Table of Contents

Abbreviation 2
Base Paper Title 2
Modified Title 2
Abstract 2
Introduction 3
Motivation 5
Objectives 5
Problem Statement 5
Existing System 5
Drawbacks of Existing System 6
Proposed System 6
. Advantages of Proposed System 7
Hardware & Software Requirements 8
Architecture 9
Existing Algorithm 9
Proposed Algorithm 9
Advantages of Proposed Algorithm 9
Project Modules 10
Literature Survey 11
Conclusion 23
Future Work 23
References 23

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 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 2 of 26

Abbreviation

BC Block Chain

SC Smart Contract

SCM Supply Chain Management

Base Paper Title

SOTF Secure Organizational Transactions Framework Based on Bitcoin Payment Bridge

Modified Title

An end-to-end Ethereum Enpowered Supply Chain Management in Industry 4.0

Abstract

The manufacture of raw materials to deliver the product to the consumer in a traditional supply chain system is a
manual process with insufficient data and transaction security. It also takes a significant amount of time, making
the entire procedure lengthy. Overall, the undivided process is ineffective and untrustworthy for consumers. If
blockchain and smart contract technologies are integrated into traditional supply chain management systems, data
security, authenticity, time management, and transaction processes will all be significantly improved. Blockchain is
a revolutionary, decentralized technology that protects data from unauthorized access. The entire supply chain
management (SCM) will be satisfied with the consumer once smart contracts are implemented. The plan becomes
more trustworthy when the mediator is contracted, which is doable in these ways. The tags employed in the
conventional SCM process are costly and have limited possibilities. As a result, it is difficult to maintain product
secrecy and accountability in the SCM scheme. It is also a common target for wireless attacks (reply attacks,
eavesdropping, etc.). In SCM, the phrase product confidentiality is very significant. It means that only those who
have been validated have access to the information.
This paper aims to overview employment of blockchain technology in the field of supply chain. Although the
technology has been widely associated with cryptocurrencies, non-financial applications such as supply chain,
power and food industry are also promising. Blockchain can provide a permanent, shareable, auditable record of
products through their supply chain, which improves product traceability, authenticity, and legality in a more cost-
effective way. The proposed case for manufacturing-microfactory with blockchain technology was introduced.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 3 of 26

Introduction

In todays global market, supply chain management (SCM) is critical. It has a significant influence on the global
economy. SCM is often defined as the movement of goods from producer to consumer. It is divided into numerous
phases, starting with the supply of raw materials and ending with the client, and includes the producer, distributor,
and retailer. It is a global process in which components are sourced from a single location, packaged, and supplied
globally. Traditional supply chain management serves a broad goal but falls short of full compliance. Giving the
final customer the ability to reverse the transaction and assuring the quality of the items supplied has several
limits. It usually corresponds to forward flows, or the flow of products from the sender to the recipient. Supporting
the reverse flow of items and transactions for every consumer is also critical. The traditional supply chain
management system might be disrupted by blockchain and smart contracts. The supply chain can benefit from the
blockchains transparency and immutability . By offering a secure mechanism for collecting data and developing
and running programmed scripts or applications known as smart contracts, the blockchain aids in the
modernization of the supply chain . Smart contracts can help supply chain managers track the origin and security
of their products. We discussed the issues and came up with a solution.
Todays supply chains are global networks that generally include manufacturers, suppliers, logistics companies, and
retailers that work together to deliver products to consumers. As modern supply chains continue to expand, they
also are becoming more complex and disparate. Typically, traditional supply chains use paper based and disjointed
data systems that lead to information silos and make tracking products a time consuming task. Lack of traceability
and transparency is an industry-wide challenge that leads to delays, errors, and increased costs. Modern supply
chain participants need a unified view of data, while still being able to independently and privately verify
transactions such as production and transport updates.
Blockchain, the digital record-keeping technology behind Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency networks, is a potential
game changer in the financial world. But another area where it holds great promise is supply chain management.
Blockchain can greatly improve supply chains by enabling faster and more cost-efficient delivery of products,
enhancing products traceability, improving coordination between partners, and aiding access to financing.
A blockchain is a distributed, or decentralized, ledgera digital system for recording transactions among multiple
parties in a verifiable, tamperproof way. The ledger itself can also be programmed to trigger transactions
automatically. For cryptocurrency networks that are designed to replace fiat currencies, the main function of
blockchain is to enable an unlimited number of anonymous parties to transact privately and securely with one
another without a central intermediary. For supply chains, it is to allow a limited number of known parties to
protect their business operations against malicious actors while supporting better performance. Successful
blockchain applications for supply chains will require new permissioned blockchains, new standards for
representing transactions on a block, and new rules to govern the systemwhich are all in various stages of being
developed.
Execution errorssuch as mistakes in inventory data, missing shipments, and duplicate paymentsare often
impossible to detect in real time. Even when a problem is discovered after the fact, it is difficult and expensive to
pinpoint its source or fix it by tracing the sequence of activities recorded in available ledger entries and
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 4 of 26

