- It advances a set of ideas,

opinions, or views, and can also

STEM Sanghiyang lay out a plan of action.
- While it can address any topic, it

EAPP most often concerns

literature, or politics.
art,

REVIEWER MANIFESTO are generally written in

the name of a group sharing a common
perspective, ideology, or purpose rather
MANIFESTO
than in the name of a single individual.
- There are three major categories
Claim - It is a statement or assertion
of manifesto, namely: Goal, List
that is made to support a particular
and Rules, and World manifesto.
viewpoint or position.
It is a statement that presents a belief or
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
opinion without providing any evidence
MANIFESTO
or supporting arguments.
GOAL - A goal can be a manifesto
Argument - It is a logical and
when we share it with other people. It's
reasoned explanation that supports a
public, it's a declaration and it's about
claim.
what one intends to have happened.
It is built upon a foundation of evidence,
reasoning, and logical connections
LIST AND RULES - A manifesto
between ideas.
containing set of rules for behaving
within a specific context or a list of items
Argumentative Writing
to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
It is a kind of writing where the students
establish a position in a given topic and
WORLD - This type of manifesto aims
then use evidence to persuade the
to create a new world. It’s not about
audience to see things from their point
simple rules, instead, it presents a vision
of view.
for the future. A solemn declaration by
the constituted authorities of a nation
Manifesto
which contains the reason for its public
It is a document publicly declaring the
acts towards another. On the declaration
position or program of its issuer.
of war, a manifesto is usually issued in
which the nation declaring war states
MANIFESTO is a document publicly
the reasons for doing so.
declaring the position or program of its
issuer.
MANIFESTO or the writer of a
manifesto, aims for a change in state.
In other words, the author is trying to
convince the reader to believe the DEFENDING A STAND
concept that he/she is trying to convey
by giving arguments or logical reasons Defending a stand on an issue by
that will catch the attention of the reader presenting reasonable arguments
and eventually believing it. - In making the defense, you have
to ensure that you are addressing
How are these changes carried out with all sides of the issue and
just the use of written words? presenting them in a manner that
- It is when the author provides is easy for your audience.
reasons accompanied with
evidence to prove the belief, they Steps in presenting arguments to
wanted the reader to believe in or defend or support a stand on an
the so-called arguments. issue
❑ An argument is defined as a reason 1. Make issue criteria
or the reasoning given for or against a Make your audience believe in
matter under discussion. the claim that you have.
2. Collect evidence form properly
A statement can only be considered an cited sources
argument if it presents proof or Do some research on your topic
evidence, however if it does not, it is Make sure your stand is well
only a mere opinion. Change can only supported by factual evidence.
be achieved if the reader fully
understands the argument that is Several ways you can support your
accompanied with evidence(reasons) claims in writing
that the author is trying to emphasize. 1. Quotations (e.g. direct quotes,
paraphrase, summaries)
STEPS IN ANALYZING AN 2. Examples (e.g. illustrations of you
ARGUMENT points)
1. Briefly note the main assertion 3. Statistics e.g. facts, figures,
(what does the writer want me to diagrams)
believe or do? )Make a note of
the first reason the author makes Writing supporting ideas
to support his/ her 1. Writer support statement
2. Make a note of the first reason 2. Write the reasons/ evidence to
the author makes to support his/ support what you say ( several
her conclusion. sentences). Put your most
3. Write down every other reason. important reasons first.
4. Underline the most important
reason. Writing opposing ideas
 1. Write a statement with the idea Position paper
you disagree with (the opposing - It presents the writer's stand or
idea) viewpoint on a particular issue.
2. Write the reason/ evidence you - It entails outlining arguments and
have showing how your position proposing the course of action
is better (several sentences). Put - It gives you the power to change the
your most important reasons first. opinions and attitude of others
3. Make an appeal to your - It presents one side of an arguable
audience, opinion about an issue
appealing to an audience can - It is making an argument that has to be
help you strengthen your claim or built upon evidence, that is based on
position. facts which therefore provides a solid
foundation for an argument.
3 major types of appeals
Uses of position paper
a) Logical appeals
This Is use to facts to support and – Position papers are used in any
defend a position. This means situation in which there is a significant
reasoning with your audience, providing issue requirement in schools,
them with facts and statistics, or making international relations, and politics.
historical and literal analogies. It – Governments may also present
persuades the audience by targeting position papers to show their stand on
their thinking. specific issues.
b) Emotional appeal – It also helps others become more
This is the use of the audience's aware of certain problems in society
feelings for the subject of the paper and possibly become more involved in
such as anger, pity, and aversion to finding a solution.
persuade. It may also refer to values
that the reader may identify with such as Purposes of position paper
the importance of family ties, hospitality
and the bayanihan spirit. ❑ It is written to generate support on an
c) Ethical appeal issue
This is the use of convincing an ❑ It is a critical examination of a
audience through the credibility of the position using facts and inductive
persuader, be a notable or experienced reasoning, which addresses both the
figure in the field or even a popular author's opinion, strengths, and
celebrity. weaknesses.
❑ It describes the author’s position on
WRITING A POSITION PAPER an issue and the rationale for that
position.
❑ It is written to convince or persuade ideas, concepts, or situations, and
others to take that side of an issue or real-life demonstrations of an idea.
matter.
❑ It can be essential tool in bringing 5. Counterargument
about societal change ❑ Counterarguments, also known as
opposing viewpoints, are the arguments
Elements of position paper opposing your stand.
❑ Your goal in presenting these is to
1. Issue refute or discredit them so that any
❑ An issue is an idea or question over opposition in the reader’s mind is dealt
which people are divided; it is also with.
called a controversy. ❑ You refute by showing weaknesses in
❑ Remember that some ideas are not the counterargument.
debatable— people have the same
views about it. Parts of a position paper

