Page 62 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

CHAPTER 2
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

SUMMARY Where, q is the angle between r and p .

1. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
The electric potential at any point in an electric field
is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive
test charge from infinity to that point without
acceleration.
If W is the work done in bringing infinitesimal Electrostatic potential due to a thin charged
positive test charge q from infinity to given point,
0
spherical shell carrying charge q and radius R
then electric potential, respectively, at any point P lying.
q
V =W Inside the shell is Voltage = 1 $
q0 4pe 0 R
q
Its SI unit is Volt V and its dimensional formula On the surface of shell is Voltage = 1 $
is 6ML2 T-3 A-1@ . 4pe 0 R
q
2. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE Outside the shell is Voltage = 1 $ for
4pe 0 R
r>R
The potential difference between two points in an
electric field is defined as the work done in bringing Where, r is the distance of point P from the centre
unit positive charge from one point to another. of the shell.
VB - VA = WAB 5. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACE
q0
Where, WAB is work done in taking charge q0 form A surface which have same electrostatic potential at
A to B against of electrostatic force. every point on it is known as equipotential surface.
The shape of equipotential surface due to line
3. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE
charge is cylindrical.
Electrostatic potential due to a point charge q at any Point charge is spherical as shown below:
p lying at a distance r from the origin, it is given by
q
V = 1 $
4pe 0 r

4. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC

DIPOLE AT ANY POINT
Electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole at any
point P whose position vector is r w.r.t. mid-point of
dipole is given by
p cos q
V = 1 $
4pe 0 r2

or V = 1 $ pv $ rt
4pe 0 rv
2
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 63

Properties of Equipotential Surface where,

1. Equipotential surface do not intersect each other q1 and q2 = two point charges at position vectors
as it gives two directions of electric field E at r1 and r2, respectively
intersecting point which is not possible.
2. Electric field is always normal to equipotential V (r1) = potential at r1 due to the external
surface at every point of it and directly from one field
equipotential surface at higher potential to the
V (r2) = potential at r2 due to the external
equipotential surface at lower potential.
3. Work done in moving a test charge form one point field
of equipotential surface to other is zero. Potential energy of an electric dipole in an uniform
The electric field at a point is related to the negative electric field
potential gradient as follows, U = - pE cos q
E = - dV = pv $ Ev , if cos q = 1
dr
i.e., EX = -2V 7. CAPACITANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
2x
If charge q is given to an insulated conductor, it leads
EY = - V2
2y to increase its electric potential by V such that,
EZ = - V2 q \ V & q = CV
2z
where, C is known as capacitance of a conductor. The
Where negative sign indicates that the direction of capacitance depends on the shape, size and geometry
electric field is from higher potential to lower potential, of conductor, nature of surrounding medium and
i.e., in the direction of decreasing potential. presence of other conductor in the neighbourhood of
it.
6. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
Its SI unit is farad F .
The work done against electrostatic force gets stored
as potential energy. This is called electrostatic Here, 1 farad = 1 coulomb
1 volt
potential energy. Farad is a very large unit of capacitance, So, mF is
i.e., TU = UB - UA = WAB usually taken.
The work done in moving a unit positive test charge
8. COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS
over a closed path in an electric field is zero.
1. Series Combination : When capacitance are
Thus, electrostatic forces are conservative in nature.
connected in series, then net capacitance C is
1. Electrostatic potential energy of a system of two given by
point charges is given by
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
qq
U = 1 $ 1 2 C C1 C2 C3
4pe 0 r
Putting the values of charge with their signs.
2. Electrostatic potential of a system of n point
charges is given by
Net charge Q = q1 = q2 = q3 (remain same)
n n
qq
U = 1 / / j i j ! i and ij = ji Net potential difference V = V1 + V2 + V3
4pe 0 j = 1 i = 1 rji
2. Parallel Combination : When capacitors are
Potential Energy in an External Field
connected in parallel, then the net capacitance is
1. Potential energy of a single charge q at a point given by
with position vector r , in an external field is
C = C1 + C2 + C3
qV (r), where V (r) is the potential at the point
due to external electric field E . In parallel combination net charge,
2. Potential Energy of a system of two charges in an Q = q1 = q2 = q3
external field. Net potential difference,
qq
U = q1 V (r1) + q2 V (r2) + 1 2 V = V1 = V2 = V3 (remain same)
4pe 0 r12
Page 64 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The electric potential due to a small electric dipole

at a large distance r from the center of the dipole is
proportional to
(a) r (b) 1
r
(c) 21 (d) 13
9. CAPACITANCE OF PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR r r
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel Ans : OD 2018

metallic plates separated by a dielectric. The Electric potential at an axial point of a dipole is given
capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given by, by,
p
C = 0
ke A V = 1
d 4pe 0 r2 - a2
where,
where, K = dielectric constant
p = Electric dipole moment
A = area of each plate
r = Distance of axial point from the center of
and d = separation between the plates
dipole
Special Cases
2a = Length of the dipole
1. When there is no medium between the plates,
then K = 1. So, For large distance r2 >>> a2 ,
e A p
C vaccum = 0 = C0 V =
d 4pe 0 r2
2. When space between the plates is partly filled Hence, V ? 12
r
with a medium of thickness t and dielectric
Thus (c) is correct option.
constant K , then capacitance
e0A 2. If the uniform electric field exists along X-axis,then
C =
d - t + Kt equipotential is along
e0 A (a) XY-plane (b) XZ-plane
=
d - t ^1 - K1 h (c) YZ-plane (d) anywhere
Clearly, C > C0 , i.e., on introduction slab between Ans : OD 2009
the plates of a parallel plate capacitor, its capacitance
Equipotential surface are planes in uniform electric
increases.
field. So its lies in plane XY-plane.
10. ENERGY STORED IN A CHARGED CAPACITOR Thus (a) is correct option.

U = 1 CV 2 3. If 125 water drops of equal radius and equal capacitance

2 C, coalesce to form a single drop of capacitance Cl the
Q2 relation between C and Cl is
= = 1 QV joule
2C 2 (a) C l = C (b) C l = 5C
This energy resides n the medium between the plates. (c) C l = 125C (d) C l = 250C
The energy stored per unit volume of a charged
Ans : SQP 2005
capacitor is given by
Number of water drops n = 125
u =U
V Capacitance of each water drop = C
= 1 eE 2 joule/m3 If n small drops, each of capacitance C , coalesce to
2 form a big drop, then capacitance of the big drop,
where, E is electric field strength.
Cl = n1/3 # C = (125) 1/3 # C = 5C
Thus (b) is correct option.
***********
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 65

4. The ratio of charge to potential of a capacitor is 7. Which of the following ratios is constant for an
known as its isolated conductor?
(a) capacitance (b) conductance Total charg e Ch arge added
(a) (b)
Potential Potential difference
(c) inductance (d) resistance
Ans : (Total charg e) 2
Delhi 2016 (c) (d) none of these
Potential
Capacitance of a capacitor,
Ans : OD 2007
q
C = Capacitance of isolated conductor is given by,
V
It is also called electrostatic capacity of the capacitor. Total charg e (Q)
C =
Potential (V)
where, q = charge,
Capacitance is constant for a conductor.
and V = potential of the capacitor Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option. 8. Minimum number of capacitors of 2 mF each required
5. Two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 1 cm apart to obtain a capacitance of 5 mF will be
and potential difference between them is 10 V. The (a) 4 (b) 3
electric field between the plates is (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) 10 N-C-1 (b) 250 N-C-1
Ans : SQP 2018
(c) 500 N-C-1 (d) 1000 N-C-1 To obtain a equivalent capacitance of 5 mF , we will
Ans : Foreign 2017, Delhi 2002 arranged the capacitor as shown in the figure.
Distance between plates,
d = 1cm = 0.01 m
and potential difference between them,
V = 10 V
Electric field between the plates in a parallel plate
capacitor,
E = V = 10 = 1000 N-C-1
d 0.01
Thus (d) is correct option.
In the circuit diagram C1 and C2 are connected in
6. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor .......... series combination.
by the introduction of a dielectric between the plates
Hence, Equivalent capacitance,
of capacitor.
1 = 1 + 1 =1+1
(a) increases (b) decreases C l C1 C2 2 2
(c) remains same (d) nothing can be said Cl = 1 mF
Ans : OD 2010 C2 and C3 capacitors are connected in parallel
When vacuum is present between the plates of combination.
capacitor, then capacitance of parallel plate is given Hence, Equivalent capacitance,
by,
Cll = C3 + C 4
e A
C = 0 ...(1) = 2 + 2 = 4 mF
d
If a medium of dielectric strength K is introduced Cl and Cll are connected in parallel combination
between the plate of capacitor then, .Hence, Total equivalent capacitance,
Ke 0 A Ceq = C l + C ll
Capacitance, Cl = [From equation (1)]
d
= 1 + 4 = 5 mF
Cl = KC
Hence, four capacitors are required to obtain
i.e. capacitance increase K time equivalent capacitance of 5 mF .
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
Page 66 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

9. Three capacitors each of capacity C are connected in It is also called capacitance of the capacitor.
series. The resultant capacity will be where, q = charge,
(a) 3C (b) 3/C
and V = potential of the capacitor
(c) C/3 (d) 1/3C
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : OD 2017
12. 64 identical drops each of capacity of 5 mF combine
According to the question,
to form a big drop. What is the capacity of big drop?
(a) 25 mF (b) 4 mF
(c) 164 mF (d) 20 mF
Resultant capacity is given by, Ans : OD 2016, SQP 2013

1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Capacitance of spherical conductor is given by,

Ceq C1 C2 C3 Cs = 4pe 0 r
= 1+1+1 5 = 4pe 0 r (for small drop) ...(1)
C C C
Ceq = C/3 When small drops combine to form a big drop than
volume remains constant,
Thus (c) is correct option.
Big drop volume = 64 # One small drop volume
10. A parallel plate air capacitor is charged to a potential
difference of V . If distance between the plates is 4 pR3 = 64 4 pr3
3 #3
increased, then potential difference between the plates
(a) decreases (b) increases R = 4r ...(2)

(c) becomes zero (d) does not change CB = 4pe 0 R

Ans : Delhi 2008, OD 2014 where, R = radius of big drop
Initial potential difference of capacitor, CB = 4pe 0 (4r) [From equation (2)]
V1 = V CB = 4 (4pe 0 r) ...(3)
Charge on the plates of a parallel plate air capacitor Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
always remains constant after increasing or decreasing
5 = 4pe 0 r
the distance between the plate. CB 4 (4pe 0 r)
i.e., Q = Constant CB = 5 # 4 = 20 mF
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, Thus (d) is correct option.
e A
C = 0 13. The charge on plate X in the given figure
d
We also know that charge on the plates of capacitor,
e A
Q = CV = 0 # V
d
or V \d
Since distance between the plates is increases,
therefore potential difference V between the plates (a) 20 mC (b) - 20 mC
also increases. (c) zero (d) - 10 mC
Thus (b) is correct option. Ans : Delhi 2011

11. The electrostatic capacity of a capacitor depends Charge (Q)

Capacitance, C =
upon its Potential (V)
(a) charge (b) potential Q = CV
(c) resistance (d) both a and b Here, C = 2 mF = 2 # 10-6 F
Ans : Foreign 2006 V = 20 - 10 = 10 Volt
Electrostatic capacity of a capacitor,
Now, Q = 2 # 10-6 # 10
q
C = Q = 20 # 10-6 = 20 mC
V
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 67

In the capacitor charge on Y plate is 20 mC and the (a) 2 mF (b) 3 mF

charge on X -plate is - 20 mF . (c) 6 mF (d) 9 mF
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : Delhi 2016
14. The equivalent capacity between A and B is Capacitance of first capacitor,
C1 = 3 mF
and capacitance of second capacitor,
C 2 = 6 mF
Equivalent capacitance of the capacitors in series
combination,
Ceq = C1 # C2 = 3 # 6 = 2 mF
(a) 20 mF (b) 9 mF C1 + C2 3+6
9
Thus (a) is correct option.
(c) 1 mF (d) 1 mF
9 17. Three capacitors of capacitances 2 mF , 4 mF and
Ans : OD 2013, SQP 2010 6 mF are connected in a parallel combination. Their
equivalent capacitance will be
(a) 2 mF (b) 4 mF
(c) 6 mF (d) 12 mF
Ans : SQP 2005

Capacitance of first capacitor, C1 = 2 mF

Capacitance of second capacitor, C2 = 4 mF
In the given circuit C1 and C2 are connected in parallel Capacitance of third capacitor C 3 = 6 mF
combination Hence, equivalent capacitance, Equivalent capacitance of the capacitors in parallel
Cl = C1 + C2 combination,
= 3 + 2 = 5 mF Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
Cl and C3 are connected in series combination Now, = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 mF
equivalent capacitance between A and B , Thus (d) is correct option.
C l # C3
CAB = A parallel plate capacitor is made by stacking n
C l + C3 18.
equally spaced plates connected alternatively. If
= 5 # 4 = 20 mF capacitance between any two adjacent plates is C ,
5+4 9
Thus (a) is correct option. then the resultant capacitance is
15. The energy stored in a capacitor is actually stored (a) C (b) nC
(a) between the plates (c) (n - 1)C (d) (n + 1)C
(b) on the positive plate Ans : Foreign 2014