documents. Although ERP systems capture all types of flows, it can be tough to assess which journal entries
(accounts receivable, payments, credits for returns, and so on) correspond to which inventory transaction. This is
especially true for companies engaged in thousands of transactions each day across a large network of supply
chain partners and products.
Making matters worse, supply chain activities are often extremely complicatedfar more so than the exhibit depicts.
For example, orders, shipments, and payments may not sync up neatly, because an order may be split into several
shipments and corresponding invoices, or multiple orders may be combined into a single shipment.
Traceability improves operational efficiency by mapping and visualizing enterprise supply chains. A growing
number of consumers demand sourcing information about the products they buy. Blockchain helps organizations
understand their supply chain and engage consumers with real, verifiable, and immutable data.
Transparency builds trust by capturing key data points, such as certifications and claims, and then provides open
access to this data publicly. Once registered on the Ethereum blockchain, its authenticity can be verified by third-
party attestors. The information can be updated and validated in real-time.
Tradeability is a unique blockchain offering that redefines the conventional marketplace concept. Using
blockchain, one may tokenize an asset by splitting an object into shares that digitally represent ownership. Similar
to how a stock exchange allows trading of a companys shares, this fractional ownership allows tokens to represent
the value of a shareholders stake of a given object. These tokens are tradeable, and users can transfer ownership
without the physical asset changing hands.
Blockchain technology, in fact, is a type of parallel and distributed computing architecture. It allows to eliminate
central servers or trusted authority in digital interactions of partners. Thus it is classified as a disruptive
technology which has potential to transform radically most of the processes in our daily life. Simply, copies of the
data, called ledger, are stored on thousands of computers working together, and all changes to the data are
provided by consensus of partners. Every change made on data is recorded with a time stamp to ensure
transparency. The parties of the system do not have to trust each other. The factors that ensure the trust among
the stakeholders of the system are that changes on the stored data can only be made according to the specified
rules, these changes are kept in a ledger whose content is transparently open to audit, protected by cryptographic
techniques, and a copy of this chain is available to all parties. It becomes possible for digital data to change
ownership like assets in the physical world.
The main consensus protocols used to ensure trust are Proof of Work (PoW), Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT),
Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET). The main purpose of the consensus mechanism is to ensure
that proposed change requests are compatible with existing status of data and rules. Blockchain computers, called
nodes, perform these validations. Cryptography is mainly used to ensure the authenticity of change requests on
data and the immutability of data in the ledger by organizing modification history as blocks cryptographically
connected each other. Privacy is another important issue in blockchain. Crypto is also used to ensure the privacy
of the participant. High availability of the ledger is provided by keeping the entire ledger at the nodes, not at the
center. There are mainly two types of blockchain platform namely, public and private. In public blockchain anyone
can send change requests to the network and can operate a node. In private blockchain, also called permissioned
blockchain, both sending requests to the network and having a node is restricted to a set of actors.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 5 of 26

Motivation

Blockchain technology validates and stores data using blockchain data structures, generates and updates data
using distributed node consensus methods, uses encryption to guarantee data transmission and access security,
and employs intelligent script code. It is a novel computer and distributed infrastructure paradigm for
programming and manipulating data.
Existing supply chain models begin when two supply chain members, namely manufacturers and importers, send
their products to the next stage of the supply chain. The next stage, also called as middle layer, includes the
wholesaler, which processes the basic products received by the export, processor and supply chain. In the last
step, there is a retailer and food service that sells products. The main problem with this model is that the data is
encapsulated in elements of the supply chain and shared less. For example, it is not possible for the consumer to
verify the source of the food to be purchased. This motivates us to develop this project.

Objectives

 To derive towards a decision orientation system.

 To give meaningful insights into the adoption of blockchain technology.
 To smooth the problematic, time-consuming processes that were at the risk of failure.
 To transparency and accountability and in maintaining trust and security.
 To associate protocol for ensuring the blockchain’s validity in the network.

Problem Statement

On a daily basis, supply chain management systems encounter problems, and nearly all of them require immediate
attention and action. The degree and intricacy of these issues may vary. Easy data access, quality and
sustainability, supplier management, and managing consumer expectations are just a few of them. The Supply
Chain Management system confronts ever-increasing challenges year after year. And, with the emphasis on
stability, these concerns are now front of mind. After all, supply chains are at the heart of effective business
operations, and problems will inevitably have an influence on a companys bottom line.