2. Stand Introduction
❑ Your stand is a statement that a. Introduce the topic.
expresses your viewpoint or your b. Get the reader’s attention by using a
position on an issue. “hook”.
❑ This expresses how you feel about c. Provide background information on
an issue: are you in favor of or against the topic.
it? d. Assert the stand (your viewpoint of
the issue).
3. Reasons/Arguments Types of Hook:
❑ A position paper seeks to persuade 1. Question Hook- When you pose a
readers to have the same position on an question that the reader can picture or
issue as the writer does. try to imagine on their own, that is when
❑ Thus, the writer needs to state the you have their attention.
reasons to explain to the reader why his 2. Quotation Hook- It is when a quote
or her position is logical, acceptable, is used and explained that has
and believable. relevance to the topic at hand. Ensure
that the source of this quote is reliable
4. Evidence 3. Statistics Hook- It is when a quote
❑Evidence refers to the ideas that has some type of statistics such as
substantiate the reasons. It can be in numbers, decimals, or percentages.
the form of figures, writer’s observations
or reports from scholarly studies, First Part of the Body
similarities or differentiation between two (Counterarguments)
a. Summarize the counterarguments.
b. Refute the counterclaims.

Second Part of the Body REPORTS

(First argument to support your position)
a. Give your educated and informed ✓ any informational work made with an
opinion. intention to relay information or recount
b. Provide support using reliable certain events in a presentable manner
sources. ✓ is always written in a sequential
c. Comment on evidence given. manner in order of occurrence.
d. Write a concluding sentence to wrap ✓ A key feature of the report is that it is
up your idea. formally structured in sections.
✓ Unlike an essay which is written in a
Third Part of the Body single narrative style from start to finish,
(Second argument to support your each section of a report has its own
position) purpose and will need to be written in an
a. Give your educated and informed appropriate style to suit.
opinion. ✓ Reports communicate information
b. Provide support using reliable that has been compiled as a result of
sources. research and analysis of data and
c. Comment on evidence given. issues.
d. Write a concluding sentence to wrap ✓ Reports can cover a wide range of
up your idea. topics but usually focus on transmitting
information with a clear purpose, to a
Fourth Part of the Body specific audience.
(Third argument to
support your position) “a systematic, articulate, and
a. Give your educated and informed orderly presentation of research
opinion. work in a written form.”
b. Provide support using reliable
sources. Good Reports are documents that are
c. Comment on evidence given. accurate, objective, and complete. They
d. Write a concluding sentence to wrap should also be well-written, clearly
up your idea. structured, and expressed in a way that
holds the reader's attention and meets
Conclusion their expectations.
a. Summary of main points or reasons.
b. Restate your argument. A ONE-PAGE REPORT is a single-page
c. Provide a plan of action but do not document that summarizes data,
introduce new information. findings, or recommendations.
 - It’s generally a stand-alone – The content is factual and
document that supplements a straightforward. It is expressed in
longer report, data set, or informal, standard or academic
presentation. language.
- It is intentionally kept to one page
in order to highlight key – The write-up uses a specialized
information to a specified vocabulary and follows a set of rules
audience for a predetermined and conventions.
purpose. – It is also organized in a sequential or
systematic pattern.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPORT – Often, it is detail-oriented and
WRITING requires advanced knowledge in the
specific field.
TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS
REPORT – The tone of technical writing output is
objective and its audience is specific.
– Disciplines with an applied focus – It uses language to evoke either an
such as Engineering, Information, emotional or intellectual response
Technology, Commerce, Accounting, from the audience or reader.
and Finance, will set report writing
assignments that simulate the process FIELD REPORT
of report writing in industry.
– Assignments are set in the form of a – Common in disciplines such as Law,
problem or a case study. The students Industrial Relations, Psychology,
research the problem and present the Nursing, History, and Education.
results of the research in a report – These types of reports require the
format. students to analyze their observations
– Technical Writing is a form of writing of phenomena or events in the real
technical communication or world in light of theories studied in the
documentation in science and course.
technology or applied science that
helps people understand a product or – The purpose of a field report in the
service. social sciences is
(1) to describe the observation of
– The main purpose of technical writing people, places, and/or events and
is to inform and to trigger the person into (2) to analyze that observation data in
action such as purchasing a product or order to identify and categorize common
service. themes in relation to the research
– Its purpose may also be to instruct or problem underpinning the study.
persuade, but never to entertain.
– The content represents the Recording what you observe should not
researcher’s interpretation of be done randomly or haphazardly; you
meaning found in data that has been must be focused and pay attention to
gathered during one or more details. Enter the observation site [i.e.,
observational events. "field"] with a clear plan about what you
– Field reports are assigned with the intend to observe and record in relation
intention of improving your to the research problem while, at the
understanding of key theoretical same time, being prepared to adapt to
concepts by applying methods of changing circumstances as they may
careful and structured observation of, arise.
and reflection about, people, places, or
phenomena existing in their natural ❑ Consciously observe, record, and
settings. analyze what you hear and see in the
context of a theoretical framework.
THINGS TO DO WHEN WRITING A This is what separates data gathering
FIELD REPORT from reporting. The theoretical
framework guiding your field research
❑Systematically observe and should determine what, when, and how
accurately record the varying aspects you observe and act as the foundation
of a situation. from which you interpret your findings in
Always approach your field study with a relation to the underlying assumptions
detailed protocol about what you will embedded in the theoretical framework.
observe, where you should conduct your
observations, and the method by which TECHNIQUES TO RECORD YOUR
you will collect and record your data. OBSERVATIONS