Number of plates = n and capacitance between any

(c) on the negative plate
two adjacent plates = C . We know that as n plates
(d) on the outer surfaces of the plates are joined alternatively.
Ans : Foreign 2006 Therefore, no. of capacitors = (n - 1).
Energy stored in a capacitor is in the form of Thus resultant capacitance of parallel plate capacitor,
electrostatic energy. It is actually stored between the Cl = (n - 1)C
plates of the capacitor.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
19. An infinite number of capacitors with capacitances
16. Two capacitors of capacitance 3 mF and 6 mF are 1 mF , 12 mF , 14 mF, 18 mF , .... etc. are connected in
connected in a series combination. Their equivalent parallel combination. Their equivalent capacitance
capacitance will be will be
Page 68 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

(a) 8 mF (b) 6 mF Ans : Foreign 2008

Capacitance of the capacitor,

(c) 4 mF (d) 2 mF
C = 10 mF
Ans : Delhi 2010

Capacitance of infinite number of capacitors, = 10 # 10-6 F

and voltage of the battery,
C1 = 1 mF , C2 = 1 mF , C3 = 1 mF ,
2 4 V = 100 Volt
1
C 4 = mF , ... etc.
8 Electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor,
Equivalent capacitance of infinite capacitors in U = 1 # CV 2
2
parallel combination,
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + C 4 + ... upto 3 = 1 # (10 # 10-6) # (100) 2
2
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... upto 3 = 0.05 J
2 4 8
Thus (b) is correct option.
= 1 = 2 mF
1 - ^ 12 h 23. A 4 mF capacitor is charged to 400 V. If its plates are
Thus (d) is correct option. joined through a resistance, then heat produced in the
resistance will be
20. The electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor is
(a) 0.16 J (b) 0.32 J
(a) 1 QV (b) 1 (c) 0.64 J (d) 1.28 J
2 QV
(c) 2 (d) QV Ans : OD 2008
QV
Capacitance of the capacitor,
Ans : OD 2016
C = 4 mF = 4 # 10-6 F
Electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor,
Voltage, V = 400 Volt
U = 1 # CV 2
2 Heat produced in the resistance
Q
= 1 # # V 2 = 1 QV = Electrical energy stored in the capacitor
2 V 2
where, Q = Charge, = 1 # CV 2
2
V = Potential = 1 # (4 # 10-6) # (400) 2 = 0.32 J
2
and C = Capacity of the capacitor
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
24. A parallel plate capacitor is made by stacking n
21. A parallel plate capacitor is first charged and then a equally spaced plates connected alternatively. If
dielectric slab is introduced between the plates. The capacitance between any two adjacent plates is C ,
quantity that remains unchanged is then the resultant capacitance is
(a) charge (b) energy (a) C (b) nC
(c) potential (d) capacitance (c) (n - 1)C (d) (n + 1)C
Ans : SQP 2003, Delhi 2006 Ans : Delhi 2009
When a dielectric slab is introduced between the Number of plates = n and capacitance between any
plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor, the charge two adjacent plates = C . We know that as n plates
remains unchanged. are joined alternatively.
Thus (a) is correct option. Therefore, no. of capacitors = (n - 1).
22. A 10 mF capacitor is charged by a battery of e.m.f. Thus resultant capacitance of parallel plate capacitor,
100 V. The electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor Cl = (n - 1)C
is
Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) 0.5 J (b) 0.05 J
25. A parallel plate capacitor having a plate separation of
(c) 0.5 mJ (d) 0.05 mJ
2 mm is charged by connecting it to a 300 V supply.
The energy density is
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 69

(a) 0.01 J-m-3 (b) 0.1 J-m-3 of the other, then the potential difference across each
(c) 1.0 J-m -3
(d) 10 J-m -3 capacitor will be zero.
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2016

Distance between the plates, 28. A sheet of aluminium foil of negligible thickness is
-3 introduced between the plates of a capacitor. The
d = 2 mm = 2 # 10 m
capacitance of the capacitor
Supply voltage, V = 300 Volt (a) increases (b) decreases
Energy density of a parallel plate capacitor, (c) becomes infinite (d) remains unchanged
2
E = 1 e0V 2 Ans : Delhi 2013
2 d
When a sheet of conducting metal of negligible thickness
(300) 2
= 1 # (8.854 # 10-12) # is introduced between the plates of a capacitor, the
2 (2 # 10-3) 2 capacitance of the capacitor remains unchanged.
= 0.1 J-m-3 Since the sheet of aluminium foil of negligible
where, e 0 = Absolute electric permittivity of free thickness is a sheet of the conducting metal, therefore
the capacitance of the capacitor remains unchanged.
space equal to 8.854 # 10-12 C2-N-1- m-2
Thus (d) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
29. A parallel plate capacitor with oil between the plates
26. When two charged capacitors having capacitance and (dielectric constant of oil K = 2 ) has a capacitance C .
potential C1 , V1 and C2 , V2 respectively, are joined If the oil is removed, then capacitance of the capacitor
with the help of a wire, the common potential will be becomes
(a) C1 + C2 (b) C1 V1 + C2 V2 (a) 2 C (b) 2C
C1 + C2
+ 2 2
C (d) C
C
(c) 1 1V C V
2 2
(d) 1 V 12 + C22V 2
C (c)
2
V1 + V2 V1 + V 2 2
Ans : Foreign 2011, OD 2007 Ans : Foreign 2001

Capacitance of first capacitor = C1 Dielectric constant of oil, K =2

Potential of first capacitor = V1 and Capacitance with oil = C
Capacitance of second capacitor = C2 Capacitance of the capacitor with oil,
C = KC0 = 2C0
and Potential of second capacitor = V2
When two charged capacitors are joined with the help C0 = C
2
of a wire, then the common potential,
where, C0 = Capacitance of the capacitor after oil is
V = C1 V1 + C2 V2 removed.
C1 + C2
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

27. Two capacitors of capacitances 3 mF and 6 mF are 30. If a copper plate of thickness b is inserted a parallel
charged to a potential of 12 V each. They are now plate capacitor, then its new capacity will be (where
connected to each other, with the positive plate of d = Distance between plates)
each joined to the negative plate of the other. The (a) e 0 A (b) e 0 A
d+b d-b
potential difference across each capacitor will be
e0A
(a) 6 V (b) 4 V (c) (d) 2e 0 A
2d - b 2d - b
(c) 3 V (d) Zero Ans : SQP 2011
Ans : OD 2002
Thickness of copper plate = b
Capacitance of first capacitor, C1 = 3 mF
and Distance between the plates = d
Capacitance of second capacitor, C2 = 6 mF As the copper plate is a conducting slab, therefore
Potential difference, V = 12 Volt capacity of the capacitor with copper plate,
When the capacitors are connected to each other with e A e A
C = 0 = 0
the positive plate of each joined to the negative plate d-t d-b
Thus (b) is correct option.
Page 70 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

31. If an uncharged capacitor is charged by connecting it Ans : Delhi 2004

to a battery, then the amount of energy lost as heat is Potential difference across a parallel plate capacitor,
qd
(a) QV (b) QV 2 V = ?1
e 0 kA k
(c) 1 QV (d) 1 QV 2 Therefore as the dielectric plate is taken out, this
2 2
Ans : OD 2000, Foreign 2014
potential difference increases.
Charge given to the capacitor by a battery, And it becomes constant when the dielectric plate is
completely removed.
Q = CV
Therefore the graph of potential difference V across
and work done by the battery, the plates and length of the dielectric plate L will be
W = QV as shown in option (b).
Energy stored in the capacitor, Thus (b) is correct option.

U = 1 CV 2 33. A spherical drop of capacitance 1 mF is broken into

2 eight drops of equal radius. The capacitance of each
= 1 VC $ V small drop is
2
(a) 1 mF (b) 1 mF
2 4
= 1 QV
2 1
(c) mF (d) 1 mF
Therefore, 8 16
Energy lost as heat = Work done - Energy stored Ans : SQP 2013

Ul = QV - 1 QV Capacitance of big drop, C1 = 1 mF

2
Number of small drops, n =8
1
= QV
2 Since volume of big drop remains the same after it is
broken into eight small drops,
where, Q = Charge,
Therefore, 4 pR 3 = 8 4 pr 3
V = Potential 3 #3

and C = Capacity of the capacitor R = 2r

Thus (c) is correct option. where, R = Radius of big drop
32. A dielectric plate is inserted between plates of a and r = Radius of small drop
parallel plate capacitor, to fill the space between the Capacitance of the spherical drop,
plates. The capacitor is charged and later disconnected
C = 4pe 0 r
from the battery. Now the dielectric plate is slowly
withdrawn from the capacitor. The graph of potential C \r
difference V across the plates and the length of the C1 = R = 2r = 2
dielectric plate L with drawn is Therefore,
C2 r r
or C2 = C1 = 1 mF
2 2
where, C2 = Capacitor of each small drop
Thus (a) is correct option.
34. The capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor of
radius 15 cm is
(a) 1.7 # 10-11 F (b) 3.4 # 10-11 F
(c) 5.1 # 10-11 F (d) 6.8 # 10-11 F
Ans : OD 2007

Radius of spherical conductor,

r = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor,
C = 4pe 0 r
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 71

= 1 Reason : 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
# 0.15 CP C1 C2 C3
9 # 109
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
= 1.7 # 10-11 F
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
where, 1 = 9 109 N-m-2-C-2
4pe 0 # (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Thus (a) is correct option. Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
35. The earth is a spherical conductor of radius
6.4 # 106 m . Its capacitance is (d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(a) 7.11 # 10 4 F (b) 7.11 # 10-4 F Ans :
5
(c) 7.11 # 10 F (d) 7.11 # 10 F -5 If three capacitors are joined in parallel then their
equivalent capacitor will be less than the least value
Ans : Delhi 2003, Comp 2017
of capacitor so
6
Radius of earth, r = 6.4 # 10 m C P > CS
Capacitance of earth as spherical conductor,
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 is incorrect.
C = 4pe 0 r CP C1 C2 C3
1 6 Thus (c) is correct option.
= # (6.4 # 10 )
9 # 109 38. Assertion : A parallel plate capacitor is connected
= 7.11 # 10-4 F across battery through a key. A dielectric slab of
1 = 9 109 N-m-2-C-2 dielectric constant K is introduced between the
where, #
4pe 0 plates. The energy which is stored becomes K times.
Thus (b) is correct option. Reason : The surface density of charge on the plate
remains constant or unchanged.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
ASSERTION AND REASON Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
36. Assertion : If the distance between parallel plates of Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
a capacitor is halved and dielectric constant is three (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
times, then the capacitance becomes 6 times.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Reason : Capacity of the capacitor does not depend
upon the nature of the material. Ans :
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and In the given cases, V = V0 (remains constant).
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Energy stored in the capacitor U = 1 CV 2
2
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. introduced between the plates of the condenser, then
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. C l $ KC
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. So energy stored will become K times.
Ans : Since Q = CV , So Q will become K times
Capacity of capacitor is directly proportional to Hence Surface charge density
dielectric constant and inversely proportional to KQ
s' = = Ks 0
distance. So, the net effect of making distance halved A
and making dielectric constant three times will be Thus (c) is correct option.
capacity becoming six times. 39. Assertion : The total charge stored in a capacitor is
As nature of the material (dielectric constant) is a zero.
factor influencing the capacity, therefore, Reason is
Reason : The field just outside the capacitor is s .
incorrect. e0
(s is the charge density).
Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
37. Assertion : If three capacitors of capacitances Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
C1 < C2 < C3 are connected in parallel then their
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
equivalent capacitance CP > CS .
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Page 72 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 42. Assertion : Charges are given to plates of two plane
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. parallel plate capacitors C1 and C2 (such thatC2 = 2C1 )
as shown in figure. Then the key K is pressed to
Ans : complete the circuit. Finally the net charge on upper
Charge stored on the two plates are + Q and plate and net charge the circuit. Finally the net
- Q & Q + (- Q) = 0 and hence Assertion is correct. charge on upper plate and net charge on lower plate
The field however, outside the plates is zero. of capacitor C1 is positive.