Existing System

Bitcoin is a decentralized cryptocurrency where all the transactions are saved in a ledger. Blockchains have good
features to be used in different nance applications by using smart contract. Also, blockchains are attractive
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 6 of 26

platform for many industrial domains, including the logistics and supply chain industries. Supply chain technology
contributes to record every single asset through its ow, tracking orders, receipts, and payments. There are several
relay protocols existsing in previous research; these relay protocols are used to connect different types of
blockchains. In this paper, the existing system authors present a Secure Organizational Transactions Framework
(SOTF) based on bridge chain to connect private chain or consortium with public chain which reduces interaction
with public blockchain and saves the organization details privately in private chain or consortium. The existsing
framework makes it possible for smart contract services to acquire means of payment in the consortium and
private chain. Moreover, the existsing framework automates the process of updating the payment non-
interactively. In this paper, the existing system authors validate the communication between organizations
blockchain and bitcoin, and nd out the development cost of the existsing framework which ensures the efciency
and feasibility of the existsing framework. The code of framework implementation is publicly available at GitHub.
Blockchain technology is rich challenge work media related to scalability, interprobability, identity registration,
privacy, and regulations. In this paper, a Secure Organizational Trans- actions Framework (SOTF) is introduced
based on bitcoin payment bridge to preserve the privacy of transacted orga- nizations. Additionally, the existing
system authors provided an open-source code of supply chain, bitcoin blockchain, Ethereum blockchain, code.
Furthermore, the existing system authors presented details and aspects related to the system architecture, design,
consensus interactions and implementation algorithms. Generally, this communication happens bi-directionally
since in a real blockchain network, nodes keep getting created and become inactive; this is done in order to not
isolate any node in the network. In addition, a number of existsing algorithms are incorpo- rated in the existsing
SOTF framework to make transparent transactions, and these algorithms have been implemented and shown as
open-source software system. Moreover, a soft- ware case study is presented to address the interprobability and
cost issues. The experimental results demonstrate that the existsing SOTF framework is applicable and has a
managed cost. As mentioned before, the reason the existing system authors test and deploy to test media testnet
and mainnet is because they give a good estimation on the cost of using the existsing framework in the network.
The prices are approximately the same for all of them. However, further research on implementation of our
bridging system in different blockchains with different consensus algorithms will be considered in our future work
to determine the cost.

Drawbacks of Existing System

 Not very effective in addressing the real problem

 High operation costs
 Not contains effective operation of internal audit, external audit
 Possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud, or third-party interference

Proposed System
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 7 of 26

Blockchain technology can be used to build applications on which multiple parties can transact directly via a peer-
to-peer network, without the need for a central authority to verify transactions. Each network participant has
access to a shared ledger that immutably and cryptographically records all transactions, and there is no single
network owner.
With blockchain, supply chain companies can document production updates to a single shared ledger, which
provides complete data visibility and a single source of truth. Because transactions are always time-stamped and
up to date, companies can query a products status and location at any point in time. This helps to combat issues
like counterfeit goods, compliance violations, delays, and waste. In addition, immediate action can be taken during
emergencies (e.g., in the case of product recalls), and regulatory compliance is ensured by the ledger audit trail.
Moreover, by combining blockchain with smart technology like Internet of Things, supply chains can automate
tracking the conditions of production, transportation, and quality control. Companies can also choose to share
track and trace data with their customers as a way to verify product authenticity and ethical supply chain practices.
Whenever any seller intends to buy any product, he has to do it on the website and there will be no involvement of
any third party which can manipulate the payment method. After the buyer gets the product, he will unblock the
payment that he has made and then the seller will get his payment. This transaction data will be autoupdated by
the website. If, anyhow, the buyer gets a damaged product or becomes dissatisfied with the product he got, then
he can return the product and take back his payment through the website. This will not cost any extra money to
anyone. After they both make a clear statement review of the transaction, only then will the payment be updated.

Advantages of Proposed System

 Build a resilient supply chain

 Increasing efficiency and speed and reducing disruptions
 Address trust and security issues
 Maximize efficiency
 Improve operational efficiency
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 8 of 26

Hardware & Software Requirements

Hardware Requirements
 Processor: Minimum i3 Dual Core
 Ethernet connection (LAN) OR a wireless adapter (Wi-Fi)
 Hard Drive: Minimum 100 GB; Recommended 200 GB or more
 Memory (RAM)
 : Minimum 8 GB; Recommended 32 GB or above

Software Requirements
 Python
 Anaconda
 Jupyter Notebook
 TensorFlow
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 9 of 26