❑Continuously analyze your ❑NOTE-TAKING.

observations. This is the most common and easiest
Always look for the meaning underlying method of recording your observations.
the actions you observe. Ask yourself: ❑PHOTOGRAPHY/VIDEOGRAPHY.
What’s going on here? What does this Photographs can help capture an
observed activity mean? What else does important moment in time as well as
this relate to? Note that this is an document details about space where the
on-going process of reflection and space where your observation takes
analysis taking place for the duration of place. Taking a photograph can save
your field research. you time in documenting the details of a
space that would otherwise require
❑ Keep the report’s aims in mind extensive note taking.
while you are observing.
SCIENTIFIC REPORT
 2. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUN
– They are common in all the Sciences D INFORMATION
and Social Sciences. These reports Write a paragraph that gives your
use a standard scientific report readers background information to
format describing methods, results and understand your experiment.
conclusions to report upon an This includes explaining scientific
experimental investigation. theories, processes and other related
– The purpose of a science report is to knowledge.
clearly communicate your key message
about why your scientific findings are 3. AIM
meaningful. The aim identifies what is going to be
tested in the experiment. This should be
– Scientific reports allow their readers to short, concise and clear.
understand the experiment without 4. HYPOTHESIS
doing it themselves. The hypothesis is a prediction of the
– In addition, scientific reports give outcome of the experiment. You have to
others the opportunity to check the use background information to make an
methodology of the experiment to educated prediction.
ensure the validity of the results.
5. RISK ASSESSMENT
A scientific report documents all Identify the hazards associated with the
aspects of an experimental experiment and provide a method to
investigation. prevent or minimize the risks. A hazard
This includes: is something that can cause harm, and
1. A title risk is the likelihood that harm will occur
2. An introduction / background from the hazard.
information, 6. METHOD
3. The aim of the experiment, The method has three parts:
4. The hypothesis, 1) A list of every material used
5. Risk Assessment, 2) Steps of what you did in the
6. The methods used, experiment
7. The results, 3) A scientific diagram of the
8. A discussion of the results, and experiment apparatus
9. The conclusion.
7. RESULTS
1. TITLE This is where you document the results
The title should simply introduce what of your experiment. The data that you
your experiment is about. record for your experiment will generally
be qualitative and / or quantitative.
 8. DISCUSSION purpose of the study, research problem
The discussion is where you analyse with hypothesis and research questions,
and interpret your results, and identify and briefly touches on the methods to
any experimental errors or possible be applied in investigating the research
areas of improvements. problem, and outcomes of the study. It
You should've divide your discussion as also covers discussion on how paper is
follows: organized.
1. Trend in the results
2. Scientific Explanation As suggested by Silverman (2006), the
3. Validity research report starts with four elements
4. Reliability including:
5. Accuracy 1.Title
6. Possible improvements 2.Abstract
3.List of contents
9. CONCLUSION 4.Introduction
State whether the aim was achieved,
and if your hypothesis was supported. Research Title
A research title has to get the attention
RESEARCH REPORT of the readers. In other words, it must be
“catchy.” Being catchy does not mean
– Research Report is a written sacrificing the main message or idea of
document that presents the results of your report.
a research project or study, including
the research question, methodology, Research abstract
results, and conclusions, in a clear and A research abstract is a vital component
objective manner. of a report as it provides the readers
– The purpose of a research report is to with a snap view of what you will expect
communicate the findings of the from it.The abstract gives a synopsis of
research to the intended audience, the objectives and results of the report
which could be other researchers, to be described in detailed from in the
stakeholders, or the general public. body of the report.

