Class Ixth

Chapter-5

THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

By- Mrs. Malvika Saxenia

functicnal urnit of
A)Cell Cell is the smallest structural and
are
ife. It is called structural unit as all living organism
made up of cells and functional unit as it
is the smallest
required
structure capable of performing basic life processes
for sustaining life.
Two postulates of the cell theory are
1.All organisms are made up of cells.
2. All cells exist from pre- existing cells by cell division.

B)Who discovered cell-It was discovered by Robert Hooke in

1665.0ther discoveries about cell are:

a)Robert Brown -Nucleus of the cell in 1831

Free living cells in pond water
b) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
-

(bacteria) in 1674

c) Purkinje -

Fluid substance of cell (Protoplasm) in 1839

d)JE Virchow Expanded cell theory (all cells arise from
pre-existing cells) in 1855
e)M.J. Schleiden and T. Schwann Gave cell thaory (cell is
besic unit of life) in 1838-39
f) The discovery of electron microscope in 1940 helped lo
understand complex structure of cell ancd its organelles

.
 certain basic
C)What are cell organelles- Each cell has got
Each kind of
components within it known as cell organelles.
cell
cellorganelle performs a special function vwithin the
that is why a cell is able to live ancl perform all its function
in any organism. These organelles are suspended irn the

cytoplasm.

D)Basic components of cell- Plasma membrane, Nucleus and

cytoplasm.

E)PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE:

a)It is the outermost layer of animal cell.
b)It gives shape to the cell and provides mechanical support
and protection to the inner contents of the cel.
c)It is protective covering of the cell.
d) It surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell. It is called
selectively permeable membrane asit allows the entry
and exit of some naterials in and out of the cell, thus
provides a fixed environment inside the cell
e)It is highly flexible, living membrane made up of organi
molecules- proteins and lipids.

F) What is difference between diffusion and osmosis

DIFFUSION OSMOSIS
1.The process of 1.The process of
movenent of molecules movernent of water
 from a region of higher molecules from region
concentration to lower of higher
concentration to spread concentration to lower
uniformly in given concentration through
Space. semi-permeable
membrane.
2.It is seen solids,
in 2.It is seen only in
liquids and gases. liquids.
3.It helps in exchange
of 3.It helps in absorption
gases like CO2 and OO2 of water by plant
between cell as well as cells and unicellular
its external organisms like amoeba.
environment.

o centralia DDsy
AXr olutlon
olulln tlally
neable

High Low
i
9smosi

Concentration Concentration
I****
sugkr water
eaes

G) What happens when we put an anirnal cell into a solution of

salt or suqar?

**
Solute + Solvent --- .-- SOLUTION
 OLUTE SOLVENT SLUTICIN
asbstare Liquii t e soiutee So.te dissctai i
issahvirng

**The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or

out of a cell by osmosis is known as its tonicity.
Three conditions can be seen in external osmotic environment
of a cell-
a) Higher water concentration than a cell in surrounding
medium i.e. the solution is dilute-forms Hypotonic solution-
Cell gains water and swells up (becomes turgid)-process is
Endosmosis.
b) Lower concentration of water than a cell in surrounding
medium i.e. the solution is concentrated-forms Hypertonic
solution- Cell loses water and shrinks (plasmolysed i.e.
becomes flaccid)-process is Exosmosis.
c) Same concentration inside and outside the cell-forms
Isotonic solution- No change and remains normal cell.

Conclusion: Osmosis is special kind of diffusion through

plasma membrane which can be affected by the amount of
substance dissolved in water.
 explanation**

detailed diagram for

***
Below is

into the ceil

Water wil mcve

Solution cutside is hypotoric

Water will move out of the cel

Solution outsice is
Hypertor ic

Water concentrction is equol

inside and outside the
cell.

Solution outside is isotonic

H20
H20 H0 H20 H
H20 H0

H20
Ho
HO H20 H0. HO
2
et water loss No net io ss or ga
Net water gain
Cell sweils Cell shrinks
 Types of Solutions

2Hypertonic Solution Hypctonic Solution

Isotonic Solution
Hypo Less
Hyper More
so Same
Tonic Strength Tonic Strength
Tonic Strength
Solvar
*More Solutes and Less Solvent Fevver Solutes and Mare
*Sarne Concentration of Solutes and Solvent

Soiute Solvent Soluta

Solvent Solute Solvent

H) What is Plasmolysis- When living plant cell loses water

through osmosis, there is shrinkage or contraction of the
contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This

phenomenon is called as PLASMOLYSIS.