Architecture

Existing Algorithm

 Secure Organizational Transactions Framework

Proposed Algorithm

 Proof of Work (PoW) Algorithm

Advantages of Proposed Algorithm

 Protection from Ddos-attacks

 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 10 of 26

 Excellent empirical performance

 Much efficient

Project Modules

Module 1 : Client Application

The client application sends the transaction to the endorser peer for execution based on the chain code. When
policy specified in the chain code is satisfied the transaction is endorsed from the peer. The transaction along with
the endorsement is submitted to the ordering service. The transactions are ordered by order nodes depending on
the consensus. The committing peers validate the transaction and commit the transaction into the ledger. The
department network is to be channelized to share the data between the departments and keep a verified single
ledger in both departments. Thus, the entire department network becomes a blockchain network of the state with
a single verified record of farmers.
Module 2 : Blockchain Generation
In our design, each block mainly consists of various types of transaction. These transactions are made up of five
data fields, including a time stamp, the sender, the recipient, the amount, and data records content. smart
contracts are designed in the blockchain based on the Ethereum technology. Ethereum is a decentralized and
open source application software platform based on blockchain technology, which allows users to build and use
decentralized applications with blockchains. In this way, the information about famrer products is broadcast
through the whole supply chain as a reminder to the corresponding institutions, and the inoculation institution is
not rewarded for forcibly injecting various products.
Module 3 : Blockchain Processing
This immutable nature of blockchain technology will fortify farmers to get a legitimate price of crop and reduce the
cost of operation for selling and buying crops when compared to traditional methods. When an intermediarys
support is required, then it will take a couple of months to confirm and verify the farmers data while issuing any
subsidies for farmers. In a blockchain, the current data is verified data so that intermediaries can be avoided. The
security of data against unauthorized modification is to be ensured. Personnel data of farmers including bank
details and other sensitive information are collected. In the blockchain-based system, cryptographic hashing makes
the data in blockchain tamper-proof and irreversible. The data is shared in a distributed manner helps to prevent
the unauthorized modification of data via consensus mechanisms in the blockchain.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 11 of 26

Literature Survey

Literature Survey 1

Title Pricing and Financing Strategies for a Green Supply Chain With a Risk-Averse Supplier

Authors Kai Kang , Siying Gao , Tie Gao and Jing Zhang

Published Year 2021

Efficiency  Reduces the resources used for processing purpose.

 Have Well-Understood Formal Properties
 Lowering the Complexity Threshold

Drawbacks  Difficult to be used in large-scale parallel computing.

 Narrowly specialized knowledge
 Tedious message updating

Description This study investigated a green supply chain comprising a single supplier with financial
constraints and a single retailer, while also considering the suppliers degree of risk aversion. A
supplier-retailer Stackelberg game model was established under different financing situations,
namely, bank financing and retailers advance payment, and optimal decisions were derived for
both the supplier and the retailer. The analysis examined the influence of the degree of the
suppliers risk aversion, pricing and financing strategies on optimal decisions. The results show
that high supplier risk aversion is not conducive to the supply chain green development. When the
supplier has less initial capital, the strategy of advance payment provided by the retailer will be
prioritized within the suppliers financial constraints. When the suppliers initial capital is more, he
should use the initial capital for production. The studys consideration of the supply chain green
level as an endogenous variable, as well as of the suppliers risk aversion, contributes to its
novelty.

Based on green production and nancial constraints of the supplier, the green supply chain
comprising a single supplier and a single retailer is studied, and the suppliers nancial constraints
and degree of risk aversion are considered. The objective of this research is to clarify how to
effectively price and balance the nancing strategy in the green supply chain, and to analyze the
inuence of the degree of suppliers risk aversion on the best decisions and on both members
choices for the strategy. The suppliers risk-aversion attitude has an inuence on the unit wholesale
price, green level, and unit retail price. A risk-averse supplier ought to charge lower unit wholesale
prices and reduces the green level of product. The retailer should lower the unit retail price to
attract more consumers and increase market demand in the face of the risk-averse supplier. The
high risk aversion of suppliers is disadvanta- geous to the improvement of the green level of the
supply chain. When the supplier is nancially constrained, bank nanc- ing and the retailers advance
payment can both effectively solve the suppliers nancial constraint. When the suppliers initial
capital is less, the advance payment is the optimal choice for both parties. On the contrary, the
supplier faces a dilemma as he has sufcient capital because of the reduc- tion of market demand
under bank nancing, although he is nancially constrained. However, under prepayment nanc- ing,
the retailers prot will be lower than the retailers that when the supplier is nancially constrained but
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 12 of 26

has no nancing; the retailer will not provide advance nancing, and the supplier should choose to
arrange production with initial capital.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 13 of 26

Literature Survey 2

Title Blockchain-Based Forward Supply Chain and Waste Management for COVID-19 Medical
Equipment and Supplies

Authors Raja Wasim Ahmad , Khaled Salah , Raja Jayaraman , Ibrar Yaqoob , Mohammed Omar and
Samer Ellahham

Published Year 2021

Efficiency  It is a fast and easy procedure to perform

 Efficiently improve time efficiency involves the computation time and communication time
 Has the best acceptance ratio

Drawbacks  Difficult to be used in large-scale parallel computing.

