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CONCEPT-NOTE-7-MITOSIS-MEIOSIS

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CONCEPT-NOTE-7-MITOSIS-MEIOSIS

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ashaleakayeelpedes
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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

There are two types of normal cell division – mitosis and


meiosis.

Mitosis is cell division which begins in the fertilized egg (or zygote) stage and continues during the life of the
organism in one way or another. Each diploid (2n) daughter cell is genetically identical to the diploid (2n) parent
cell.
Meiosis is cell division in the ovaries of the female and testes of the male and involves the formation of egg
and sperm cells, respectively. Each diploid (2n) parent cell produces haploid (n) daughter cells.

Walther Flemming - (1843 – 1905)


• Described the process of cell division in 1882 and coined the word ‘mitosis’
• Also responsible for the word “chromosome’ which he first referred to as stained strands
• Co-worker Eduard Strasburger named the mitotic stages ‘prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase’ in 1884

What is Mitosis?
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes
as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
"the single large egg cell subdivides by repeated mitosis"

DNA Replication and Cell Division: The Foundation of Life


DNA replication and cell division are two intricately linked processes that are fundamental to the existence of all
living organisms. DNA replication ensures the faithful duplication of the genetic material, while cell division
allows for growth, development, and the replacement of damaged cells.

Why Do Cells Undergo Mitosis?


Mitosis is exact nuclear division. The DNA in the parent cell is copied exactly and then the cell nucleus
divides exactly so each of the two daughter cells has the same kind and number of genetic base pairs arranged in
chromosomes as the parent cell.
Mitosis is necessary because when cells reach a surface area to volume ratio that is too small relative to the
rate of diffusion of nutrients and water into the cell, and thus the nutritional demands of the cell cannot be met.
In order to address this, the cell undergoes mitosis to form two identical, but smaller cells, which increases the
surface area to volume ratio, and thus the rate of diffusion can meet the nutritional demands of the entire cell.

The Stages of Interphase and Cell Division: A Journey of Growth and Division

The cell cycle is a fundamental process that governs the life of every cell. It's a series of events that lead to the
duplication of a cell's components and its eventual division into two daughter cells. This cycle can be divided
into two main phases: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase.

Interphase: The Preparation Stage


Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for
division.
1. G1 Phase (First Gap Phase): This is the initial growth phase. The cell increases in size, synthesizes new
proteins and organelles, and accumulates the necessary building blocks for DNA replication. Some cells may exit
the G1 phase and enter a resting state called G0, where they are not actively preparing to divide.
2. S Phase (Synthesis Phase): The cell replicates its entire DNA content in this phase. Each chromosome is
duplicated, creating two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. The cell also duplicates its
centrosomes, which will play a crucial role in mitosis.
3. G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase): The cell continues to grow and synthesize proteins and organelles, preparing
for mitosis. It also checks for any errors in DNA replication and ensures all necessary components for cell
division are present.

The Mitotic (M) Phase: The Division Stage


The mitotic (M) phase is when the cell divides its replicated DNA and cytoplasm, creating two new daughter
cells. It consists of two distinct processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.
1. Mitosis: This is the division of the nucleus and its contents, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete
set of chromosomes. Mitosis is further divided into four stages:

• Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the
mitotic spindle begins to form.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, an imaginary line in the center of the cell. The
mitotic spindle is fully formed, and its fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
• Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by the shortening of
the spindle fibers.
• Telophase: The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes
decondense. The mitotic spindle disappears.
2. Cytokinesis: This is the division of the cytoplasm, physically separating the two daughter cells. In animal
cells, a contractile ring forms and pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two nuclei,
eventually becoming a new cell wall.

What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces
four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

Process of Meiosis
Meiosis is a reduction division of the nuclear material so that each gamete contains only half as much hereditary
material as the parent cell. The process involves two successive divisions of a diploid nucleus.
• Reduction Division: Meiosis is called a reduction division because it reduces the number of
chromosomes in a cell by half. This is crucial for sexual reproduction, as the fusion of two gametes
(sperm and egg) needs to result in a diploid offspring with the correct number of chromosomes.
• Hereditary Material: The "hereditary material" you're referring to is DNA, which carries the genetic
instructions for an organism. Meiosis ensures that each gamete receives only half of the parent cell's
DNA, preventing a doubling of chromosomes in the offspring.
• Two Successive Divisions: Meiosis involves two distinct divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. These
divisions are essential for reducing the chromosome number and creating genetic diversity in the gametes.

Meiosis I (Reductional Division):

• Homologous Chromosome Pairing: Homologous chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes with similar


genes) pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over, creating new combinations of genes.
• Separation of Homologous Chromosomes: Homologous chromosomes separate, ensuring each
daughter cell receives one chromosome from each pair.
Meiosis II (Equational Division):

• Sister Chromatid Separation: The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate, resulting in four
haploid daughter cells, each with a single set of chromosomes.
In meiosis, chromosomes duplication in interphase, followed by two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I
and meiosis II. These two divisions result in four daughter cells, each with only half as many chromosomes as
the parent cell.

The human life cycle

Key
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) Ovum (n)

Gametes are the only


Sperm
Cell (n)
haploid cells
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
Meiosis occurs during gamete
formation
Ovary Testis Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Figure 13.5 Multicellular diploid


adults (2n = 46)

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