I) What is Endocytosis - It is the process which enables the

Dpoha Gett to engulf in food and other material from its external
environment. It takes place as cell membrane is highly
flexible. Example Uniceilular organism Amoeba acquires its
food through this process.
 totaly engulted
food particle ngulfed in faod
VaCule

amoeba

J)What is Cytoplasm- It is fluid medium present within a cell

between cell membrane and nucleus in which all the cell
organelles remain suspended. It is the main medium in which
all cellular reactions take
place in the cell.

K) NUCLEUS-

- Nuclear membriane

Nucleoplasm

Chromatin network

Nucleoius

Nuclear pore

a)It is known as the brairn of the cell as it regulates al

major activities of the cel.
 b)It is surrounded by double layered covering called as
nuclear membrane which has tiny pores called
NUCLEOPORES.
c) The fluid within the nucleus is called NUCLEOPLASM. It
contains two types of nuclear structures- NUCLEOLUS and
CHROMATIN.
d) In the nucleoplasm thread like coiled structures are
presentcalled chromatin network. They carry
chromosomes which carry genes. They are
highly coiled
and made up of DNA molecules.
e)A small spherical structure called NUCLEOLUS is also
present within the nucleus which helps in making RNA
Ribo nucleic acid) molecules. It is a site where ribosomes
are formed.
f) When a cell divides the chromatin condenses to form short
thread like structures called chromosomes which are
composed of DNA (Deoxy-Ribo Nucleic Acid) and proteins.
g) Nucleus also regulates cell divisiorn (formation of cells from
one cell), synthesis and storage of proteins.

h)Functional segments of the chromosomes are called genes,

which are the carriers of hereditary information from one
generation to the next.
L) CELL WALL-

a)It is composed of cellulose i.e. Complex carbohydrate. It

provides structural strength and rigidity to plants.
 b)It is present only in plant cell, is non-living, fully
permeable.
c)It gives proper shape to the cell.
d) It protects aquatic plants living in
hypotonic rnedium by
preventing them from bursting.
M) What is difference between
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Prokatyotic Cell
pilus capsule
cell wall
Cytoskeleton
-plasma menmbrans/ Plasma
nucleoid (DNA) NucleyS membrane

cytoplas1n V Nucletlus. Endoplamic

reticulum

aPparirtus

-rlbosomes Vasicla
flayellumF

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
1)Doesn't have a well- 1)They have well
organized nucleus. organized nucleus.
2) Size of cell is small 2) Size of cell is large
i.e. 1-10 microns. i.e. 5-100 microns.
3) Membrane bound cell 3) Membrane bound cell
organelles are absent. organelles are
present
 4) The nuclear region is 4) The nuclear region is
without a nuclear well defined area
membrane and so it is surrounded by a
called nucleoid. nuclear membrane.
5) A single chromosome 5) More than one
is present
chromosome is present
6) E.g. bacteria, blue 6)E.g. Amoeba, onion
green algae. cell.

N) Difference between plant and animal cell-

PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

1.Cell wall present 1.Cell wall absent
2.Plastids present 2. Plastids absent
3.Vacuole single and 3.Vacuole many and small
large
4. Nucleus present 4.Nucleus present in the
near periphery and centre
not in the centre
5.Mitochondria less 5.Mitochondria more in
in number number

6.Golgi body many 6. Golgi body single and

and scattered near the nucleus
called as
Dictysomes

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 7.Centriole absent 7.Centriole present with
centrosomes

* cell wall granular cell nembrane

endoplasmic
Cell membrane reticulum
N/Golgi vesicles.
Golgi
ribosome apparalus
ytoplasm
vacuole
smophER chtoroplast
(no ribosones) A SImooth
vacuole endoplasmic
nIcde olus
/nuclei8
membrane fibosomes reticuium

rougn ER
raphide nucleus-
TGcUgio Crystat
mitochondrion
druse
largecentreal cryslal
Vacuoie
chromatin . AGolgi complex
amyloplast itochondrlon V
(s:arch grain) nuclear membrane
Laurel Cook Lhowe
ytoplasm
E.M Are:rong 2901

CELL ORGANELLES
A)ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

rough sImooth endoplasmic

endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
reticulum
(RER)

vesicle

Golgi
apparatus

lysosome

1.Discovered by K.. Porter.

