicular) lines if the sum of the
2 2

coefficients of x2 and y2 is 0 i.e a + b = 0

 Real and coincident  Rreal and distinct if  Imaginary if h2 < ab
if h – ab = 0
2 2
h > ab
 Material is taken from the book

 
Written & Composed By :
Prof. Faisal Akbar ( MS - Mathematics)
Prof. Nazakat Khan ( MS - Mathematics)

By:: Prof. FAISAL AKBAR

Lecturer :: PGC Gujranwala