PARTS OF RESEARCH REPORT Silverman (2006) identified what an

abstract should contain:
I. INTRODUCTORY PHASE ✓ research problem
Indicates not just the context but the ✓ significance and value of the problem
significance of the research. ✓ data and methods utilized
Moreover, the introduction encapsulates ✓ main findings
background information about the topic ✓ implication in the light of other
as it provides a discussion on the research
 ❑ The RRL should make one realize
List of Contents whether a study is worth pursuing or
– A list of contents is a useful not.
component of a report as it guides the ❑ The RRL would indicate if your topic
readers to find their way through the is building on previous researchers or if
different parts of the report. it is a new area of inquiry.
– Hence, the consistency of the page
numbers with the parts of the report are Hence, Silverman (2008) recommends
vital. Inconsistent page numbering the
would result in the reader’s confusion. following points:
1. Focus only on studies that are vital
Introduction and
– The introduction acquaints the readers relevant in defining your research
with the what, why, and how of the problem.
report. 2. Organize what you say in the form of
– According to Murcott (1997, p. 1) as an
cited in Silverman (2006), answering the argument rather than a simple
questions below would lead you to the description
development of the introduction: of other studies.

1. What is the research all about? III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. Why have you chosen this topic
rather than the other topics? – In research, the research process is
3. Why are you interested in this topic? as important as the research content.
4. How will you undertake the research? – Thus, a research report must also
5. What kind of research approach will contain a description of the research
you utilize? strategy. The readers will be interested
6. What are your research questions or in finding how you arrived at a particular
problems? study result.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED Silverman (2008) pointed out that the

LITERATURE readers
❑ The Review of Related Literature would be interested to know the
(RRL) provides the study’s background following:
and environment. 1. Research topic
❑ The intention of the RRL is to locate 2. Case(s) you have studied
the study in its area of discipline and 3. Research methods you have chosen
reveal its relevance and significance in to use
the environment. 4. How you have analyzed the data
This part of the research report is To assist the researcher in the data
sensitive and hence must be dealt with analysis,
caution. In order for you to answer attention must be given to:
questions such as: a) sorting information into categories,
• Is your methodology appropriate for b) formatting the information into a story
the research problem? or picture,
• How did you reach that conclusion? c) actual data analysis and write up