 Additional configuration is required
 High complexity of installing and maintaining

Description The year 2020 has witnessed unprecedented levels of demand for COVID-19 medical equipment
and supplies. However, most of todays systems, methods, and technologies leveraged for
handling the forward supply chain of COVID-19 medical equipment and the waste that results
from them after usage are inefficient. They fall short in providing traceability, reliability, operational
transparency, security, and trust features. Also, they are centralized that can cause a single point
of failure problem. In this paper, we propose a decentralized blockchain-based solution to
automate forward supply chain processes for the COVID-19 medical equipment and enable
information exchange among all the stakeholders involved in their waste management in a
manner that is fully secure, transparent, traceable, and trustworthy. We integrate the Ethereum
blockchain with decentralized storage of interplanetary file systems (IPFS) to securely fetch, store,
and share the data related to the forward supply chain of COVID-19 medical equipment and their
waste management. We develop algorithms to define interaction rules regarding COVID-19 waste
handling and penalties to be imposed on the stakeholders in case of violations. We present
system design along with its full implementation details. We evaluate the performance of the
proposed solution using cost analysis to show its affordability. We present the security analysis to
verify the reliability of the smart contracts, and discuss our solution from the generalization and
applicability point of view. Furthermore, we outline the limitations of our solution in form of open
challenges that can act as future research directions. We make our smart contracts code publicly
available on GitHub.

In this paper, we have designed, developed, and evaluated a blockchain-based solution to

automate forward supply chain processes and establish data provenance about the COVID-19
medical equipment and their waste disposal. We developed four smart contracts and proposed ve
algorithms to imple- ment all functionalities and trigger events and notications. We integrated the
Ethereum blockchain with decentralized reliable, traceable, and trustworthy solution for the
forward R. Wasim Ahmad et al.: Blockchain-Based Forward Supply Chain and Waste Management
supply chain and waste management of COVID-19 medical equipment. The proposed approach
can assist authorities in assuring that the COVID-19 medical waste is disposed of properly, and
COVID-19 testing centers are using genuine medical equipment to treat COVID-19 patients. We
presented a detailed cost analysis to show the affordability of the pro- posed approach.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 14 of 26

Literature Survey 3

Title Digital Inclusion for Resilient Post-COVID-19 Supply Chains: Smallholder Farmer Perspectives

Authors Matthew Quayson , Chunguang Bai and Vivian Osei

Published Year 2020

Efficiency  Its not difficult to see what is Impacted

 Relatively simple and computationally inexpensive method
 Improved traceability

Drawbacks  Difficulties to obtain better performance

 Heavyweight
 It is not an easy-to-use method

Description The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has and continues to have far-reaching global economic
and environmental implications. In developing economies and regions, the pandemics disruption
of the agriculture commodity supply chain has made it difficult for smallholder farmers to exist.
Smallholder farmers traditional struggles have worsened. However, technology may provide
promise of improving conditions for vulnerable farmers even in a period of crises such as the
COVID-19 period. In this article, we draw on lessons learned in developed and developing countries
to propose critical digital transformation for building a resilient and sustainable post-COVID- 19
supply chains for developing countries, especially for smallholder farmers operating in global
value chains. We discuss how digital technologies and specifically digital inclusion of smallholder
farmers can prevent major disruptions from damaging the livelihoods of societys most vulnerable.
We discuss feasibility and provide some caveats for a post-COVID-19 digital inclusion in
developing countries.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 15 of 26

Literature Survey 4

Title A Permissioned Distributed Ledger for the US Beef Cattle Supply Chain

Authors Tanvir Ferdousi , Don Gruenbacher and Caterina M. Scoglio

Published Year 2020

Efficiency  Offer increased flexibility

 Effectiveness for distributed optimization
 Improve the quality and consistency of data

Drawbacks  Maximizes the complexity of the problem

 Cannot be implemented real time
 Heavyweight

Description Distributed ledgers using blockchain have gained traction in the supply chain industry due to their
unique features of immutability and transparency. They have given people the abilities to solve
business problems which were impossible using traditional systems. The US beef cattle industry
lacks adequate traceability as most of the farm owners consider such data confidential; possibly
harming their businesses if exposed. This article attempts to solve this problem by proposing a
smart contract-based supply chain framework using a permissioned blockchain network. This
system supports anonymity for the users to protect identities and lets every user store their data
locally, while ensuring that the changes are recorded in the chain with cryptographic proofs
(hashes). The proposed framework also has methods for the users to perform business
transactions and transfer animal-related data to new owners as required. In addition to that, smart
contracts have been added to conduct anonymous surveys for data aggregation. The technical
contribution of this article is in the system design on how users, data, and communications are
handled to maintain data ownership and user privacy while ensuring immutability and
confidentiality at different levels of data aggregation. This article also contains an evaluation of
the system using integration tests where the outcomes meet the expected design requirements.
The framework can be applied to the US beef cattle industry as well as other supply chains with
minimal modifications.