Reason : In a parallel plate capacitor both plates

always carry equal and opposite charge.
Draw a Gaussian surface ABCD as shown. The field
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Ev is uniform on faces AD and BC
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
# Ev $ ds = 0 yields Ev = 0 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Thus (c) is correct option. Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
40. Assertion : Two equipotential surfaces cannot cut (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
each other. (d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Reason : Two equipotential surfaces are parallel to
Ans :
each other.
Charge distribution on each surfaces makes both
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
capacitor of same potential difference hence charge
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
will not flow.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Thus (d) is correct option.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Ans :
Two equipotential surfaces are not necessarily parallel 43. A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 cm is charged such
to each other. that potential on its surface is 10 V. What is the
Thus (c) is correct option. potential at the centre of the sphere ?
41. Assertion : Electric potential and electric potential Ans : Comp 2021

energy are different quantities. The electric potential at every point inside the charged
Reason : For a system of positive test charge and point spherical shell is same and equal to the electric
charge electric potential energy = electric potential. potential on its surface. The electric potential at the
centre of sphere is 10 V.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. 44. Can two equipotential surfaces intersect each other ?
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Justify your answer.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. Ans : OD 2021
No, two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect each
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
other because :
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (i) Two normals can be drawn at intersecting point
Ans : on two surfaces which gives two directions of E
Potential and potential energy are different quantities at the same point which is impossible.
and cannot be equated. (ii) Also two values of potential at the same point is
Thus (c) is correct option. not possible.
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 73

45. Draw equipotential surfaces due to a single point 50. Give two factors which affect capacitance of a
charge. conductor.
Ans : Delhi 2020 Ans : OD 2012

Equipotential surfaces due to a single point charge are 1. Material of conductor.

concentric sphere having charge at the centre. 2. Cross-section area of conductor.
51. How much work is done in moving a 500 mC charge
between two points on an equipotential surface?
Ans : Delhi 2011

For equipotential surface each point is at the same

potential, so
Vfinal = Vinitial
So, W = q (Vfinal - Vinitial) = 0
52. Define the dielectric constant of a medium. What is
its unit ?
Ans : Delhi 2017

When a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates

of charged capacitor or in the region of electric field,
46. Why there is no work done in moving a charge from an electric field EP induces inside the dielectric due to
one point to another on an equipotential surface ? induced charge on dielectric in a direction opposite to
Ans : Foreign 2015 the direction of applied external electric field. Hence,
On an equipotential surface, the potential remains net electric field inside the dielectric gets reduced to
constant and thus potential difference (TV) is zero. E0 - EP , where E0 is external electric field. The ratio
of applied external electric field and reduced electric
The work done on a charge q is given as
field is known as dielectric constant K of dielectric
W = qTV medium, i.e.,
Now, as TV = 0 K =
E0
E 0 - EP
So, the work done in moving a charge from one point
to another on an equipotential surface is zero. It is dimensionless quantity.
53. Figure shows the field lines due to a negative point
47. In a certain 0.5 cm3 of space, electric potential is
charge. Give the sign of the potential energy difference
found to be 7 V throughout. What is the electric field
of a small negative charge between the points A and
in this region ?
B.
Ans : OD 2011, Comp 2005

Zero, because electric potential is same throughout as

E = - dV
dr

48. In which situation is there a displacement current but

no conduction current ?
Ans : SQP 2016

During charging or discharging there is a displacement

current but no conduction current between plates of
capacitor. Ans : Delhi 2013

qq
49. Distinguish between a dielectric and a conductor. U = 1 $ 1 2
4pe 0 r
Ans : Comp 2019

Dielectrics are non-conductors and do not have free U ?1

r
electrons at all. While conductor has free electrons
Hence, UA > UB
in its any volume which makes it able to pass the
electricity through it. Therefore, UA - UB is positive.
Page 74 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

54. Why is the dielectric constant of conductors taken as 58. What is the function of second plate in s parallel plate
3? capacitor?
Ans : Foreign 2013 Ans : Comp 2010

When the conductors are placed in the external field, A parallel plate capacitor of two large plane parallel
then the induced electric field is equal and opposite to conducting metal plates separated by a small distance.
the external field E0 . The second plate acts as a neighbouring conductor
Hence, Net field, due to which the potential of first plate is reduced,
keeping it same size, due to which the capacitance
E Net = E0 - Em = E0 - E0 = 0 increase.
Since, Dielectric constant, 59. Why are equipotential surfaces perpendicular to field
E E lines?
K = 0 = 0 =3
E net 0 Ans : OD 2017

55. What is the amount of work done in moving a point Electric field should not have any component along
charge Q around a circular arc of radius r at the the equipotential surface otherwise it will cause the
centre of which another point charge q is located? charges on the surface of the conductor to move, i.e.
Ans : Foreign 2014 work is done. But no work is done in moving a charge
We know that, work done W = qV . Since potential on an equipotential surface. Hence, the equipotential
difference between any two point on circumference of surface is perpendicular to field lines.
circle is zero, so work done will be zero. 60. Define Dielectric strength and Relative permittivity.
56. The given graph shows the variation of charge q versus Ans : OD 2021

potential difference V for two capacitors C1 and C2 . Dielectric Strength : The maximum electric field that
Both the capacitors have same plate separation but a dielectric can with stand without breakdown (for its
plate area of C2 is greater than that C1 . Which line ( insulating property) is called its dielectric strength.
A or B ) corresponds to C1 and why ? Relative Permittivity : The ratio of the strength of
the applied electric field to the strength of the reduced
value of the electric field on placing the dielectric
between the two plates is called relative permittivity.
er = e
e0
61. Why do electric lines of force never intersect each
other? Can two equipotential surfaces intersects?
Ans : Delhi 2021, Comp 2016

Two electric field lines can never intersect each other

because if they intersect, then two tangents drawn at
that point will represent two directions of field at that
point which is not possible. Two equipotential surface
Ans : Foreign 2019, OD 2003 cannot intersect each other because two different
Line B corresponds to C1 because slope (q/v) of B is equipotential surface have different electric potential,
less than slope of A. so it they intersect then the point of intersection will
have two different potentials at the same point which
57. Why is there no work done in moving a charge from is not possible.
one point to another on an equipotential surface?
62. Why electrostatic potential is constant throughout
Ans : Delhi 2018
the volume of the conductor and has the same value
The potential difference between any two points of
as on its surface?
equipotential surface is zero. We have,
Ans : OD 2019
V1 - V2 = W = 0 Since, electric field intensity inside the conductor is
q
zero. So, electrostatic potential is a constant.
W =0
Therefore, the work done in moving a charge on an But, E = -TV
Tr
equipotential surface is zero.
Since, E = 0 , TV = 0
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 75

Hence, V2 - V1 = 0 , "
VA - VB = - # Ev $ dl = 0
V2 = V1
VA = VB = constant
The potential at every point inside the conductor
remains same. 67. A charge q is moved from a point A above a dipole
of dipole moment p to a point B below the dipole in
63. What are the characteristics of electric potential?
equatorial plane without acceleration. Find the work
Ans : Delhi 2018
done in the process.
Characteristics of electric potential
1. Potential is a scalar quantity.
2. Its value at infinity is zero.
3. It depends only on the distance from the source
charge.
4. Potential is positive if q > 0 and negative if q < 0.
64. For any charge configuration, equipotential surface
through a point is a normal to the electric field.
Justify.
Ans : OD 2016 Ans : SQP 2017

No work is done in moving the test charge from one Work done in the process is zero. Because, equatorial
point of an equipotential surface to the other. plane of a dipole is equipotential surface and work
done in moving charge on equipotential surface is zero.
WB - WA = 0 - # E $ dl
W = qWAB = q # 0 = 0
E $ dl = 0
68. Why water has very high dielectric constant?
Hence, E = dl
Ans : Delhi 2009
65. Give the dimensional formula and unit of electric Due to unsymmetrical placement of the atoms of water
potential. molecule, it possess permanent electric dipole moment
Ans : OD 2016 which is about 0.6 # 10-20 Cm . This magnitude
Dimensional formula of electric potential of dipole moment is about 10 times more than the
induced dipole moment acquired by the molecule.
Since, V =W
q0 Hence due to this large value of permanent dipole
[ML2 T - 2] moment, the dielectric constant of water molecules is
= very high.
[AT]
= [M 1 L2 T - 3 A-1]
Units of V
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
If W = 1 J , q0 = 1 C , then V = 1 volt . So potential at
a point in an electric field is said to be 1 V if 1 J work 69. A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in the
is done in bringing 1 C charge from infinity to that figure. Is the potential difference (VA - VB) positive,
point. negative or zero if Q is
And 1 V = 1 JC-1 1. Positive, 2. Negative
66. Why is the potential inside a hollow spherical charged
conductor constant and has the same value as on its
surface?
Ans : Delhi 2015 Ans : Delhi 2020

Electric field intensity is zero inside the hollow Let the distance of points A and B from charge Q be
spherical charged conductor. So, no work is done in rA and rB respectively.
moving a test charge inside the conductor and on its Hence, Potential difference between points A and B ,
surface. Therefore, there is no potential difference Q 1
-1
4pe 0 :rA rB D
between any two points inside or on the surface of VA - VB =
the conductor.
As rA = OA , rB = OB
Page 76 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

and rA < rB , 1 > 1 In the region of strong electric fields, equipotential

rA rB surfaces are close together. The reverse is also true.
Therefore, : 1 - 1 D has positive value. This follows from,
rA rB
(VA - VB) depends on the nature of charge Q , E = - dV
dr
1. (VA - VB) is positive when Q > 0as . i.e. dr = - dV
E
2. (VA - VB) is negative when Q < 0 .
or dr ? 1
70. The figure shows the field lines of a positive charge. Is E
the work done by the field in moving a small positive
charge from Q to P positive or negative? 73. Define conductors and insulators. Why conductors
were called non-electrics and insulators were called
dielectrics?
Ans : OD 2017

Conductors and Insulators : A substance, which allows

an electric current to flow through itself, is called a
conductor. It has free electrons inside itself. Examples
are metals, human body, earth etc.
A substance, which does not allow an electric current
to flow through itself, is called an insulator. It does
Ans : Comp 2020 not have free electrons inside itself. Examples are
Work done by charge is given by, ebonite, glass, quartz, rubber, plastic etc.
W = q (potential at Q - potential at P ) Non-electric and Dielectric : When a conductor was
where, q = small positive charge rubbed, electric charge produced on it was conducted
away through body to earth. As no charge was found
The electric potential at a point distant r due to the
present of the rubbed conductor, it was supposed to
field created by a positive charge Q is given by,
have no charge. Hence it was called non-electric.
q
V = 1 $ On the other hand, charge stays in an insulator when
4pe 0 r
it is rubbed. It was supposed to have charge. Hence is
Since, rp < rQ was called dielectric.
Vp > VQ 74. Discuss the cause of increase in capacitance of a
So, work done will be negative. parallel plate capacitor when
71. How can a positively charged body be at zero or 1. A conducting slab is introduced
negative potential? 2. A dielectric slab is introduced.
Ans : SQP 2013, Foreign 2002 Ans : Foreign 2016

If a positively charged body B is moved gradually In a conducting slab, large scale movement of free
towards a small positively charged body A, at a charges reduces the field in the interior of the
particular distance, the negative charge induced on A conductor slab to zero. This decreases the potential
due to B will become equal to positive charge initially difference between the plates resulting in increase in
present on body A. Hence the body A will be at zero the capacitance.
potential. If body B is further moved towards A, a In a dielectric slab, the applied field polarizes the
negative charge will be induced on body A. Hence dielectric on account of small scale alignment of
body A will be positive charged but at negative dipoles. The field inside the dielectric decreases,
potential. So a positively charged body can be at zero decreasing thereby the potential difference between
or negative potential. the plates. Thus the capacitance of the capacitors is
increased.
72. What is the importance of equipotential surfaces?
Ans : Delhi 2010 75. Two copper spheres of radii r1 and r2 having charges
The drawings of equipotential surface give us a visual q1 and q2 are connected by means of a wire. What is
picture of both the magnitude as well as direction of the electric conditions that no charge flows between
electric field intensity in region of space. them?
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 77

Ans : Delhi 2019

Ev = Ev0 - Evp
In figure (as shown below), we have two copper
spheres A and B of radii r1 and r2 having charges q1 Hence, Ev < Ev0
and q2 respectively.
q
Potential of A, V1 = 1 1
4pe 0 r1
q
Potential of B , V2 = 1 2
4pe 0 r2

78. Show that the capacitance of an insulated spherical

conductor is directly proportional to the radius of the
On connecting these two spheres by a wire, the charge spherical conductor.
will flow from a body at higher potential to the body Ans : OD 2014
at low potential, till the potential of both spheres Consider an isolated spherical conductor of radius r
becomes equal. having charge + q , which reside at its surface only.
So the electrical condition that no charge flows The charge behaves as if it is concentrated at its
between them is that when, centre O . If V is the potential at the surface of the
Potential of sphere A = Potential of sphere B spherical conductor, then
q
1 q1 = 1 q2 V = 1 ...(1)
4pe 0 r1 4pe 0 r2 4pe 0 r
q1 r2 = q2 r1 Hence, capacitance of the spherical conductor is given
This is the condition when flow of charge will stop. by,
q q $ 4pe 0 r
76. Show that the potential is constant within and at the C = = = 4pe 0 r
V q
surface of a charged conductor.
or C ?r
Ans : Foreign 2016, OD 2010

Since the electric field is equal to negative of potential

gradient,
i.e. E = - dV
dx
Inside the conductor, E =0
or V = constant
Hence the potential within and at the surface of
a charged conductor is constant i.e. surface of a
conductor is an equipotential surface.
77. Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decrease
when it is placed in an external electric field? 79. Show that the capacitance of spherical capacitor is
Ans : Comp 2016 more than that of a spherical conductor.
When a dielectric is placed inside an electric field Ev0 Ans : OD 2019

, it gets polarised as shown in the figure and electric The capacitance of a spherical conductor of radius a
field Evp due to polarisation is produced inside the is given by,
dielectric in a direction opposite to the electric field C = 4pe 0 a ...(1)
Ev0 .
The capacitance of a spherical capacitor of inner
Hence, resultant electric field between the plates is, radius a and outer radius b is given by,
Page 78 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