Silverman suggested that to be able to V. CONCLUSION

answer methodological questions, you A good conclusion answers the
have to be familiar with and specific questions identified in the
knowledgeable about the following: introductory phase of the research.
❖ Data you have studied
❖ How you obtain those data IV. RECOMMENDATION
❖ What claims you are making about
the data – The research recommendation is a
❖ What methods you have used to part of the paper where you make
gather the data suggestions about some resolutions as
❖ Why you have chosen this methods a response to the research problem.
❖ How you have analyzed your data – It must be a consistent part of the
conclusion.
IV. BODY OF REPORT – It proposes specific solutions
The most essential part of the report is connected with the findings and must be
writing about the data collected through supported by relevant data and specific
your research. There are two important data from the findings.
areas of consideration in the writing up
of the data, namely, data analysis, and These are some tips from Teljlingen
data presentation. (2011) on how to write
recommendations:
In data analysis, there is no right or ✓ You should not recommend anything
wrong way.Creswell (1994, 153) only that you have not previously discussed
requires the researcher to: in the discussion. The rule ‘no new
1. “be comfortable with developing material’ in your conclusion is also
categories and making comparisons and applicable to your ‘Recommendations.’
contrasts” ✓ Recommendations are not the same
2. “be open to possibilities and see as conclusions. Consider
contrary or alternative explanations for recommendations go one step further
the findings” than conclusions as (a) something; (b)
someone; and (c) needs to do.’
✓ There may be different levels within 4. Determine the form of responses.
your set recommendations: 5. Choose the exact question wording.
❑ for academic (i.e., research is 6. Make sure that the sequence of the
needed into…), question is effective.
❑ for policymakers (e,g., data 7. Test the questionnaire and revise if
protection act needs to change to needed.
accommodate…);
❑ For practitioners (i.e., managers in BASIC QUESTION WORDING
local (Adapted from Filiberto, D. (2013) with
government need to consider the mental some notes from Baxter, L. and Babbie,
wellbeing of their staff); E. (2003)
❑ For training/education 1. Write short and simple questions
● Respondents are often unwilling
– Often reports are structured in a way to study an item in order to
that reflects the information-finding, understand it. Assume that
process and the writing up of the respondents will answer the
findings: that is, summary of the questionnaire quickly. Therefore,
contents, introduction or background, provide clear, short items that will
methods, results, discussion, conclusion not be misinterpreted.
and/or recommendations. Example: Given the current trend of
– The inclusion of recommendations is more hits, more home runs, longer
one reason why reports are a common games in general, and more injuries in
form of writing in industry, as the baseball today, do you think that steroid
informed recommendations are useful use should continue to be banned even
for decision making. though it is not enforced?
*Problem: Long questions can be
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE confusing
Better question: Steroid use has both
Here are the suggested steps on how positive and negative effects on
to develop a questionnaire. (Adapted baseball. Do you think that steroid use
from QuickMBA.com) should be banned?
1. Determine the research problem or 2. Avoid leading questions
the target information. ● Avoid wording that influences
2. Choose the type of questions and respondents to consider a subject
method of administration (written, email in a weighted manner, or injects a
or web form, telephone interview, preference or opinion.
personal interview). Example 1: Do you hate the president
3. Determine the general question of the Philippines?
content needed to obtain the desired
information.
(Why is this leading? Because the 2. Health
question itself includes an opinion 3. Friends
word.) 4. Other: ____
Example 2: Who do you think of when
you hear COVID -19? 4. Questions must be
a. China non-threatening and attempt to evoke
b. Pres. Duterte the truth.
c. Chinese When a respondent is concerned about
d. Lockdown the consequences of answering a
(Why is this leading? Because it forces question in a particular manner, there is
the respondent to answer one of these a good possibility that the
choices, even if none of them comes to answer will not be truthful.
mind.) Example: Who do you think consume
more cigarettes: you or your friends?
3. Appropriately Open-Ended and
Closed-Ended Questions 5. Question Clarity
● Use open-ended questions when ● Avoid ambiguities and vague
responses need to be elaborated words (e.g. usual, regular,
by the respondents for normal).
exhaustive and comprehensive Example 1:
data gathering. They are more What is your number of serving of eggs
suited to exploratory research in a typical day?
that looks to describe a subject *Problems: How many eggs constitute
based on trends and patterns. a serving? What does ‘a typical day’
Example: Why do you play sport? mean?
__________ Better question: On days you eat eggs,
● Closed-Ended questions are how many eggs do you usually
popular because they provide consume?
greater uniformity or responses Example 2: Do you watch television
and are easily processed regularly?
compared to open-ended *Problems: Vague questions are difficult
questions. However, to answer. (What is the meaning of
closed-ended questions the "regularly"?)
response categories should be Better question: How often do you
exhaustive and mutually watch Television?
exclusive. In other words, all
possible options should be NOTE: Questions should mean the
provided. same thing to all respondents. All the
Example: Why do you play sports? terms should be understandable or
1. Enjoyment defined, time periods
specified, complex questions asked Many...Some...A Few...Very
in multiple stages. Few...None
● Do a Bipolar or Unipolar rating
6. Do not use double-barreled scale instead. Bipolar rating scale
questions measures both direction and
● Ask one question at a time. Avoid intensity of an attitude. Unipolar
asking two questions, imposing rating scale measures one
unwarranted assumptions, or concept with varying degrees of
hidden contingencies. Whenever intensity.
you use ‘and’ on a question or a ●
statement, check if it is 8. Minimize presuppositions
double-barreled. ● Avoid using assumption about the
Example: Do you find the classes you world whose truth is taken for
took during your first semester in SHS granted. Answering a question
more demanding and interesting than implies accepting its
your JHS classes? presuppositions, a respondents
___Yes ___No may be led to provide an answer
*Problem: even if its presuppositions are
How would someone respond if they felt false.
their SHS classes were more Example: “What are your usual hours of
demanding but also more boring than work?”
their JHS classes? Or less demanding *Problem: Does respondent have usual
but more interesting? Because the hours of work?
question combines “demanding” and Better question: ”What are your usual
“interesting,” there is no way to respond hours of work, or do you not have usual
yes to one criterion but no to the other. hours?”
Better question:
Do you find the classes you took during TYPES AND USAGE OF QUESTIONS
your first semester in SHS more IN A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
demanding than your JHS classes? 1. Open-ended Questions
Best Used for:
7. Clearly define the response scale -Breaking the ice in an interview.
dimension or continuum. -When the respondent's own words are
● When using a response scale, important.
clearly define the dimension or -When the researcher does not know all
continuum to be used by the the possible answers.
respondents in their rating task. 2. Close-Ended Questions
Response categories: Make them Best Used for:
logical and meaningful, not -Collecting rank ordered data
-When all response choices are known
-When quantitative statistical tool results follow-up question provided after the
are desired respondent agrees to a certain item.