In this article, we proposed a blockchain based sup- ply chain management framework to be used
in the US beef cattle industry. We explained in detail how this sys- tem will operate and
communicate with various entities involved. Finally, we analyzed how the framework will work in
order to ensure user anonymity, improve data pri- vacy, and ensure trace data integrity. We
performed inte- gration tests to evaluate the system operation in various scenarios. The proposed
framework operates as a private / consortium blockchain and uses proof of authority (PoA) for
achieving consensus, eliminating the computationally expensive hash computations. This enables
us to run complex smart con- tract functions and store more data on smart contract to enable
traceability and improve data security. The database can be hosted on any SQL database
management system by properly conguring the specied schema. The smart contracts can be run
on any Ethereum based clients (geth, parity etc.). The system requires an admin who will initiate
everything and register the users and their farm businesses. This could be a potential weak point
as the admin will know the mappings of the user and the farm addresses. Hence, despite being a
trustless decentralized architecture dealing with supply chains, the framework requires some trust.
How- ever, the smart contracts are carefully designed to isolate private data from admins and any
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 16 of 26

unintended users. The owners do have control on who can see their data. Different designs in the
architecture may affect privacy, security, and resource requirements. This design is optimized for
the US beef cattle industry with a focus on privacy, data owner- ship, and security. The system
runs optimally with traditional computational resources and does not require any special
hardware. The technical knowledge on blockchains is also commonplace given that it is being
used in varying types of industries including cryptocurrenices. However, blockchains do have
scalability issues when it comes to storage. With time, the requirements on persistent storage
would increase. Ethereum supports light client nodes to help with such an issue. In the future, it
may also be possible for the blockchain systems to discard data old enough to become irrelevant.
Blockchains also face adaptability issues as an emerging technology and requires its users to go
through a learning curve. improves over Our proposed system provides a technical solution to
several specic issues encountered by the US farm indus- the existing knowledge on how try.
blockchains can be utilized to meet the specic industrial needs such as identity protection and
data ownership while ensuring immutability and product traceability. The framework can be used
in other supply chains with minor modications. Future work can focus on improv- ing scalability
of blockchains in general. While different industries have varying requirements, most can ben-
secured, and efcient blockchain frameworks. from scalable, structure. There can be multiple user
profiles in the system, all of which must be registered via the methods of this contract.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 17 of 26

Literature Survey 5

Title Pricing Strategies in a Two-Echelon Supply Chain With Sales Efforts and Channel Conflicts

Authors Huan Cai and Song Qing

Published Year 2020

Efficiency  Found attractive outcomes

 Simplicity and Explainability.
 Trustworthy and reliable, which refers to obtain explainability.

Drawbacks  Difficult and Less Commonly used

 This system is Opportunistic and uncontrollable
 Difficult to be used in large-scale parallel computing.

Description With the increasing popularity of online retail, many manufacturers have opened up their own
online marketplaces, which has accelerated competition in the retail market. This paper considers
a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, where the retailer and the
manufacturer sell the same product on their respective online platforms. This sales model creates
channel conflicts in the supply chain. In order to explore the impact of this kind of conflict and
sales efforts on the supply chain, we constructed consumers utility functions when they buy
products in different channels as well as a supply chain profit model where there is channel
competition and sales efforts. The results show that the severity of channel conflicts affects
consumers choice of purchasing channels, and excessive channel conflicts will cause consumers
to lose interest in shopping, channel conflicts will also make retailers and manufacturers more
competitive. In addition, sales efforts can increase channel conflicts. Numerical analysis shows
that although channel conflicts weaken the overall profit of the supply chain, it is more beneficial
to manufacturers. Finally, we analyze the impact of channel conflicts and sales efforts on
consumer surplus. We generate results to provide guidance for the operations of two-echelon
supply chains.

Online sales are an important part of the retail world. As more and more manufacturers join the
retail sector through online sales, market competition has become more intense. In this paper, we
consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer that sells the
same products via online marketplaces. We explore how the sales efforts and channels conicts
affect the decision of supply chains and consumers. Through analytical study, we have the
following major ndings. First, channel conicts level and sales efforts will inuence consumers
selection. Specically, when channel conicts are serious, consumers tend to buy products from the
manufacturers online store. Second, channel conicts are harmful to the supply chain. Consumers
are not willing to pur- chase products facing a serious channel conict. High sales efforts of the
manufacturer will increase channel conicts of the supply chain. Third, channel conicts have
opposite effects on pricing for the manufacturer and retailer. High channel conicts increase
optimal price of manufacturers whereas reduce that of retailers decline. Numerical studies show
that although channel conicts has negative impacts on the supply chain, it is benecial to supply
chain members.
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Literature Survey 6

Title Perspectives on Supply Chain Management in a Pandemic and the Post-COVID-19 Era

Authors and Shuichi Ishida

Published Year 2020

Efficiency  Boost the Performance

 Reduce resource consumption while meeting reliability demands
 Offer increased flexibility

Drawbacks  Cannot meet current network business demands

 Solutions have been proved ineffective
 Large communication overhead.

Description This article draws out some perspectives on the management of product supply chains in the
event of a pandemic through cases specific to certain industries: automotive equipment, personal
computers (PCs), and home furnishings. In particular, the discussion is based on distributed
management and centralized management of a single location and the dynamic capability of
organizational theory derived from supply chain risk assessment studies. Results show that the
automotive industry is shifting to a centralized management model that takes advantage of its
inherent closed-integral strengths by increasing proximity to the country of production, while the
PC industry is shifting to a model that takes advantage of its global supply chain while
maintaining transactions with local suppliers. For the home furnishings industry, results show that
tighter vertical integration is required.