C = 4pe 0 b ab l ...(2) 82. How does electric potential vary from point to point
b-a due to a thin charged spherical shell? Draw a graph
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get showing variation of potential with distance.
Cl = 4pe ab 1 Ans :
0b
b - a l # 4pe 0 a
SQP 2008
C For a uniformly charged spherical shell, the electric
= b field outside the shell is as if the entire charge is
b-a concentrated at the shell is given by
Since, b >1 q
b-c V = 1 $ (r $ R)
4pe 0 r
Cl > 1
Hence,
C where q is the total charge on the shell and R is its
radius.
or Cl > C
As the electric field inside the shell is zero.
80. Write the working principle of a parallel plate
Hence, E = - dV = 0
capacitor. On what factors, the capacitance of a dr
parallel plate capacitor depends? V = constant
Ans : SQP 2008
Therefore, the potential inside the shell is constant
When an uncharged, earthed conductor is brought (as no work is done in moving a charge inside the
near to a charged conductor, then the potential of later shell), and hence, it equals to its value at the surface,
decreases and its charge holding capacity increases. which is
The capacitance depends on : q
1. Geometrical configuration (shape, size and V = 1 $
4pe 0 R
separation) of the system of two conductors.
2. Nature of the dielectric separating two conductors.
81. Two point charges 3 mC and - 3 mC are placed at
points A and B , 5 cm apart.
(i) Draw the equipotential surfaces of the system.
(ii) Why do equipotential surfaces get close to each
other near the point charge ?
Ans : SQP 2010, OD 2015
(i) Equipotential surfaces

A graph showing the variation of potential with

distance is given above.
83. A charge Q is given to three capacitors C1, C2 and C3
connected in parallel. Determine the charge on each.
Ans : Delhi 2013

In parallel combination of capacitors, the total charge,

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
(ii) Equipotential surfaces get closer to each other As potential difference across each capacitor is same,
near the point charges as strong electric field is therefore
produced there.
Since, Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
E = -TV Q
Tr Hence, P.D. = V =
C1 + C2 + C3
and E ?- 1
Tr Q Q Q
= 1= 2= 3
For a given equipotential surface, small Tr C1 C2 C3
represents strong electric field and vice-versa. Hence,
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 79

Charge on C1 , Q1 = C1 Q Clearly, as E decreases, the distance between the

C1 + C2 + C3 equipotential surfaces goes on increasing as shown in
Charge on C2 , Q2 = C2 Q the above figure.
C1 + C2 + C3
86. Two point charges q1 and q2 are located at r1 and r2
C3
Charge on C3 , Q3 = Q , respectively in an external electric field E . Obtain
C1 + C2 + C3
the expression for the total work done in assembling
84. Can we create an electric field in which all the this configuration.
lines of force are parallel but their density increases Ans : Delhi 2018
continuously in a direction perpendicular to the lines
Work done in bringing the charge q1 from infinity to
of force?
position r1
Ans : Foreign 2015
W1 = q1 V (r1) ...(1)
We cannot create such an electric field. Electric field
is a conservative field, i.e. work done along a closed Work done in bringing charge q2 to the position r2
path in the field will be zero. In the field, that we are qq
W2 = q2 V (r2) + 1 2 ...(2)
assuming, work done will not be equal to zero. 4pe 0 r12
Work done along the paths CB and AD is zero. Work Hence, total work done in assembling the two charges.
done along the path BA is more than that of along W = W1 + W2
the path DC . Hence, net work done along the whole
From equations (1) and (2), we get
closed path is not zero.
q1 q2
W = q1 V (r1) + q2 V (r2) +
4pe 0 r12
87. What is polarization of charge? Which the help of
a diagram show why the electric field between the
plates of capacitor reduces on introducing a dielectric
slab. Define the dielectric constant on the basis of
these fields.
Ans : Foreign 2011

The induced dipole moment developed per unit

volume in a dielectric slab on placing it inside the
electric field is called polarisation.
85. 1. Draw equipotential surfaces due to a point Q > 0 .
2. Are these surfaces equidistant from each other? If
not, explain why.
Ans : Foreign 2011, Delhi 2014

The equipotential surfaces due to a charge Q are as

shown below :
1. The equipotential surfaces are spherical concentric
spheres.
2. The equipotential surfaces are not equidistant.
Since, E = - dV
dr
dr = - dV
E
Let Ev0 be the uniform external electric field. When a
dielectric slab is placed in uniform electric field, then
the molecules get polarised, due to which - s p (charge
density due to polarisation) will appear near the
positive plate and + s p will appear in the dielectric
near the negative plate.
Therefore, due to polarization of molecules, electric
field will appear will appear in the opposite direction,
and the net electric field inside the dielectric will be
Page 80 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

Ev = Ev0 - Evp < Ev0 (ii) Electric potential is more at point C as

dV = - E dr , i.e., the electric potential decreases
So, the dielectric constant is defined as the ratio of
in the direction of the electric field.
the electric field in vacuum to the electric field in
medium. 90. Determine the potential difference across the plates of
the capacitor C1 of the network shown in the figure.
88. Find the P.E. associated with a charge q if it were
[Assume E2 > E1 ].
present at the point P with respect to the ‘set up’ of
two charged spheres, arranged as shown. Here O is
the mid-point of the line O1 O2 .

Ans : Foreign 2012

Let E2 > E1
Therefore, right plate of C1 has charge + q and left
Ans : Delhi 2013 plate of C1 has charge - q . On the same basis, left
We have r1 = O1 P = r2 + (2a + b) 2 plate of C2 has charge + q and right plate of C2 has
charge - q .
r2 = O2 P = r2 + (a + 2b) 2
In closed circuit, potential difference dV = 0
1 Q1 + Q2
4pe 0 ; r1 r2 E
V = q q
+ E1 + - E2 = 0
C1 C2
P.E. of charge, q at P = qV 1 1
Q1 Q2 or q c C + C m = E2 - E1
q
=[r2 + (2a + b) 2] 1/2 + [r2 + (a + 2b) 2] 1/2 G
1 2
=
4pe 0 C2 + C1
q c C C m = E2 - E1
89. A test charge q is moved without acceleration from A 1 2

to C along the path from A to B and then from B to (E - E1) C1 C2

q = 2
C in electric field E as shown in the figure. C1 + C2
(i) Calculate the potential difference between A to C . Hence, potential difference across left and right plates
(ii) At which point (of the two) is the electric potential of C1 is
more and why ? q (E - E1) C2
V = = 2
C1 C1 + C2
91. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the
same area as that of the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the
separation between the plates. Find out the expression
for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between
the plates of the capacitor.
Ans : Comp 2017

Initially when there is vacuum between the two plates,

the capacitance of the two-parallel plates is,
e A
C0 = 0
Ans : OD 2017, SQP 2001
d
where A is the area of parallel plates.
(i) dV = - E dr
Suppose that the capacitor is connected to a battery,
= - E (6 - 2) = - 4E an electric field E0 is produced.
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 81

Now if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness t = d/2 [Let charge on plate, when dq charge is transferred
, the electric field reduces to E . is ql]
Now the gap between plates is divided in two parts, The total work done in transferring charge Q is
for distance t there is electric field E and for the given by
remaining distance (d - t) the electric field is E0 . Q ql
dq = 1 # qldq
Q
W = #
If V be the potential difference between the plates of 0 C C 0
the capacitor, then (ql) 2 Q Q2
= 1; E =
V = Et + E0 (d - t) C 2 0 2C
This work is stored as electrostatic potential
E d
V = Ed + 0 energy U in the capacitor.
2 2
d (CV) 2
d
= (E + E0) b since t = 2 l U =
Q2
= [since Q = CV ]
2 2C 2C
E0
V = d b K + E0 l U = 1 CV 2
2
2
E The energy stored per unit volume of space in a
=
dE0
(K + 1) b As, E0 = K l capacitor is called energy density.
2K
q 1 CV 2
Now, E0 = s = e AV 2
e0 e0A u = 2 =1 02
A .d 2 d A
q
V = d $ (K + 1)
2K e 0 A Energy density, u = 1 e 0 E 2
2
q 2Ke 0 A Total energy stored in series combination or
C = =
V d (K + 1) parallel combination of capacitors is equal to the
sum of energies stored in individual capacitor.
92. (i) Obtain the expression for the energy stored per
unit volume in a charged parallel plate capacitor. i.e., U = U1 + U2 + U3 + ...
(ii) The electric field inside a parallel plate capacitor (ii) Due to conservative nature of electric force, the
is E . Find the amount of work done in moving a work done in moving a charge in a close path in a
charge q over a closed rectangular loop abcda . uniform electric field is zero.

93. Two closely spaced equipotential surfaces A and

B with potentials V and V + dV ,(where dV is the
change in V ) are kept dl distance apart as shown in
the figure. Deduce the relation between the electric
field and the potential gradient between them. Write
the two important conclusions concerning the relation
between the electric field and electric potential.

Ans : Delhi 2007, Foreign 2009

(i) The energy of a charged capacitor is measured by
the total work done in charging the capacitor to a
given potential.
Let us assume that initially both the plates are
uncharged. Now, we have to repeatedly remove
small positive charges from one plate and transfer
them to other plate.
Ans : OD 2014
Now, when an additional small charge (dq) is
Work done in moving a unit positive charge along
transferred from one plate to another, the small
work done is given by distance dl ,
ql El dl = VA - VB
dW = V ldq = dq
C = V - (V + dV) = - dV
Page 82 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

E = - dV LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

dl
(i) Electric field is in the direction in which the
potential decreases steepest. 96. (i) Derive the expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor having plate area A and
(ii) Magnitude of electric field is given by the
change in the magnitude of potential per unit plate separation d .
displacement normal to the equipotential surface (ii) Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1
at the point. and R2 when connected by a conducting plate
respectively. Find the ratio of their surface charge
94. What is electrostatic shielding ? How is this property densities in terms of their radii.
used in actual practice ? Is the potential in the cavity Ans : Comp 2022
of a charged conductor zero ? (i) Expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate
Ans : OD 2016 capacitor
Whatever be the charge and field configuration Parallel plate capacitor consists of two thin conducting
outside, any cavity in a conductor remains shielded plates each of area A held parallel to each other at
from outside electric influence. The field inside a suitable distance d . One of the plates is insulated
a conductor is zero. This is known as electrostatic and other is earthed. There is a vacuum between the
shielding. plates.
(i) Sensitive instruments are shielded from outside Suppose, the plate X is given a charge of + q
electrical influences by enclosing them in a hollow coulomb. By induction, - q coulomb of charge is
conductor. produced on the inner surface of the plate Y and + q
(ii) During lightning it is safest to sit inside a car, coulomb on the outer surface Since, the plate Y is
rather than near a tree. The metallic body of connected to the earth, the + q charge on the outer
a car becomes an electrostatic shielding from surface flows to the earth. Thus, the plates X and Y
lightening. have equal and opposite charges.
Potential inside the cavity is not zero. Potential is Suppose the surface density of charge on each
constant. plate is s. We know that the intensity of electric
95. An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a uniform field at a point between two plane parallel sheets of
surface charge density + s . Obtain the expression for equal and opposite charges is s/e 0 , where e 0 is the
the amount of work done in bringing a point charge permittivity of free space.
q , from infinity to a point distant r , in front of the The intensity of electric field between the plates
charged plane sheet. will be given by E = es . The charge on each plate is q
0

Ans : OD 2017, Foreign 2009

and the area of each plate is A. Thus,
Let P be a point at distance r from the sheet. q
s =
A
The required work done to bring point charge q from
infinity to P is q
and E = ...(1)
e0A
W = q $ (VP - V3) ...(1) Now, let the potential difference between the two
r
Now, VP - V3 = - # Ev $ dr
v plates be V volt. Then, the electric field between the
3 plates is given by
= - # E $ dr = - # c s m $ dr
r r
2e 0 E =V
3 3 d
- s dr = - s $ [r] r
r
2e 0 #3
or V = Ed
2e 0 3

Substituting the value of E from Equation (1), we get

[Since, field in front of an infinity large plane sheet of
qd
charge is uniform and is given by s .] V =
e0A
2e 0
s Capacitance of the capacitor is
- (r - 3) = 3
2e 0 q q e A
C = = = 0
VP - V3 = 3 V qd/e 0 A d
From equations (1), W =3 It is clear from this formula that in order to obtain
high capacitance,
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 83

