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Lecture 12

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Introduction to Astrophysics

Lecture 12

Cosimo Bambi ([email protected])


Standard Model of Cosmology
• Ingredients:
• Standard Model of Particle Physics
• General Relativity
• In ationary Paradigm
• Successes:
• Hubble's Law
• Primordial abundance of light elements
• Cosmic Microwave Background
• Evidence of New Physics:
• In ation
• Baryogenesis
• Dark matter
• Dark energy
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Hubble's Law
Hubble's Law
• The Universe is expanding
• Hubble's Law (1929): v = H0 d (H0 is the Hubble constant)

• For Doppler boosting and v/c << 1: v/c = z = Δλ/λ


Hubble's Law
• The linear Hubble's Law is valid only for small redshifts
Primordial Abundance of Light
Elements
Helium-4 in the Galaxy
• Luminosity of the Galaxy: L = 4 1036 J/s
• Production of 1 kg of 4He => W = 6 1014 J in electromagnetic
radiation

• Age of the Galaxy: T = 10 Gyr


• M (4He) = LT/W = 2 1039 kg => ~1% of the mass of the Galaxy
• Observed abundance of 4He ~25% => The nuclear reactions
inside stars cannot explain the abundance of helium-4 in the
Universe
Primordial Plasma
• Non-degenerate relativistic gas (μ, m << T)

• Non-relativistic gas (m >> T)


Primordial Plasma

• T = 10 MeV: γ, e-, e+, νe, νμ, ντ (SM)


Freeze-out of the Weak Interactions
• T = 10 MeV

• After the freeze-out of the weak interactions (Tf ~ 1 MeV)


Electron-Positron Annihilation
• me = 511 keV
Deuterium Bottleneck

• Deuterium abundance (Xi = ni/nB)

• TD = 70 keV << W = 2.225 MeV (deuterium binding energy)


Production of Light Elements
Abundances of Light Elements
Measurements of Primordial Abundances

• Deuterium: It can be easily burnt in many stellar processes, so


we can only measure lower limits of the primordial abundance.
Study of quasar absorption line systems.

• Helium-4: It is produced inside stars, so we can only measure


upper limits of the primordial abundance. Study of HII
extragalactic regions, where the helium-4 abundance is a
monotonically increasing function of metallicity.

• Helium-3: --
• Lithium-7: Study of the atmosphere of metal-poor stars.
Baryon Abundance
• Baryon energy density today:

• Number density of CMB photons:


• Assumption:

• Eventually we nd ΩB0 ~ 4-5%, but Ωtot0 ~ 1 and Ωm0 ~ 30%!


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Cosmic Microwave Background
Cosmic Microwave Background
• The Universe expands, the temperature of the primordial plasma
decreases

• Recombination: p + e- ←→ H + γ
• Decoupling: e- + γ ←→ e- + γ
• Tdec ~ Trec ~ 0.3 eV (~ 3,000 K) << 13.2 eV because η << 1
• Photons propagate freely in the Universe
• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
• Today: TCMB ~ 2.7 K and nCMB ~ 400 cm-3
CMB Milestones
• 1940s: CMB predicted by Gamow and collaborators (with large
uncertainties!)

• 1964: discovered accidentally by Penzias and Wilson (Noble


Prize in 1978)

• 1992: results from COBE. First measurement of temperature


anisotropies and beginning of cosmology as a precise science

• 1990s: balloon-borne experiments


• 2003: rst results from WMAP
• 2013: rst results from Planck
• ΛCDM model!
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CMB Milestones
Description of Fluctuations
• Temperature uctuations:
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TT-Power Spectrum
TT-Power Spectrum
Polarization Anisotropies
Polarization Anisotropies

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