Using the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the automotive, PC, and home furnishings
industries as a case study, this paper summarizes the perspectives required for the management
of supply chains hit by a further pandemic in the post-COVID-19 era. The automotive industry has
traditionally formed a relatively local supply chain network centered on the region where the
company is based. However, it is undeniable that the fact that todays automobile production
bases have been transformed into metanational companies that secure global superiority by
developing global operations and effectively utilizing the management knowledge accumulated in
countries around the world[25] has eventually become a hindrance to the pandemic response. In
the future, therefore, it will be effective to shift to a centralized management model that takes
advantage of the inherent strength of a closed-integral model, which increases the proximity
between suppliers and production sites as much as possible. While Apples case alone cannot
explain the entire PC industry, the conclusions of this paper are unlikely to be significantly
affected by whether the company utilizes hub production capabilities such as Hon Hai or
enhances its production capabilities. Certainly, in Apples case, it is the production hubs like Hon
Hai that are responsible for the production stagnation in the pandemic, but even if Apple had
sourced and manufactured its products, it would have faced difficulties, and in any case, the early
recovery of production would not have been possible without the help of local suppliers.
Therefore, in an industry such as the PC industry, which utilizes global supply chains, it is
important to develop dynamic capabilities, or the self- transforming abilities to respond to higher-
order changes to hedge risks in contingencies such as pandemics.
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Literature Survey 7

Title Research on Intelligent Decision of Low Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Tax Constraints in
Human-Driven Edge Computing

Authors Zheng Liu , Bin Hu , Yuanjun Zhao , Lingling Lang , Hangxin Guo , Kelly Florence and Shuai Zhang

Published Year 2020

Efficiency  Simplify the implementation process.

 Excellent empirical performance
 Performs better on various circumstances and environment

Drawbacks  Solutions have been proved ineffective

 Difficult and Less Commonly used
 Cannot meet current network business demands

Description Edge computing moves data and storage to one end of edge nodes. The advantages of direct
data collection and intelligent analysis are gradually being considered as disruptive technologies
to promote social progress. Many fields and industries are exploring the use of edge technologies.
To achieve the goal of improving efficiency and optimizing business models, the supply chain is
one of the areas where edge computing technology can be prioritized. Therefore, the organization
and coordination of the supply chain must take into account both energy saving and emission
reduction and intelligent decision-making effects. This paper establishes a basic decision-making
model for the supply chain under the carbon tax constraint and compares and analyzes the
optimal decision-making problem of the supply chain between the centralized and decentralized
decisions of producers and retailers under the carbon tax constraint. Then, the supply chain
optimization under the three conditions of considering the repurchase contract, the subsidy policy
and the joint strategy of both the repurchase and the subsidy under the constraint of carbon tax
are discussed. Research shows that carbon tax can play a role in reducing carbon emissions, but
for some industries with smaller profit margins, relying solely on carbon tax policy may lead to
reduced benefits and make business development difficult. Therefore, considering the combined
strategy of repurchase and subsidy at the same time, the dual goals of emission reduction and
economic benefits can be achieved.

Under the carbon tax constraints, supply chain prots and the interests of members will be
affected. In this article, the supply chain optimization decision-making of manufacturers and
retailers under carbon tax constraints is taken as a ref- erence, and the supply chain optimization
decision-making and subsidy joint strategy under three circumstances are analyzed and
compared: repurchase contract, subsidy policy and repurchase consideration under carbon tax
constraints. Studies have shown that the total prot of the supply chain system under centralized
decision-making under the con- sideration of carbon tax constraints under the repurchase contract
is reduced, but the decentralized decision-making is the opposite. Therefore, no contract is needed
for the supply chain under centralized decision-making to avoid lowering prots. For the supply
chain under decentralized decision-making, contracts are needed to achieve member coordination
and maximize prots. Considering the subsidy policy, the total prot of the supply chain under
decentralized decision-making is smaller than that of centralized decision- making.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 20 of 26

Literature Survey 8

Title Big Production Enterprise Supply Chain Endogenous Risk Management Based on Blockchain

Authors Yonggui Fu and Jianming Zhu

Published Year 2019

Efficiency  Works with very high degree of confidence.

 Effectiveness for distributed optimization
 Reduces the consumption of hardware resources

Drawbacks  Cannot meet current network business demands

 Difficult to be used in large-scale parallel computing.
 Large communication overhead.