(a) A should be large, i.e., the plates of large area New electric field,
should be taken. V/K
(b) d should be small, i.e., the plates should be kept El = V l = c d m
d
closer to each other. V
(ii) Ratio of their surface charge densities =bd l 1 = E
K K
Surface charge density is given by On introduction of dielectric medium new electric
s =
q field El becomes 1 times of its original value.
K
4pR2
After connecting both the conductors, their potentials (c) Energy stored initially,
will become equal. q2
U =
V1 = V2 2C
Energy stored later,
Kq1 Kq2
= q2
R1 R2 Ul = [Since, C l = KC ]
[Since for spherical conductors] 2 (KC)
where, K = dielectric constant of medium
V = 1 q
4pe 0 R q2
Ul = 1 d n
Kq K 2C
V =
R = 1 (U)
K
q1
= R1
q2 R2 = 1 #U
2
K
s 1 = q1 /4pR 1 = q1 b R2 l2 = R2 The energy stored in the capacitor decreases and
s2 q2 /4pR 22 q2 R1 R1
becomes 1 times of original energy.
K
97. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a
potential. The battery is disconnected and a dielectric
slab is inserted to completely fill the space between
the plates.
How will
(a) its capacitance
(b) electric field between the plates and 98. (i) Deduce the expression for the energy stored in a
(c) energy stored in the capacitor be affected ? Justify charged capacitor.
your answer giving necessary mathematical
(ii) Show that the effective capacitances C of a series
expression for each case.
combination of three capacitors C1, C2 and C3 is
Ans : Comp 2019, OD 2004 C1 C2 C3
given by C = .
On introduction of dielectric slab in a isolated charged C1 C2 + C2 C3 + C3 C1
capacitor. Ans : Foreign 2005

(a) The capacitance (Cl) becomes Ks times of (i) Expression for the energy stored in a charged
original capacitor as capacitor
e A We have q = CV
C = 0
d
V = q/C
K e0A
and Cl = q
d dW = Vdq = dq
(b) The total charge on the capacitor remains C
conserved on introduction of dielectric slab. Also, where, q = instantaneous charge,
the capacitance of capacitor increases to K times
C = instantaneous capacitance and
of original values.
CV = C lV l V = instantaneous voltage
Total work done in storing charge from 0 to q ,
CV = (KC) V l
q 2

Vl = V W = # Cq dq = 2qC
K 0
Page 84 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

(ii) In series combination of capacitors, same charge

lie on each capacitor for any value of capacitances.

or
A parallel plate capacitor (A) of capacitance C is
charged by a battery to voltage V. The battery is
disconnected and an uncharged capacitor (B) of
capacitance 2 C is connected across A. Find the ratio
of
(i) final charges on A and B.
Also, potential difference across the combination is
(ii) total electrostatic energy stored in A and B finally
equal to the algebraic sum of potential differences
and that stored in A initially.
across each capacitor.
Ans : OD 2023
i.e., V = V1 + V2 + V3
Let C be the capacitance of each capacitor.
where, V1,V2,V3 s and V are the potential With switch S closed, the two capacitor are in parallel.
differences across C1, C2, C3 and equivalent
capacitor, respectively. Hence, Equivalent capacitance is 2C .
1
Hence, q = C1 V1 Hence,Energy stored = 2 (2C) V2
q U1 = CV 2 ...(1)
V1 =
C1
q
Similarly, V2 =
C2
q
and, k V3 =
C3
Total potential difference,
q q q
V = + +
C1 C2 C3
V = 1 + 1 + 1 Now, when switch is opened and then free space of
q C1 C2 C3 capacitors are filled with dielectric, the capacitance
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 of each capacitor will be KC . For capacitor B , the
C C1 C2 C3 charge will remain as before and for A, the potential
V 1 difference will remain same.
Since, = s , where C is equivalent capacitance of
q C Charge on each capacitor in the previous case will be
combination CV .
or 1 = C2 C3 + C3 C1 + C1 C2 Energy stored in capacitor A in circuit case is
C C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3 UA = 1 (KC) V 2 = 1 KCV 2
C = 2 2
C1 C2 + C2 C3 + C3 C1
and that in capacitor B , is
Q2 (CV) 2
99. Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are UB = = = 1 CV 2
2KC 2KC 2K
connected to a battery of V volts with the switch S
closed. The switch is now opened and the free space Total energy stored, U 2 = UA + UB
between the plates of the capacitors is filled with a U2 = 1 KCV 2 + 1 CV 2 sd
dielectric of dielectric constant K . Find the ratio of 2 2K
the total electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors 1
U2 = 1 bK + K l CV 2
before and after the introduction of the dielectric. 2
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 85

K2+1
U2 = b 2K l CV 2 ...(2)

From equations (1) and (2), we get

U1 = CV 2 Formula of electrostatic potential energy,
U2
c K + 1 m CV 2
2
qq
2K UE = k 1 2
r
U1 = 2K Now, total P.E. = RE. AB + PE. Bc + PE. Ac
U2 K2+1
4 # (- 4) (- 4) # 2 (4) # (2)
k =; + + E # 10
-12
2 2 2
100. State the significance of negative value of electrostatic
potential energy of a system of charges. = k :- 16 + - 8 + 8 D # 10-12
2 2 2
There charges are placed at the corners ‘of an
= - 8 k # 10-12
equilateral triangle ABC of side 2.0 m as shown in
figure. Calculate the electric potential energy of the = - 8 # 9 # 109 # 10-12
system of three charges. = - 72 # 10-3
= - 7.2 # 10-2 J

101. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the

same area as that of the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the
separation between the plates. Find out the expression
for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between
the plates of the capacitor.
Ans : Delhi 2021
Initially when there is vacuum between the two plates,
the capacitance of the two-parallel plates is,
e A
C0 = 0
d
Ans : Comp 2023, OD 2011
where, A is the area of parallel plates.
The expression for electric potential due to a point
Suppose that the capacitor is connected to a battery,
charge is,
an electric field E0 is produced.
q Now, if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness
V =k
r
t = d/2 , the electric field reduces to E .
The electric potential is a scalar quantity. Since,
Now, the gap between plates is divided in two parts,
both the charges are positive, therefore, the electric
for distance t there is electric field E and for the
potential at any point is the sum of the electric
remaining distance (d - t) the electric field is E0 .
potentials of both the charges, which is a positive
quantity. Thus, the electric potential along the line If V be the potential difference between the plates of
joining of two equal positive charges cannot be zero. the capacitor, then
A negative value of electrostatic potential energy V = Et + E0 (d - t)
means that work must be done against the electric E d
= Ed + 0
field in moving the charges apart. 2 2
= d (E + E0) d
ba t = 2 l
2
Page 86 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

E Q e A e A
= d b 0 + E0 l C = = 0 = 0 $ d
2 K V (d - t) d d-t
dE E0
= 0 (K + 1) b As, E = K l or C = b d l $ C0
2K d-t
q Clearly, C > C0 . Thus the introduction of a conducting
E0 = s =
e0 e0A slab of thickness t in a parallel plate capacitor
q increases its capacitance by a factor of d -d t .
V = d $ (K + 1)
2K e 0 A
103. 1. Define capacitance of a capacitor.
q 2Ke 0 A 2. Derive expression for stored energy between plates
C = =
V d (K + 1) of parallel plate capacitor. Show that energy-
density between plates of the capacitor can be
102. Find an expression for capacity of a parallel plate
expressed as 1/2 e 0 E 2 , when E = Electric field
capacitor with compound dielectric. between plates.
Ans : Comp 2016
or
Consider a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and 1. Define capacitance and gives its SI units.
plate separation d . If the space between the plates is 2. Prove that the total electrostatic energy stored
vacuum, its capacitance is given by, in a parallel plate capacitor is 12 CV 2 . Hence
e A derive the expression for the energy density of the
C0 = 0
d electric field at its base.
Suppose initially the charge on the capacitor plates are Ans : OD 2020
! Q. Then the uniform electric field set up between 1. Capacitance : The capacitance of capacitor may
the capacitor plates is, be defined as the charge required to be supplied
Q to either of the conductors of the capacitor so as
E0 = s s =
e0 Ae 0 to increase the potential difference between them
where s is the surface charge density. The potential by unit amount.
difference between the capacitor plates will be, Capacitance,
Qd Charge on either plate (Q)
V0 = E0 d = C =
Ae 0 Potential difference between the two plates (V )
When a conducting slab of thickness t < d is placed SI unit of capacitance is farad (F ).
between the capacitor plates, free electrons flow inside 2. Expression for the Energy Stored in a Capacitor
it so as to reduce the field to zero inside the slab, : Consider a capacitor of capacitance C . Initially,
as shown in Figure. Charges - Q and + Q appear its two plates are uncharged. Suppose the positive
on the upper and lower faces of the slab. Now the charge is transferred from plate 2 to plate 1 bit by
electric field exists only in the vacuum region between bit. In this process, external work has to be done
the plates of the capacitor on the either side of the because at any stage plate 1 is at higher potential
slab, i.e. the field exists only in thickness d - ts , than the plate 2. Suppose at any instant the plates
therefore, potential difference between the plates of 1 and 2 have charges Ql and - Ql respectively, as
the capacitor is, shown in Figure a. Then the potential difference
between the two plates will be
V = E0 (d - t)
Ql
Q Vl =
= (d - t) C
Ae 0

Hence, Capacitance of the capacitor in the presence of

conducting slab becomes,
(a) (b)
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 87

Suppose now a small additional charged dQl be plane parallel conducting plates, separated by a small
transferred from plate 2 to plate 1. The work done distance.
will be, Let, A = area of each plate,
Ql
dW = V l$dQl = $ dQl d = distance between the two plates
C
The total work done in transferring a charge Q from !s = uniform surface charge densities on
plate 2 to plate 1 (Figure b) will be, the two plates
Q Ql
W = # dW = # $ dQl ! Q = !sA
0 C
= total charge on each plate
Ql2 Q Q2
= ; E = 1$
2C 0 2 C
This work done is stored as electrical potential energy
U of the capacitor.
Q2
U = 1$ = 1$CV 2
2 C 2
1
= QV ( Since, Q = CV )
2
Energy Density between Plates of Capacitor
Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by,
e A Parallel plate capacitor
C = 0 ...(1)
d
If s is the surface charge density on the capacitor In the outer regions above the upper plate and below
plates, then electric field between the capacitor plates the lower plate, the electric field due to the two
will be, charged plates cancel out. The net field is zero.
E = s E = s - s =0
e0 2e 0 2e 0
s = e0E In the inner region between the two capacitor plates,
Charge on either plate of capacitor is, the electric fields due to the two charged plates add
up. The net field is
Q = sA = e 0 EA ...(2)
E = s + s = s
Hence, Energy stored in the capacitor is, 2e 0 2e 0 e0
Q2 (e EA) 2 The direction of the electric field is form the positive to
U = = 0 eA
2C 2$ d 0 the negative plate and the field is uniform throughout.
For plates with finite area, the field lines bend at the
[From Eq. (1) and (2)]
edges. This effect is called fringing of the field. But
1
= e 0 E 2 Ad
2 for large plates separated by small distance (A >> d2)
, the field is almost uniform in the regions far from the
But Ad = volume of the capacitor between its two
edges. For a uniform electric field,
plates. Therefore, the energy stored per unit volume
P.D. between the plates
or the energy density of the electric field is given by,
= Electric field # distance between the plates
u = U = 1 e0E 2
Ad 2
or V = Ed = sd
e0
104. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel
Capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is
plate capacitor. If a compound dielectric medium is
Q e A
introduced between the plates of the capacitor, how C = = sA or C = 0
V sd/e 0 d
will the capacitance of the capacitor change?
Ans : OD 2015, Comp 2002 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with a
Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor Dielectric Slab
The simplest and the most widely used capacitor is The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitance of
the parallel plate capacitor. It consists of two large plate area A and plate separation d with vacuum
between its plates is given by,
Page 88 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

e0A Ans : SQP 2009

C0 =
d Let an electric dipole consist of two equal and unlike
Suppose initially the charges on the capacitor plates point charges - q at A and + q at B , separated by a
are ! Q. Then the uniform electric field set up small distance AB = 2a , with centre at O . The dipole
between the capacitor plates is, moment,
Q
E0 = s =
"
p = q # 2a
e0 Ae 0
Let us take the origin at the centre of the dipole. We
When, a dielectric slab of thickness t < d is placed
have to calculate electric potential at any point P .
between the plates, the field E0 polarises the dielectric.
$ "
This induces charge - QP on the upper surface and where, OP = r
and +BOP = q

+ Q p on the lower surface of the dielectric. These

induced charges set up a field E p inside the dielectric
"
in the opposite direction of E0 . The induced field is
given by,
s
Ep = p = P
e0 e0
Q
:s P = A = P, Polarisation densityD Let the distance of P from charge - q at A be r1 , i.e.,
The net field inside the dielectric is, AP = r1
E E0 and distance of P from charge + q at B be r2 , i.e.,
E = E0 - E p = 0
k ;Since, E0 - E p = k E BP = r2 .
where k is the dielectric constant of the slab. So Electrostatic potential at P due to - q charge at A,
between the capacitor plates, the field E exists over -q
V1 = ...(1)
a distance t and field E0 exists over the remaining 4pe 0 r1
distance (d - t). Hence the potential difference Electrostatic potential at P due to q charge at A,
between the capacitor plates is, q
V2 = ...(2)
V = E0 (d - t) + Et 4pe 0 r2
Therefore, Potential at P due to the dipole,
E0 E0
= E0 (d - t) +
k
t :Since, E = k D V = V2 + V1
= E0 bd - t + t l From equation (1) and (2), we get
k
q 1 1
4pe 0 :r2 r1 D
Q V = - ...(3)
d-t+ t l
e0Ab
=
k
Now, by geometry,
The capacitance of the capacitor on introduction of
dielectric slab becomes, r 12 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c - q)
Q e0A = r2 + a2 - 2ar cos q
C = =
V d - t + kt We may rewrite, r 22 = r2 + a2 + 2ar cos (180c - q)
105. Find the electric potential and then electric field = r2 + a2 - 2ar cos q
due to an electric dipole by differential relationship 2

between field and potential. We may rewrite, r 12 = r2 c1 + a2 + 2a cos q m

r r
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 89

2
where, OK = r
If a << r , a is small, a2 can be neglected.
r r
+BOK = q
Hence, r 12 = r2 b1 + 2a cos q l The dipole moment p can be resolved into two
r
rectangular components:
r1 = r b1 + 2a cos q l
1/2

r (p cos q) along A1 B1 and (p sin q) along A2 B2 = A1 B1 .