Forms of Close-Ended Questions: ORDERING QUESTIONS

• Matrix Questions (Adapted from Contemporary
Best Used: when a number of Communication Research by Smith,
questions have the same set of M.J., 1988)
possible answers 1. Adapt a general organizational
a. Matrix questions (Numerical scale) is pattern that complements a survey’s
best used when respondents are research objectives.
required to choose from a number of Two general patterns:
categories that • Funnel pattern – begins with broad
determine their preferences. questions followed by progressively
b. Matrix Questions (Likert Scale) is best narrower or more specific ones
used for assessing a person’s opinion • Inverted pattern – narrowly focused
and feelings about something. questions are followed by more general
5-point scale 7-point scale ones
2. Topically related questions should be
• Multiple Choice Question is best grouped together. A researcher should
used when there are a finite number of group together questions pertinent to a
options. single topic then move to
• Dichotomous Question is best used another topic. It is easier for the answer
for clearly distinguishing the questions this way.
respondent’s opinion, preference, 3. Easy-to-answer questions should be
experience, or behavior by placed first. Easy questions serve as
providing only two possible answers: motivation.
often either yes/no, true/false, or 4. Questions should be ordered to avoid
agree/disagree. establishing a response bias.
• Multiple Response Question is best *Response Bias – a tendency of a
used when respondents are asked to respondent to answer all
provide more than one answer. closed-questions the same way
• Ranking Question is best used for regardless of content.
ordering answer choices by way of Example: A respondent check
preference of each respondent to “Somewhat agree” to all criteria.
understand how they feel about
each option.
• Contingency Question is intended for
certain respondents only, depending on
the provided answer. A familiar example
would be a
HOW TO USE GOOGLE FORMS TO researchers can conduct it in many
CONSTRUCT SURVEY ways depending on the methodology
QUESTIONNAIRES chosen and the study’s goal.
Coding - involves translating entries on
STEP 1: FOpen your Gmail Account questionnaires to letters or numbers.
STEP 2: Click the icon to open Google
apps (QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
STEP 3: Among the apps, click Google DATA)
forms ❑ DATA ANALYSIS lends credibility
STEP 4: Click the blank to start your to the researched data.
survey questionnaire ❑ It backs the data up with trustworthy
STEP 5: Start editing your form from references and gives it a theoretical
the title to its questions base to stand on.
STEP 6: Once your done encoding your ❑ Data Analysis is also an easy way to
questions inn your form, click this icon to evaluate the
preview form students regarding their understanding
STEP 7: Once your done reviewing your of the
form, click settings to check how your research material in general.
respondents answer your form
STEP 8: To send your survey •Verification: Data analysis helps verify
questionnaire to your respondents that the data accurately represents the
online, you must generate your link. phenomenon being studied.
First, you need to click send so that a •Reliability: Consistent and thorough
pop-up will appear. analysis of data increases the reliability
STEP 9: In checking the responses of of the research.
your res[ondents, click this. •Validity: Data analysis enhances the
validity of the research.
•Trustworthiness: Proper data analysis
GATHERS INFORMATION FROM demonstrates that the research has
SURVEY, EXPERIMENT, OR been conducted rigorously and
OBSERVATION systematically.

Data - are facts or information used Your data is the backbone of your
usually to calculate, analyze or plan research. It is the base on which the
something. (Merriam Webster entire study will rely upon. After months
Dictionary)
of grueling researches, scholars amass
Survey - is a research method used for
large amount of data. This data has to
collecting data from a predefined group
be properly integrated and kept in an
of respondents to gain information and
organized fashion. Providing an insight
insights into various topics of interest.
and interpretation in the form of analysis
They can have multiple purposes, and
of the entire data also rules out any ❑ Typically, large data sets include
chance of human bias. The reader errors.
would get a clear and straightforward ❑ To make sure that there are no such
picture. Similarly, the researcher being errors, the researcher should conduct
devoid of loopholes and hanging ends basic data checks, check for outliers,
would deliver the precise intended and edit the raw research data to
message across without any incidence identify and clear out any data points
of the reader getting biased. (Strauss, et that may hamper the accuracy of the
al, 1990) results.

PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA Step 4: Data Coding

ANALYSIS ❑Data coding is the process of
converting data collected into
Step 1: Data Preparation numeric format.
❑Your main task in this step is to ❑To facilitate the coding process, a
collect and prepare data you’ve codebook should be created to guide
gathered from a survey. the
❑Your aim is to convert raw data into coding process.
something meaningful and readable. What to encode:
1. Each variable in a research study;
Step 2: Data Validation 2. Items of measures for that variable;
❑Find out whether the data collection 3. The format of each item (numeric,
was done according to standards text, etc.); and
without any biases. 4. The response scale for each item
1. Fraud - to infer whether each (whether it is measured using the four
respondent was levels of measurements. (Yamashita &
actually interviewed or not. Espinosa, 2015)
2. Screening - to make sure that
respondents were Four Levels of Measurement
chosen as per the research criteria. 1. Nominal data – basic classification
3. Procedure - to check whether the data; lack logical order.
data collection Ex. male or female
procedure was duly followed. 2. Ordinal data – has logical order but
4. Completeness - to ensure that the lack constant
interviewer differences between values.
asked the respondent all the questions, Ex. Pizza size (large, medium, small)
rather than 3. Interval data – has logical order, is
just a few required ones. continuous, has
standardized differences between
Step 3: Data Editing values but lacks natural zero.
Ex. Celsius degrees ❑Reading, listening and playing the
4. Ratio data – has logical order, is recorded responses and taking down
continuous, has notes.
standardized differences between Step 2: Focusing the analysis
values, and has a natural ❑Focus by question, topic, case,
zero. Ex. height, weight, age, length individual or group
Step 3: Coding
Step 5: Data Entry or Data Encoding ❑ Categorizing the data is the process
❑ After you’ve finished coding the data, of analyzing the data and searching for
your next task is to transfer the essential information that answers the
information from survey research questions.
questionnaires or code sheets to ❑ They are considered essential if they
computer files for processing. occur of
❑ It is done more quickly and more have been mentioned several times by
accurately if two persons work together the informants.
– one reading and typing/entering
information. Step 4: Encoding and Saving the File
❑Smaller data sets with less than
65,000 observations and 256 items can Step 5: Editing / Revising
be stored in a spreadsheet such as ❑Editing is checking the format,
Microsoft Excel, while larger dataset grammar, etc.
with millions of observations will require ❑Revising is checking the content and
a database. logical organization