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2.It is a double membrane bound cell organelle.
membrane bound
3. Its fornis an extensive network of
tube like structures throughout the cytoplasm.
4.It provides mechanical support to the cell i.e.
fornms

skeletal framework of cell and provide large surface

area for biochemical activities of the cells.

5.It helps in transport of substances from one part of
the cell to the other and vice-versa thus forms a

circulatory system of the cell.

6.It helps in "MEMBERANE BIOGENESIS"- the proteins
and lipids synthesized by the RER and SER respectively
help in building up the plasma membrane
7.Some proteins and lipids act as enzymes and hormones.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM RETICULUM
ribosome's 1. They don't have
1.They have
attached on their ribosome's on their
surface. surface.
2.They help in 2. They help in
synthesizing profeins. synthesizing
lipids(fats).
3.It helps in detoxifying
many poisons and
drugs in the liver cells
mainly in vertebrates
by making them
harmless.
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 Rough
Endopl asúic
Reticui ua

Ribosome

B) RIBOSOMES

-La:ge Stburd

SAll Subunit
Instructors to make
on a mkNA Molecue in the nuce3l

1) Discovered by George E. Palade

2)It is present in ER and freely in cytoplasm.
3)It is a site for protein synthesis.
4)It is a dense single cell, spherical structure composed
of RNA and proteins.
5) **It is a smallest organelle without a cell membrane.
6)It is called as "Protein factory of the cell" as helps in
protein synthesis.
7) Each ribosome is formed of 2 sub units of different
sizes. They vary in size between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.
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C)GOLGI APPARATUS

Incomlng Tr anspon Cis Face

Vesicle

Cisternae
Lumen-

****
-Secretony Vesicle

TransFace-

1)Discovered by Camillo Golgi

2)It is double membrane bound cell organele consist of
curved tubular structures called CISTERNAE with
swollen ends called VESICLES which are arranged one
above the other in parallel rows.
3)It helps in storage, modification and packaging of
products in vesicles and then transporting them to
necessary locations within the cell.
4)It also helps in formation of Lysosomes.
5)It helps in the formation of complex sugars from simple
sugars within the cell.
6)It is also known as the "Export house of the cell"
because it helps in packaging and dispatch of materials
to various targets inside and outside the cells.

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D)LYSOSOMES

Lysosonme
AvlernbrarnE

Ptotein5

1)Discovered by Christian De Duve.

2) Surrounded by single membrane made of
lipids and
proteins.
3)They a r e tiny spherical bag like structures full of
digestive enzymes.
4) They clean the cell by digesting any foreign material
present within the cell.
5)They also digest worn out cell and cell organelles.
6) They also help in getting rid of worn out and
damaged
cells i.e. when a cell gets damaged
lysosomes may burst
and digestive enzymes digest their own cell and shows
self- digestion (AUTOLYSIS) and hence are called as
SUICIDAL BAGS. (The lysosomes originate from
Golgi.
The proteins which are synthesized in RER are
transported to Golgi and then pinched off to form
lysosomes.
7) They are a kind of waste disposal system of the cel.

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E)MITOCHONDRIA
J - istae

Outer Membrare

Istr embran Spar

1atrix

Inner Membran

CNA

RiDosome

1) Discovered by Kolliker
2)It is a double membrane bound cell organelle.
3)The outer membrane is porous and allows uptake of
substances and the release of ATP (Adenosine Tri
Phosphate) molecules
4) The inner membrane forms finger like folds called
cristae which increase the surface area for ATP
generating chemical reactions. The inner chamber is
filled with matrix where the synthesis of ATP molecules
takes place.
 5) Thisorganelle helps in synthesizing ATP molecules and
thus provides
energy during respiration. (ATP is called
as ENERGY CURRENCY
of the cell.)
6) The mitochondria have its own DNA and
Ribosomes and
hence it can
synthesize its own proteins independently.
7)It is called as "Power House of the cell".
F)PLASTIDS
Intermembrane Inner
Outer Space
Tembrane
membrane Siroma
(aqueous fluid)

Granum (stack
of thyiakcids) Lumen
Thylakcic Lamella insicle of thylakzis)

1)Discovered by E. Haeckel.
2) Double membrane bound cell
organelle, oval shaped.
3)Only found in plant cell.
4)They are of 2 types -Chromoplast and Leucoplast
5)CHROMOPLAST They are plastids containing coloured
Pigments like yellow or orange which give bright color
to flowers and fruits and also
helps in pollination and
dispersal of fruits and seeds.