1 = 1 1 + 2a cos q 1/2 Field intensity at K on the axial line of A1 B1 ,
r1 rb r l " 2p cos q
E1 =
1 = 1 1 - 2a cos q -1/2 4pe 0 r3
rb l
Similarly,
r2 r $
Putting these values in (3), we get Let it be represented by KL along OK .
q 1 Field intensity at K on equatorial line of A2 B2 ,
1 - 2a cos q l
-1/2
V = ;
4pe 0 r b r " p sin q
E2 =
4pe 0 r3
- 1 b1 + 2a cos q l E
-1/2

r r $ $
Let it be represented by KM z B2 A2 and = KL .
Using Binomial theorem and retaining terms upto the $
Complete the rectangle KLNM . Join KN .
first order in a/r , we get $
q According to Parallelogram law, KN represents re-
1 + a cos q - a1 - a cos q kC
4pe 0 r 9
V =
r r sultant intensity ^E h at K due to the short dipole.
"

q
1 + a cos q - 1 + a cos qC
4pe 0 r 9
= As, KN = KL2 + KM2
r r
q 2a cos q p cos q Hence,
"
E = E 12 + E 22
= # =
4pe 0 r2 4pe 0 r2
2p cos q 2 p sin q 2
As
""
p cos q = p.r
= c 2pe r3 m + c 4pe r3 m
0 0

where, rt = is unit vector along the position vector p

= 4 cos2 q + sin2 q
$ " 4pe 0 r3
OP = r
" p
Hence, Electrostatic potential at P due to a short E = 3 cos2 q + (cos2 q + sin2 q)
4pe 0 r3
dipole (a << r) is,
2
E = P 3 cos q3 + 1
"
"
p.rt i.e., ...(1)
V = 4pe 0 r
4pe 0 r2 Let, +LKN = a
Electric Field Intensity at any Point due to a Short
Electric Dipole In TKLN , tan a = LN = KM
KL KL
In figure (as shown below), AB represents a short
p sin q 4pe 0 r3
" $
electric dipole of moment p along AB . O is the centre = . = 1 tan q
4pe 0 r3 2p cos q 2
of dipole. We have to calculate electric field intensity
" Hence, a can be calculated.
E at any point K ,
106. Show that the potential energy of a dipole making
angle q with the direction of the field is given by
u (q) = - pv $ Ev . Hence, find out the amount of work
done in rotating it form the position of unstable
equilibrium to the stable equilibrium.
Ans : OD 2017, Comp 2012

As charges + q and - q traverse equal distance under

equal an opposite forces; therefore, not work done
in bringing the dipole in the region of electric field
perpendicular to field-direction will be zero, i.e.,
W1 = 0 .
Page 90 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

from infinity to the point P without acceleration.

Let A be an intermediate point on this path where
OA = x . The electrostatic force on a unit positive
charge at A is given by,
q 1
F = 1 $ #2 [along OA]
4pe 0 x
Small work done in moving the charge through a
distance dx from A to B is given by,
dW = F $ dx = Fdx cos 180c
= - Fdx [Since, cos 180c = - 1]

Now, the dipole is rotated and brought to orientation = - Fdx

making an angle q with the field direction (i.e., Total work done in moving a unit positive charge from
q 0 = 90c and q 1 = qc). Therefore, work done 3 to the point P is given by,
W2 = pE (cos q 0 - cos q 1) W =
r
#3 - Fdx
= pE (cos 90c - cos q) r 1 $ q dx
= - pE cos q
= #3 - 4pe 0 x2
Hence, Total wore done in bringing the electric q r -2

4pe 0 #3
=- x dx
dipole from infinity, i.e., electric potential energy of
electric dipole. Thus, work done by external torque in q -1 r 1
4pe 0 : x D3 :since # x dx = - x D
-2
=-
rotating a dipole in uniform electric field is stored as
the potential energy of the system. q 1 q
- 1 =
4pe 0 :r 3D
=-
U = W1 + W2 4pe 0 r

= 0 - pE cos q From the definition of electric potential, this work is

equal to the potential at point P .
= - pE cos q
q
V =
In vector from, U = - pv $ Ev 4pe 0 r
For rotating dipole from position of unstable
equilibrium (q 0 = 180c) to the stable equilibrium
(q = 0c) .
Hence, Wreq = pE (cos 180c - cos 0c)
= pE (- 1 - 1) = - 2pE

107. Find out the expression electrostatic potential due to 108. What do you mean by polar molecules? What happens
a point charge? to them when electric field is applied?
Ans : OD 2019 Ans : Foreign 2012

Let Ps be the point at a distance r from the origin A polar molecule is one in which the centre of gravity
O at which the electric potential due to charge + q of the positive charge (i.e. protons) does not coincide
is required. with the centre of gravity of the negative charges
(i.e. electrons). Due to finite separation between
the positive and negative charge, polar molecules
are permanent electric dipoles and have permanent
electric dipole moments e.g. HCl, NH 3 , H 2 O , CO 2
are polar molecules. In the absence of electric field,
the dipole moment of these polar molecules point in
The electric potential at a point P is the amount of random direction and arrange themselves in closed
work done in carrying a unit positive charge from 3 chains [Figure (a)] and net dipole moment is zero.
to P . As, work done is independent of the path, we
choose a convenient path along the radial direction
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 91

109. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge

densities + s and - s are kept in the X - Z plane at
a distance d apart. Sketch and equipotential surface
due to electric field between the plates. If a particle of
mass m and charge - q remains stationary between
the plates, what is the magnitude and direction of
this field ?
Ans : Comp 2013, OD 2011

The equipotential surface is at a distance d/2 from

either plate in X - Z plane. For a particle of charge
(- q) at rest between the plates, then

(a)
Effect of Applied Electric Field on Polar Molecules
An applied electric field merely aligns the polar
molecules parallel to itself. Because the molecules
(i) weight mg acts vertically downward
are in constant thermal agitation, the alignment is
(ii) electric force qEs acts vertically upwards.
not complete as shown in Figure (b). However, the
alignment increases as the applied electric field is So, mg = qE
increased or as the temperature is decreased Figure mg
(c). The dipole moment may also be increased by the E = ,
q
applied electric field. vertically downward, i.e. along (-) Y -axis.

110. Find the ratio of the potential difference that must

be applied across the parallel and series combination
of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their capacitances
in the ratio 1 : 2 so that the energy stored in the two
cases becomes the same.
Ans : OD 2019

As we know that, US = 1 CS V S2
2
1
UP = CP V P2
2
Also, C1
= 1 (given)
C2 2
(b) C2 = 2C1
Vseries = C equivalent parallel
Vparallel C equivalent series
C1 + C2
= C1 C2
C1 + C2
= C1 + C2
C1 C2

= 3C1 2 = 3
2C 1 2

111. Draw schematically equipotential surfaces

corresponding to
(c)
Page 92 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

1. A constant electric field in Z -direction.

2. A field that uniformly increases in magnitude but
remains in a constant (say Z ) direction.
3. A single positive charge at the origin.
4. A uniform grid consisting of long equally spaced
parallel charged wires in a plane.
Ans : Delhi 2013

Equipotential surface is a surface having the same

potential at each of its points. In the given cases the
equipotential surface are
1. The planes parallel to XY plane. For some 4. A periodically varying shape near the grid which
potential difference, the planes are equidistant. gradually attains the shape of planes parallel to
grid at far distance.

112. Explain, using suitable diagram, the difference in the

behaviour of a
1. Conductor
2. Dielectric in the presence of external electric field.
Define the terms polarisation of a dielectric and
write its relation with susceptibility.
Ans : Foreign 2017
1. When a capacitor is placed in an external electric
2. The planes are parallel to XY plane, but for the field, the free charges present inside the conductor
same potential difference, the separation between redistribute themselves in such a manner that
the planes decreases. the electric field due to induced charges opposes
the external field within the conductor. This
happens until a static situation is achieved, i.e.
When the two fields cancel each other and the net
electrostatic field in the conductor becomes zero.

2. In contrast to conductors, dielectrics are non-

conducting substances, i.e. they have no charge
carriers. Thus, in a dielectric, free movement of
charges in not possible. It turns out that the
external field induces dipole moment by stretching
3. Concentric spheres centred at the origin. molecular of the dielectric. The collective effect of
all the molecular dipole moments is the net charge
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 93

on the surface of he dielectric which produces a surface. This would imply that work would have
field that opposes the external field. However, to be done to move a charge on the surface which
the opposing field is so induced, that does not is contradictory to the definition of equipotential
exactly cancel the external field. It only reduces surface.
it. The extent of the effect depends on the nature Mathematically
of dielectric. Work done to move a charge dq , on a surface, can
expressed as
v)
dW = dq (Ev $ dr
But dW = 0 on an equipotential surface
Hence, v
Ev = dr
Equipotential surfaces for a charges -q

Both polar and non-polar dielectrics develop net

dipole moment in the presence of an external
field. The dipole moment per unit volume is
called polarisation and is denoted by P for linear
isotropic dielectrics.
p = cE
Where c is constant of proportionality and is
called electric susceptibility of the electric slab.
113. (a) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged fully by
connecting it to a battery of emf E . It is then
disconnected from the battery. If the separation
between the plates of the capacitor is now doubled, 114. (i) Explain using suitable diagrams, the difference in
how will the following change ? the behaviour of a
(i) charge stored by the capacitor. (a) conductor and
(ii) field strength between the plates. (b) dielectric in the presence of external
(iii) energy stored by the capacitor. electric field. Define the terms polarisation
(b) Explain why, for any configuration, the of a dielectric and write its relation with
equipotential surface through a point is normal to susceptibility.
the electric field at the point. (ii) A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries
Draw a sketch of equipotential surfaces due to a single Q
a charge Q on its surface. A point charge is
2
charge (- q), depicting the electric field lines due to placed at its centre C and an other charge + 2Q
the charge. is placed outside the shell at a distance x from the
Ans : Delhi 2016, Comp 2003 centre as shown in the figure. Find (a) the force
(a) (i) Charge remains same, as after disconnecting on the charge at the centre of shell and at the
point A, (b) the electric flux through the shell.
capacitor no transfer of charge take place.
q
(ii) Electric field, E = s = remain same, as
e0 e0A
there is no change in charge.
q2 q2 q2 d
(iii) Energy stored = = =
2C e0A 2e 0 A
2b d l
Energy will be doubled as separation between the
plates (d) is doubled.
(b) The work done in moving a charge from one point
to another on an equipotential surface is zero. If Ans : Delhi 2014
the field is not normal to an equipotential surface, (i) When a capacitor is placed in an external electric
it would have a non zero component along the field, the free charges present inside the conductor
Page 94 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

redistribute themselves in such a manner that the Ans : Foreign 2015, OD 2001

electric field due to induced charges opposes the (i)

external field within the conductor. This happens
until a static-situation is achieved, i.e., when
the two fields cancels each other and the net
electrostatic field in the conductor becomes zero.
In contrast to conductors, dielectrics are non-
conducting substances, i.e., they have no charge
carriers. Thus, in a dielectric, free movement
of charges is not possible. It turns out that the
external field induces dipole moment by stretching
molecules of the dielectric. The collective effect
of all the molecular dipole moments is the net
charge on the surface of the dielectric which
In order to calculate the energy stored in this
produces a field that opposes the external field.
charge configuration, suppose the conductors 1
However, the opposing field is so induced does not
and 2 are initially uncharged. Let positive charge
exactly cancel the external field. It only reduces
be transferred from conductor 2 to conductor 1 in
it. The extent of the effect depends on the nature
very small instalments of dq each till conductor
of dielectric.
1 get charge + Q . By charge conservation,
Both polar and non-polar dielectric develop net conductor 2 would get charge - Q .
dipole moment in the presence of an external
At every stage of charging, conductor 1 is at higher
field. The dipole moment per unit volume is
potential than conductor 2. Therefore, work is
called polarisation and is denoted by P for linear
done externally in transferring each instalment of
isotropic dielectrics.
charge.
P = cE Hence, Potential difference between conductor 1
(ii) (a) At point C , inside the shell. q
and 2 is
The electric field inside a spherical shell is C
q
zero. Thus, the force experienced by charge Hence, Potential of condenser =
C
at the centre C will also be zero. Small amount of work done in giving an additional
FC = qE (E inside the shell = 0) q
charge dq to the condenser is dW = # dq
C
FC = 0 Hence, Total work done in giving a charge Q to
At point A, the condenser,
1 3Q/2 q2 q = Q
FA = 2Q c
4pe 0 x2 m = 1 ;2E
q=Q q
W = #q = 0 C C q=0