Description In view of the influence of informations incompleteness and asymmetry to supply chain operation
efficiency, we make big production enterprise as the object and apply blockchain to its supply
chain endogenous risk management, to research the specific operation mechanism and
application value. In the operation process of big production enterprise supply chain, because of
the informations asymmetry, the fraud problem will produce among the business subjects;
blockchain is a decentralized distributed accounting and data storage technology, and with
blockchain technology, we can resolve the business subjects fraud problem and can provide more
accurate decision information basis for each business section, and realize group decision. This
paper has described the system structure and intelligent contract operation mechanism under
consensus authentication of blockchain applying in big production enterprise supply chain and
analyzed by the case. In view of the limitation of classical blockchain technology applying in big
production enterprise supply chain, we constructed the corresponding blockchain data storage
mechanism and data access mechanism. Analyzed the economic value of this paper researching
from the aspects of response speed, supply accuracy, cooperation integrity, business interaction
economic cost, supply quality, and supply price. This paper research will provide ideas and model
structure for developing supply chain areas blockchain system and will promote the application
research development of blockchain in specific area.

Aiming the endogenous risk that caused by the supply chain informations asymmetry and
incompleteness, this paper analyzed the causes and consequences of risk, aiming at the lack of
research on this eld in academic circles, proposed the ideas of applying blockchain technol- ogy in
supply chain risk management. Combined the prin- ciple of blockchain and the application
research status of blockchain in academic circles and industry circles, made big production
enterprise as the object to construct the sys- tem structure, intelligent contract operation
mechanism under consensus authentication, case, data storage mechanism, and data access
mechanism of blockchain technology applying in supply chain endogenous risk management, and
by con- structing model to analyze the economic value of blockchain applying in big production
enterprise supply chain. With this paper analysis we can know, the application of blockchain
technology in big production enterprise supply chain endoge- nous risk management is reasonable
and feasible. This paper research was proposed in the situation of blockchain tech- nology rapid
development and application, provided the measures of resolving supply chain endogenous risk
under the precondition of not changing the supply chain origi- nal business operation mode and
mechanism, has a certain prospective and practical signicance.
(c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 21 of 26
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 22 of 26

Literature Survey 9

Title A System of Systems Approach for Global Supply Chain Management in the Big Data Era

Authors and Tsan-Ming Choi

Published Year 2018

Efficiency  Relatively simple and computationally inexpensive method

 Lowering the Complexity Threshold
 Can improve the worst-case performance

Drawbacks  Complexity of transactions are not analyzed.

 Poor Application Performance
 Difficult and Less Commonly used

Description Global supply chain management (GSCM) is increasingly complex and managers find that
traditional methods fall short in adequately addressing many associated challenges. As such, it
calls for innovative managerial measures. In this paper, we discuss how the system of systems
(SoS) approach and big data technologies can be applied to improve GSCM. We first show that
the global supply chain is an SoS and examine various principles of the SoS approach. Then, we
review various big data related technologies which are commonly employed in global supply chain
management. After that, we propose how big data related technologies can be incorporated into
the SoS approach to enhance global supply chain operations by presenting an example. This
paper provides practitioners a new perspective on how big data related technologies can be used
for global supply chain management with an SoS mindset.

RESEARCH With the proper big data analytics methods, we can effectively process the massive
amount of data collected from ICT, ERP systems, cloud services, IoTs and social media to improve
GSC visibility and support decision making in operations management. In this paper, we have
explored how the SoS approach can be applied to improve GSCM with the use of big data related
technologies. We have revealed that the GSC is a well-qualied SoS by using the Maiers criteria. We
have explored the SoS approach and identied A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR GLOBAL
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE BIG DATA ERA Fig. 1. Action matrix for risk management
in GSCs using big data and the SoS approach. various important principles which help to improve
GSCM. We have also examined various critical big data related and commonly seen technologies
and explained how they may be used for GSCM. We have demonstrated how big data related
technologies can be incorporated into the SoS approach to enhance GSCM with a specic example
on GSC risk management. An action matrix, which is exible and scalable with respect to the real
world situation, has also been developed. It provides managers and practitioners quick guidance
on how big data related technologies can be used for GSCM using an SoS approach.
 (c) Wisen IT Solutions Page 23 of 26

Conclusion

The goal of this article is to make supply chain management more intelligent, current, and secure. This framework
is immutable and tends to give total transaction transparency. It protects our website from unauthorized access
and data manipulation. Furthermore, smart contracts cut the amount of time spent on tedious paperwork. In
conventional supply chain management, a lot of documentation is usually necessary. The blockchain keeps the
information as proof, making smart contracts immutable. The transaction, immutability, and refundable processes
in supply chain management are primarily influenced by this paradigm. This study proposed an end-to-end
product supply method. It also allows all customers to return a product if they are unhappy with it and receive a
refund for their purchase. Every actor’s function and role have been specified. It also means that our
framework may be used for a variety of reasons. Smart contracts are also discussed in terms of their structure.
The difficulties that individuals experienced with old procedures will be permanently eliminated as a result of the
findings of this pape

Future Work

In future, we wish to provide further discussions on various aspects of blockchain and explain in detail how current
challenges as indicated in this paper can be resolved in future development of blockchain in agricultural systems.
Potentially, our illustration could be further extended to be a much fuller case study, which could then be
evaluated via a series of emperical tests.

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