17
 6)LEUCOPLAST - They are colourless plastids which help

in storage of various substances within the cell. Eq.-

starch, oil and protein granules.

7) CHLOROPLAST
Plastids which are green in colour.
They contain
green pigment called chlorophyll which helps in
photosynthesis.
() The chloroplast has GRANA disc like structure
which are interconnected and
chlorophyll are
located in this part.
It also has
MATRIX or STROMA the denser
proteinaceous material which fills the inner
chamber and contains grana, ribosome and DNA
material.
(iv) Since they have their own DNA and ribosome
so
can prepare their own
proteins.
They are called as "Kitchen of the cell"

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 Types

Chloroplast Chronoplast eucoplis

ch' suh
Grecn Colored other Colorless
tlhan green

G)VACUOLE

Tonoplast

Cell Sap
Central
Vacuole

1 Discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

2)It is surroundecd by a single membrane called Tonoplast.
3) In plant cells the non-living content, a fluid inside the
vacuole is called cell sap, helps to maintain water
balance and gives rigidity and turgidity to the cell.
4)They help in storage of various substances like amino
acids, sugars and proteins.

19
 help in digesting food
5In unicellular organisms, vacuoles
for e.g. Amoeba.

unicellular organisms vacuole help in excretion

6)In some
amoeba.
for e.g. Contractile vacuole in
vacuole than animal cell which
7)Plant cell have a larger
has small vacuoles.

HPERoXISOMES

Phospnolipid
bilayer

ysalkie
core

1)Found in animal cell( kidney and liver cells

except RBC)
and in photosynthetic cells of plants.
2) Small membranes bound sac like struCture
containing
powerful oxidative enzyme which helps in removal of
toxic substances from cells and in
photorespiration.
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1) CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES

- Centrosote
Centno

1)In animal cells except RBC minute hyaline body is

present inside the cytoplasm.
2)It contains 2 round dot like bodies called as centricles.
Each one is made up of microtubules and occurs in
pairs.
3) They initiate the cell division during which forms
asters and helps in movement of chromosomes in The
daughter cells.
4)They also help in formation of cilia and flagella of the
cells by Forming their basal bodies.

**SPINDLE During the process of cell division the number of

fibers are formed by centrioles which attach themselves to
the centromere of the chromosomes which act as spindies.
They help the chromatids to pull apart.

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 CELL DIVISION

(i) Cell Division is the process by which a cell, called as

Parent cell divides into two cells, called DAUGHTER
CELLS. When the cell divides, everything inside it
divides. The cell division includes 3 major steps
a. Replication of DNA
b. Division of nucleus (KARYOKINESIS)
c. Division of cytoplasm (CYTOKINESIS)
() It is essential for growth, replacement of old cells,
repair of injury & reproduction of living organisms
i) Cell is the sequence of events occurring
cycle
between the cell formation and cell division.

Cell Division is of 2 types MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

MITOSISs MEIOSISs
1) Takes place in body 1) Takes place in gametic
cells or Somatic cells or or reproductive cells
vegetative cells
2) Helps in growth, 2) Helps in formation of
development and repair gametes (in sexual
of worn out parts of the reproduction)
body

22
3) Its an equational 3) It occurs as Meiosis-
division, as 2 daughter I(Reductional Division) and
cells are produced
|Meiosis-II(Equational
Division), as a result of 4
daughter cells are
produced
4) Number of 4) Number of
chromosomes remain chromosomes becomes
DIPLOID in daughter HAPLOID in daughter
cells cells
5) Crossing over or 5) Crossing over or

Recombination do not Recombination takes

take place place (exchange of
genetic materiai during
Meiosis )

Mitosis

Start

End
464) (2)(2
k***********e*********e********

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