Step 6: Data Transformation Step 6: Identifying Meaningful

❑Data transformation is the process of Patterns and Themes
converting data from one format or ❑Content Analysis – identifying
structure into another format or patterns ideas, concepts, behaviors,
structure. incidents, terms or phrases used and
interpreting their meanings.
Step 7: Data Cleansing ❑Thematic Analysis – analyzing the
❑This involves double checking of the data by grouping them according to
data that you’ve entered in the themes.
computer. ❑Content Analysis
❑This is important specifically if there 1. Define the Research Questions:
are large numbers of respondents. Clearly state what you’re trying to find
out from the data.
PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE DATA 2. Select the Sample: Choose the texts
or media to be analyzed (e.g., interview
Step 1: Getting to know the data transcripts, social media posts).
3. Develop a Coding Scheme: Create
a set of codes to categorize the data
based on themes, concepts, or specific
words.
4. Code the Data: Apply the coding
scheme to the data, often by
marking text passages with
corresponding codes.
5. Analyze and Interpret: Analyze the
coded data to identify patterns,
frequencies, and relationships.
6. Report Findings: Present the
analysis in a structured report, often
using tables and graphs to illustrate key
findings.

❑Thematic Analysis
1. Familiarization:
Read through the data multiple times to
get a good understanding.
2. Generating Initial Codes:
Identify and note down key pieces of
data that seem relevant.
3. Searching for Themes:
Group related codes into broader
themes that capture significant aspects
of the data.
4. Reviewing Themes:
Check and refine the themes to ensure
they accurately represent the data.
5. Defining and Naming Themes:
Clearly define what each theme is about
and give them descriptive names.
6. Writing Up:
Present the themes in a narrative
format, often supported by quotes from
the data.
MAS PINAIKLI VERSION PAG 1. Quotations - direct quotes,

😎🕴️
TINATAMAD KA NA MAGBASA paraphrases, summarizes
2. Examples - illustrations of your
points
3. Statistics - facts, figures,
MANIFESTO diagrams
Writing supporting ideas
Claim - viewpoint or position 1. Write support statement
Argument - logical and reasoned 2. Reasons / evidences
explanation
Argumentative writing - Establish Writing opposing ideas
position in a given topic 1. Write opposing ideas
Manifesto - Document publicly 2. Reasons / Evidences
declaring the position or program
Major categories of Manifesto: 3 major types of appeal
1. Goal - What one intends to have 1. Logical Appeal - Use of facts
happened 2. Emotional appeal - use the
2. List and Rules - List of items to audience's feelings
be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled 3. Ethical appeal - use of
3. World - Aims to create a new convincing an audience through
world, a vision for the future. credibility of persuader