3Q2 Q 2
F =
4pe 0 x2
, away from shell W = 1
C 2
(b) Electric flux through the shell As, electrostatic force is conservative, this work is
f = 1 x magnitude of the charge enclosed by stored in the form of potential energy (U ) of the
e0 condenser.
the shell. 2
Q
Q Q U =W=1
f = 1 # = 2C
e0 2 2e 0
Q = CV
115. (i) Derive the expression for the energy stored (CV ) 2

in parallel plate capacitor. Hence, obtain the U =1 = 1 CV 2

2 C 2
expression for the energy density of the electric
CV = Q
field.
(ii) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is U = 1 QV
2
connected across an uncharged identical capacitor.
2
Q
Show that the energy stored in the combination is U =1 = 1 CV 2 = 1 QV
less than stored initially in the single capacitor. 2C 2 2
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 95

V1 = V
Energy density (U ) is defined as the total energy 2
per unit volume of the condenser. Total energy stored on both the capacitor
Total energy (U) U2 = 1 CV 12 + 1 CV 12
i.e., u = 2 2
Volume (V)
1 CV 2 V 2 V 2
U2 = 1 C b 1 l + 1 C b 2 l
= 2 2 2
Ad 2
e 0A
U2 = 2CV = 1 CV 2 ...(2)
Using, C = 8 4
d
From equations (1) and (2), we get
and V = Ed
U2 < U1
e0A E 2d 2
We get, U = 1 b d lc Ad m It means that energy stored in the combination
2
is less than that stored initially in the single
= 1 e0E 2 capacitor.
2
Hence, E is the strength of electric field in the 116. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric field
space between the plates of the capacitor. (E ) and (ii) electric potential (V ) with distance r due
to a point charge Q .
(ii) Initial condition :
If we consider a charge capacitor, then its charge Ans : Delhi 2009

would be given q = CV . For point charge Q ,

Q
Electric potential, V = or V ? 1
4pe 0 r r
Q
and electric field, E = or E ? 12
4pe 0 r2 r
Thus, electric potential shows an inverse relationship
and energy stored in it is given by while electric field shows an inverse square relationship
U1 = 1 CV 2 ...(1) with r .
2 So, their corresponding plots would be
When this charged capacitor is connected to
uncharged capacitor,

Let the common potential be V1 , the charge

flow from first capacitor to the other capacitor
unless both the capacitor attained the common
potential.
Q1 = CV1
and Q2 = CV2
Applying conservation of charge,
Q = Q1 + Q2
CV = CV1 + CV2
V = V1 + V2
Page 96 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS r = 20 cm = 0.2 m

1 3 # 10-9 # 1 # 10-9
4pe 0 :
Evaluate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, W =
117. 0.2
having parallel plates of area 6 cm2 placed at a -9 -9

separation of 2 mm. Consider air between plates as + 3 # 10 # 1 # 10 D

0.2
a dielectric medium. If the capacitor is connected to 1 15 10-18 + 15 10-18
4pe 0 6 # @
200 V power supply. What will be the charge on each = #
plate? = 9 # 109 # 30 # 10-18
Ans : Delhi 2018
= 2.7 # 10-7 J
Area of Plate, A = 6 cm2 = 6 # 10-4 m2
119. Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in
Distance between plates, d = 2 mm = 2 # 10-3 m
figure.
We know that,
For a 300 V supply, determine the charge and voltage
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor,
across each capacitor.
e A
C = 0
d
-12 -4
= 8.85 # 10 #-63 # 10
2 # 10
= 2.655 # 10-12 F
Charge, Q = CV
= 2.655 # 10-12 # 200
= 5.31 # 10-10 C
= 0.531 # 10-9 C
= 0.531 nC Ans : OD 2011

Given, C1 = C 4 = 100 pF
118. The side of an equilateral triangle is 20 cm. Two equal
point chargers (+) 3 nC are placed at its two corners. C2 = C3 = 200 pF
What will be the amount of work done in bringing a The capacitors C2 and C3 are connected is series.
(+) 1 nC test charge from infinity to third corner of Their equivalent capacitance.
the triangle.
CC
Cl = 2 3
Ans : OD 2020, Foreign 2006 C2 + C3
According to the question, = 200 # 200 = 100 pF
200 + 200
The combination of C2 and C3 (i.e., Cl) is connected
in parallel with C1 , therefore, equivalent capacitance
of C1 and Cl.
Cll = C1 + C l
= 100 + 100 = 200 mF
The capacitance Cll is in series with C 4 , hence
equivalent capacitance between A and B
C = C C4
ll
The amount of work done in bringing a test charge C ll + C 4
= + 1 nC from infinity is given by,
= 200 # 100
qq qq 200 + 100
W = 1 9 1 3 + 2 3C
4pe 0 r r
= 200 pF = 66.7 pF
3
Here, q1 = 3 nC = 3 # 10-9 C
Total charge, Q = CV
q2 = 3 nC = 3 # 10-9 C
200
= b 3 # 10 F l # (300 V)
-12
q3 = 1 nC = 1 # 10-9 C
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 97

= 2 # 10-8 coulomb In the above circuit C1 and C2 are connected in series

As C 4 is connected in series with battery, charge on combination Now equivalent capacitance is give by,
C 4 is 1 = 1 + 1
C l C1 C2
Q4 = 2 # 10-8 C
1 = 1+1
Potential difference across C 4 is Cl C C
Q
V4 = 4 Cl = C
C4 2
-8 Circuit can be made as follows :
= 2 # 10 -12C = 200 V
100 # 10 F
As C2 and C3 have resultant capacitance Cl equal
to C1 = 100 pF, so the charge Q is equally divided
among two branches; charge on C1 is
Q = 2 # 10-8
Q1 = 2
2
= 1 # 10-8 C = 10-8 C
Charge in branch C2 and C3 is also 1 # 10-8 C . As
charge in series remains same, so charge on C2 and C3
are equal to 1 # 10-8 C . In the circuit C3 and C 4 are connected in series
combination and C/2 is in the parallel combination
Q2 = Q3 = 10-8 C with C3 and C 4 .
Potential difference across,
Now, Cll = C + C # C
Q1 2 C+C
C1 = V1 =
C1
= C +C = C
10-8 2 2
= = 100 V
100 # 10-12 Now, circuit can be made as follows :
Potential difference across,
Q
C2 = 2
C2
= 10-8 = 50 V
200 # 10-12
Potential difference across,
Q3 = 10-8 = 50 V
C3 =
C3 200 # 10-12 Ceq = C + C # C
C+C
120. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B . C
= C+ = 3C
2 2
121. A metallic sphere of radius 9 cm has been given a
charge of 4 # 10-6 C . Calculate energy of charged
conductor.
Ans : OD 2012

Radius of metallic sphere,

rs = 9 cm
Ans : Delhi 2011, OD 2017
= 9 # 10-2 m
Charge on sphere, q = 4 # 10-6 C
Now, Energy of charged conductor is given by,
Energy, E = 1 qv
2
q
Potential, V = 1
4pe 0 r
Page 98 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

q Two charges q and - 3q are placed on X -axis at a

E = 1q #b 1 # l
123.
So,
2 4pe 0 r separation d . Where should a third charge 2q be
1 = 9 109 N-m2 placed such that it will not experience any force ?
4pe 0 #
C2 Also calculate potential energy of the system.
-6
Ans :
E = 1 # 4 # 10-6 # 9 # 109 # 4 # 10-2
Foreign 2016
2 9 # 10 According to the question,
= 0.8 J
122. In the given figure, find the capacitance resistance
between P and Q . If C1 , C3 , C 4 and C5 are each of
4 mF and C2 = 10 mF . The forces need to be balanced so that the force that
2q experiences is cancelled out. So assuming on the
line joining q and - 3q , - 2q is x distance from q .
k (q) (2q) (3q) (2q)
= 4
x 2 4 pe 0 (x + d) 2
1 = 3
x2 (x + d) 2
x2 + d 2 + 2xd = 3x2
2x2 - 2xd - d 2 = 0
2
x = - b ! b - 4ac
Ans : Comp 2019, OD 2001 2a
The equivalent circuit of given circuit is drawer below, 4d 2 + 8d 2
= 2d !
2#2

x = 2d ! 2 3 - d
2#2
d (1 ! 3 )
=
2
Potential energy of the system is given by,
qq qq qq
V = 1 b 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1l
4pe 0 r12 r23 r31
1 2q 3 3d2 - 6q
2
= >
4pe 0 ` 1 + 3 j d
- H
d ` jd
3+ 3
2 2

The above circuit is formed a balanced Wheatstone 1 q

2
4 - 3 - 12
4pe 0 d c 1 + 3 1 3 + 3 m
=
bridge. Because,
C1 = C 4 2
1 q 4 -3- 4 3 o
4pe 0 d e 1 + 3 1
C5 C3 =
3 +1
Hence, C2 is ineffective.
2
1 q 4-3 3 -3-4 3
4pe 0 a e o
In the circuit C1 and C5 in series combination. =
C C 3 +1
Hence, CPCQ = 1 # 5
C1 + C5 2
1 q 1-7 3 3 -1
4pe 0 d e 3 + 1 # o
=
3 -1
= 4 # 4 = 2 mF
4+4 2
1 q 3 - 21 - 1 + 7 3
4pe 0 d c m
C C =
Similarly, CPOQ = 3# 4 2
C3 + C 4 2
1 q 8 3 - 22
4pe 0 d c m
=
= 4 # 4 = 2 mF 2
4+4 2
q
=- 1
4pe 0 d ^
CPCQ and CPOQ are arranged in parallel combination. 11 - 4 3 h
Hence, Ceq = CPCQ + CPOQ 124. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in
= 2 + 2 = 4 mF series is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if
connected in parallel? Find the ratio of energy stored
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 99

in the two configurations if they are both connected = 1.5 # 10-3 C

to the same source.
126. A network of four capacitors each of 12 mF capacitance
Ans : Delhi 2015, Foreign 2001
is connected a 500 Volt supply as shown in the figure.
Let each capacitor have a capacitance C . Then in Determine equivalent capacitance of the network.
series, we have,
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 = 1mF
CS C1 C2 C3 C
CS = 3mF
Hence, in parallel, we have
CP = C1 + C2 + C3
= 3 + 3 + 3 = 9mF
ES
1
CS V 2 CS
= 12 2 = =1
EP 2 C P V C P 9
Ans : SQP 2012
125. A network of four capacitors, each of capacitance 15mF , The equivalent circuit is shown in figure.
is connected across a battery of 100 V , as shown in
C1 = C2 = C3 = C 4 = 12 mF
the figure. Find the net capacitance and the charge
on the capacitor C 4 . C1 , C2 and C3 are in series, so their equivalent
capacitance is,
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Cl 12 12 12
= 3
12

Cl = 12 = 4 mF
3
Now Cl and C 4 are parallel,so equivalent capacitance
is,
C = Cl + C4
Ans : OD 2019 = 4 + 12 = 16 mF
In the given network, C1 , C2 and C3 are connected in
127. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged
series, the net capacitance of this series is,
to a potential V . It is then connected to another
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 uncharged capacitor having the same capacitance.
C l C1 C2 C3
Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined
As, C1 = C2 = C3 = C 4 = 15mF system to that stored initially in the single capacitor.
Hence, 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Ans : Delhi 2014
Cl 15 15 15 The charge on the capacitor q = CV and initial
= 3 = 1 energy stored in the capacitor.
15 15 2
q
Hence, Cl = 15mF U1 = 1 = 1 CV 2
2C 2
Now, Cl and C 4 are connected in parallel. So total If another uncharged capacitor is connected in series
capacitance of combination then the same amount of the charge will transfer as
= Cl + C4 shown in figure.
= 5 + 15 = 20mF
For capacitor C 4 , the net charge is Q (say), then
Q
= 100 V
C4
Q = C 4 # 100
= 15 # 10-6 # 100
Page 100 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

Keeping charge constant, final voltage Vl = 2 V and Ans : OD 2008

capacitance of combined system = CS . Energy stored in a capacitor,

q2
Uf = 1 + 1
q2
=
q2 E = 1 CV 2
2C 2C C 2

q2 q2 In parallel, 0.25 = 1 (C1 + C2) (100) 2 ...(1)

U f :Ui = : 2 :1 2
C 2C
In series, 0.045 = c C1 C2 m (100) 2
1 ...(2)
Alternately, U f :Ui = 1 CS $ V l2 : 1 CV 2 2 C1 + C2
2 2
From equation (1),
= 1 # C # (2V ) 2 : 1 CV 2 C1 + C2 = 0.25 # 2 # 10-4
2 2 2
2
= CV 2 : CV = 2 :1 C1 + C2 = 5 # 10-5 ...(3)
2
From equation (2),
128. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series C1 C2 = 0.45 2 10-4 ...(4)
C1 + C2 # #
is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if connected
in parallel ? C1 C2 = 0.09 10-4 = 9 10-6
C1 + C2 # #
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations
if they are both connected to the same source. From equation (4),
-5
Ans : Foreign 2010, OD 2008 C1 C2 = 2 # 0.045 #4 5 # 10
10
Let the capacitance of each capacitor is C mF . Then
for series, = 4.5 # 10-10
1 = 1+1+1 C1 - C2 = (C1 + C2) 2 - 4C1 C2
CS C C C
C1 - C2 = 2.64 # 10-5 ...(5)
Given, C S = 1 mF
Solving equation (3) and (5),
So, 1 = 3
1 C C1 = 38.2 mF
C = 3 mF C2 = 11.8 mF
Now all three capacitors are arranged in parallel, net In parallel, Q1 = C1 V = 38.2 # 10-6 # 100
capacitance in parallel,
= 38.2 # 10-4 C
CP = C + C + C
and Q2 = C2 V = 11.8 # 10-6 # 100
= 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 mF
= 11.8 # 10-4 C
Now, energy stored in series combination,
130. In the given circuit in the steady state, obtain the
ES s = 1 CS V 2 expression for:
2
(V = Potential of source) 1. The potential drop
2. The charge
and energy stored in parallel combination,
3. The energy stored in the capacitor, C .
EP = 1 CP V 2
2
ES
1
CS V 2 CS
Ratio, = 12 2 = =1
EP 2 C P V C P 9
Hence, Required ratio is 1 : 9.