Defending a stand WRITING A POSITION PAPER

Stand - Viewpoint Position Paper - writer's stand or

Claims- Statement that supports the viewpoint, outlining arguments and
author's stand proposing the course of action
Evidence - proofs or evidences to Uses of position paper
strengthen the author's claim - Used in schools, international
Fallacy - an error in reasoning which relations and politics from a
weakens an argument certain issue
Counterclaims - arguments opposing - Government is also presenting
stand position paper
Steps in presenting arguments to - Helps others become more aware
defend or support a stand on an of certain problems in society
issue:
1. Make issue criteria Purposes of position paper
2. Collect evidence from properly - To generate support
cited sources - Critical examination of a position
Several ways you can support your - Describes the author's position
claims in writing - To convince or persuade others
 - Essential tool in bringing about 4. Third part of the body -
societal change second argument
Elements of position paper 5. Fourth part of the body -
1. Issue - an idea or question over third argument
which people are divided 6. Conclusion - summary of main
2. Stand - viewpoint or position on points
an issue
3. Reasons/arguments - writer REPORTS
needs to state the reasons to
explain to the reader why his or Report - a systematic presentation of
her position is logical, acceptable research work in a written form
and believable Good report - are document that are
4. Evidence - ideas that accurate, objective, and complete
substantiate the reasons, real life One page report - is a single page
demonstration of ideas document that summarizes data,
5. Counterarguments - opposing findings, or recommendations
viewpoints, refute the opposition
in the reader's mind Different types of report writing:
Parts of position paper
1. Introduction - introduction of Technical business report
the topic, background Technical Writing -a form of writing
information, getting the reader’s technical communication or applied
attention by hook, and assert the science that helps people understand a
stand product or service
types of hook: Field Report - requires students to
- Question hook - when you pose analyze their observations of
a question that the reader can phenomena or events in the real world
picture
- Quotation hook - a quote is Techniques to record your
used to explain the relevance of observations:
the topic - Note taking
- Statistic hook - quote have - Photography/videography
some type of statistics (numbers, -
decimal, percentages) Scientific Report- allows readers to
- Statement hook - writer gives understand the experiment without
solid declaration of his/her doing it themselves
argument 1. Title - introduce what
2. First part of the body - experiment is about
counterarguments 2. Introduction- background
3. Second part of the body - information to understand the
first argument experiment
 3. Aim - identifies what is going to way through the different
be tested in the experiment parts of the report
4. Hypothesis - prediction of the - Introduction - acquaints
outcome of the experiment the readers with the what,
5. Risk assessment - identify the why and how
hazards associated with the 2. Review of literature - study's
experiment background and environment
6. Method 3. Research Methodology
6a. Materials - list of every description of the research
material used strategy
6b. Steps - steps of what you did 4. Body of the report - writing
on the experiment about the data collected through
6c. Diagram - scientific your research
diagram of the experiment 5. Conclusion - generalizations
apparatus based on findings
7. Results - results of your 6. Recommendation - where you
experiment make suggestions about some
8. Discussion - analyse and resolutions
interpret your results
- Trend in the results DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
- Scientific explanation
- Validity Suggested steps on how to develop
- Reliability a questionnaire:
- Accuracy 1. Determine the research problems
- Possible 2. Choose the type of question
improvements 3. Determine the general question
9. Conclusion - state whether the 4. Determine the form of responses
aim is achieved, and if your 5. Choose the exact question
hypothesis was supported wording
6. Make sure that the sequence of
Research Report - written document question is effective
that presents the results of a research 7. Test the questionnaire and revise
project or study if needed
1. Introductory phase
- Title - has to get the Basic Question wording
attention of readers 1. Write short and simple questions.
- Abstract - hypnosis of the 2. Avoid leading questions.
objectives and results of 3. Appropriately open-ended and
the report Closed-ended questions
- List of contents - guides
the readers to find their
 4. Questions must be non HOW TO USE GOOGLE FORMS TO
threatening and attempt to evoke CONSTRUCT SURVEY
the truth QUESTIONNAIRES
5. Question clarity
6. Do not use double barreled (Basahin n’yo nalang yung nasa
questions. taas, same lang naman sya puro
7. Clearly define the response scale steps, tinatamad na ‘ko mag type
dimension or continuum. :<)
8. Minimize presuppositions
GATHERS INFORMATION FROM
Types of questions in a survey SURVEY, EXPERIMENT, OR
questionnaire: OBSERVATION
1. Open-ended questions
2. Closed-ended questions Data - facts or information used usually
forms of Closed-ended questions: to calculate, analyze or plan something
- Matrix questions (number Survey - research method used to
scale and likert scale) collect data from a predefined group of
- Multiple choice question respondents
- Dichotomous questions Coding - involves translating entries on
- Multiple response questionnaires to letters or numbers
question Data analysis - lends credibility to the
- Ranking question researched data
- Contingency question - Verification
Ordering questions: - Reliability
1. Adapt a general organizational - Validity
pattern - Trustworthiness
- Funnel pattern - general to Process of quantitative data
specific analysis:
- Inverted pattern - specific Step 1: Data Preparation
to general Step 2: Data Validation
2. Related questions should be Step 3: Data Editing
group together Step 4: Data Coding
3. Easy to answer questions should 4 levels of measurement:
be placed first - Nominal data
4. Questions should be ordered to - Ordinal data
avoid establishing a response bias - Interval data
- Ratio data
Step 5: Data entry or data coding
Step 6: Data Transformation (Optimus
prime)
Step 7: Data Cleansing
Process of qualitative data:
Step 1: Getting to know the data
(getting to know each other sa una)
Step 2: focusing the analysis
(sa kanya ka lang kase mag focus)
Step 3: Coding
(sana all type)
Step 4: Encoding and saving the file
Step 5: Editing/Revising
Step 6: Identifying meaningful patterns
and themes (Talaga naman binigyan na
ng meaning)

I'm just a chill guy , chilling before exam

GOOD LUCK MGA PERDS!!!!!