129. Two capacitors of unknown capacitances C1 and

C2 are connected first in series and then in parallel
across a battery of 100 V. If the energy stored in the
two combination is 0.045 J and 0.25 J respectively, Ans : Delhi 2016

determine the value of C1 and C2 . Also calculate the 1. In steady state, current in the circuit ACDFA,
charge on each capacitor in parallel combination. I = 2V - V = V
2R + R 3R
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 101

Potential at point E , assuming VE = 0 Q = C (V + 120)

VE = 2V - 2IR = 2 (180 + 120) = 600 mC
= 2V - 2R # V = 4V 132. Determine the potential difference across the plates of
3R 3
the capacitor C1 of the network shown in the figure.
Potential difference,
[Assume E2 > E1 ].
VBE = VE - V

= 4V - V = V
3 3
Hence, potential drop across the capacitor is V3 .
2. Charge on the capacitor q = C ^V3 h = 13 CV .
3. Energy stored in the capacitor,
U = 1 C bV l = 1 CV 2
3

2 3 18
131. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected Ans : Comp 2013
across a battery of V volts. The charge stored in Let, E2 > E1
it is 360 mC . When potential across the capacitor is
Therefore, right plate of C1 has charge + q and left
reduced by 120 V, the charge stored in it becomes
plate of C1 has charge - q . On the same basis, left
120 mC .
plate of C2 has charge + q and right plate of C2 has
Calculate:
charge - q .
(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance C .
In closed circuit, potential difference dV = 0 .
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if
q q
the voltage applied had increased by 120 V? + E1 + - E2 = 0
C1 C2
Ans : OD 2009, Foreign 2008
q b 1 + 1 l = E2 - E1
C1 C2

q c C2 + C1 m = E2 - E1
C1 C2
(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance C . (E2 - E1) C1 C2
q =
If unknown capacitor of capacitance C is connected to C1 + C2
a battery of V bolts, Hence, potential difference across left and right plate
Q = CV of C1 is
q (E - E1) C2
CV = 360 mC ...(1) V = = 2
C1 C1 + C2
Reducing the potential/voltage by 120 V.
133. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in
So, Ql = C (V - 120) series is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if
C (V - 120) = 120 mC ...(2) connected in parallel? Find the ratio of energy stored
in the two configurations if they are both connected
Solving equation (1) and (2)
to the same source.
360 mC 120 mC
= Ans : Delhi 2017
V V - 120
Let C be the capacitance of each capacitor, then in
V = 180 Volt
series,
Unknown capacitance from equation (1), 1 = 1+1+1 = 3
Q = CV CS C C C C
360 mC = C # 180 V C = 3CS = 3 # 1 mF = 3 mF
360 mC When these capacitors are connected in parallel, net
C = =2 capacitance,
180 V
C = 2 mF CP = 3C = 3 # 3 = 9 mF
(ii) Charge stored in the capacitor When these two combinations are connected to same
Charge on the capacitor, if voltage is increased by source the potential difference across each combination
120 V. is same.
Page 102 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

Ratio of energy stored, Ans : Foreign 2016

Area of each plate,

US
1
CS V 2 CS
= 12 2 = A = 6 # 10-3 m2
UP 2 C P V C P

1 mF Distance between plates,

= =1
9 mF 9 d = 3 mm = 3 # 103 m
US :UP = 1 : 9 1. Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given by,
Calculate the potential difference and the energy e A
134. C = 0
stored in the capacitor C2 in the circuit shown in d
the figure. Given potential at A is 90 V, C1 = 20 mF , e 0 = 8.85 # 10-12
C2 = 30 mF , C3 = 15 mF . -12 -3
C = 8.85 # 10 #-63 # 10
3 # 10
C = 1.77 # 10-11 F
2. Charge on parallel plate capacitor is given by
Ans : Comp 2007, OD 2016
Q = CV
Capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 are in series. So its net
capacitance is, Given, V = 100 Volt
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 Now, Q = 17.7 # 10-12 # 100
CS C1 C2 C3
Q = 1 # 10-10 C ...(1)
= 1 + 1 + 1 3. Given,
20 30 15
K =6
CS = 20 mF
3
Now, Cl = KC
Net charge on the capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 remain
same. Ql = KQ [From equation (1)]
q = CS (VA - VE ) = 6 # 1.77 # 10-10
= 20 mF # (90 - 0) = 10.62 # 10-10 C
3
= 600 mC 136. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series
is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if connected
The potential difference across C2 due to charge in parallel ?
600 mC is, Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations
q if they are both connected to the same source.
V2 =
C2
Ans : OD 2007
= 600 = 20 Volt Let the capacitance of each capacitor is C mF . Then
30
for series,
Energy stored in the capacitor C2
2
1 = 1+1+1
q
U2 = 1 or 1 C2 V 22 CS C C C
2 C2 2
Given, C S = 1 mF
1
= # 30 mF # (20) 2
2 So, 1 = 3
-3 1 C
= 6000 mJ = 6 # 10 J
C = 3 mF
135. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the
Now all three capacitors are arranged in parallel, net
plates, each plate has an area of 6 # 10-3 m2 and the
capacitance in parallel,
separation between the plate is 3 mm.
1. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. CP = C + C + C
2. If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply, = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 mF
what would bet he change on each plate? Now, energy stored in series combination,
3. How would charge on the plates be affected if a 3 mm
thick mica sheet of K = 6 is inserted between the ES = 1 CS V 2 (V = potential of
2
plates while the voltage supply remains connected? source)
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 103

and energy stored in parallel combination,

EP = 1 CP V 2
2
ES
1
CS V 2 CS
Ratio, = 12 2 = =1
EP 2 C P V C P 9
Required ratio = 1 : 9

137. Calculate the equivalent capacitance between point

A and B in the circuit below. If a battery of 10 V
is connected across A and B , calculate the charge
drawn from the battery by the circuit.

Equivalent capacitance between A and B is,

CAB = C12 + C34 = 20 + 10 = 10 mF
3 3

Ans : Delhi 2013, Comp 2010 Hence, charge drawn from battery,
Since, C1 = C3 Q = CV
C2 C4
This is the condition of balance so there will be no = 10 # 10 mC
current across PR ( 50 mF capacitor). = 100 mC = 10-4 C
138. In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy
stored in 6 mF capacitor is E . Find the value of the
following.

Now, C1 and C2 are in series,

1. Energy stored in 12 mF capacitor.
C12 = C1 C2 2. Energy stored in 3 mF capacitor.
C1 + C2
3. Total energy drawn from the battery.
= 10 # 20 = 200 = 20 mF Ans :
10 + 20 30 3 OD 2012

Since, C3 and C 4 are in series, Given that energy stored in 6 mF capacitor.

C3 C 4 1. Let V be the voltage across 6 mF is E .
C34 =
C3 + C 4 Also 6 mF and 12 mF capacitors are in parallel.
Therefore,
= 5 # 10 = 50 = 10 mF
5 + 10 15 3 Voltage across 12 mF = Voltage across 6 mF capacitor
Page 104 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

E = 1 CV 2 = 1 # 6 # V 2 Thus, Q = 2ql + ql = 3ql

2 2
Q
E (Energy stored in 12 mF ) So, ql = = 60 nC = 20 nC
V = 3 3
3
2
and q = 2ql = 40 nC
= 1 # 12 b E l = 2E Thus, final energy,
2 3
2. Since charge remains constant in series. Sum of q2 ql2
Uf = +
charge on 6 mF capacitor and 12 mF capacitor 2C 2C l
is equal to charge on 3 mF capacitor (Using Q (40 # 10-9) 2 1 (20 # 10-9) 2
= CV ). =1# + #
2 200 # 10-12 2 100 # 10-12
Charge on 3 mF capacitor, -6 -6
= 4 # 10 + 2 # 10
Q2 (18V) 2
E = = = 6 # 10-6 J
2C 2#3
2 Difference in energy = Final energy - Initial energy
= 18 # 18 c E m = 18 E
6 3 = U f - Ui
3. Total energy drawn from battery
= 6 # 10-6 - 9 # 10-6
= E + 2E + 18E = 21E
= - 3 # 10-6
139. A capacitor of 200 pF is charged by a 300 V battery.
Thus, difference in energy is - 3 # 10-6 J .
The battery is then disconnected and the charged
capacitor is connected to another uncharged capacitor 140. A network of four capacitors, each of capacitance
of 100 pF. Calculate the difference between the final 15 mF is connected across a battery of 100 V, as
energy stored in the combined system and the initial shown in the figure. Find the net capacitance and the
energy stored in the single capacitor. charge on the capacitor C 4 .
Ans : OD 2018, Comp 2012

We have C = 200 pF = 200 # 10-12 F

V = 300 Volt
The energy (initially) stored by the capacitor is,
Ui = 1 CV 2
2
1
= # 200 # 10-12 # 300 # 300
2
= 9 # 10-6 J
The charge on the capacitor when charge through
300V battery is,
Q = CV
= 200 # 10-12 # 300 Ans : OD 2006

In the given network, C1, C2 and C3 are connected in

= 6 # 10-8 C series, the net capacitance of this series is
When two capacitor are connected, they have their 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
positive plates and negative plates at the same C l C1 C2 C3
potential. Let V be the common potential difference. As, C1 = C2 = C3 = C 4 = 15 mF
By charge conservation, charge would distribute but
total charge would remain constant. Hence, 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Cl 15 15 15
Thus, Q = q + ql
= 3 = 1
q ql 15 15
=
C Cl Hence, Cl = 5 mF
q ql Now Cl and C 4 are connected in parallel, so
=
200 100
total capacitance of combination = C l + C 4
q = 2qlsd = 5 + 15 = 20 mF
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 105

For capacitor C 4 , the net charge is Q (say), then Ans : Delhi 2017

Q Given, C1 = C2 = 600 pF
= 100 V
C4 = 600 # 10-12 F
or Q = C 4 # 100
V = 200 Volt
= 15 # 10-6 # 100
TU = ?
= 1.5 # 10-3 C Using the relation
141. A network of four capacitors each of 12 mF capacitance C1 C2 (V1 - V2) 2
is connected a 500 V supply as shown in the figure. TU = , we get
2 (C1 + C2)
Determine equivalent capacitance of the network. 600 # 600 # 10-24 (200 - 0) 2
TU =
2 (600 + 600) # 10-12
= 6 # 10-6 J
144. A capacitor of unknown capacitance is connected
across a battery of V volts. The charge stored in
it is 360 mC . When potential across the capacitor is
reduced by 120 V, the charge stored in it becomes
120 mC . Calculate :
(i) The potential V and the unknown capacitance C
.
(ii) What will be the charge stored in the capacitor, if
the voltage applied had increased by 120 V ?
Ans : Delhi 2013, Foreign 2002
Ans : Delhi 2013
The equivalent circuit is shown in figure.
C1 = C2 = C3 = C 4 = 12 mF
C1, C2 and C3 S are in series, so their equivalent
capacitance is
(i) If unknown capacitor of capacitance C is
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
12 12 12 12 connected to a battery of V volts,
Cl
Q = CV
Cl = 12 = 4 mF
3
CV = 360 mC ...(1)
Now Cl and C 4 are parallel, so equivalent capacitance
On reducing the potential/voltage by 120 Volt
is
So, Ql = C (V - 120)
C = Cl + C4
C (V - 120) = 120 mC ...(2)
C = 4 + 12 = 16 mF
On solving equation (1) and (2),
142. A 12 pF capacitor is connected to a 50 V battery. How
360 mC 120 mC
much electrostatic energy is stored in the capacitor ? =
V V - 120
Ans : OD 2013
V = 180 V
Given, C = 12 pF = 12 # 10-12 F
Unknown capacitance from equation (1),
and V = 50 V , U = ? Q = CV
Using the relation,U = 1 CV 2 360 mC = C # 180 V
2
1 360 mC
= # 12 # 10-12 # (50) 2 C = =2
2 180 V
= 1.5 # 10-8 J C = 2 mF
(ii) Charge on the capacitor, if voltage is increased by
143. A 600 pF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It
120 Volt,
is then disconnected from the supply and is connected
to another uncharged 600 pF capacitor. How much Q = C (V + 120) = 2 (180 + 120)
electrostatics energy is lost in the process ? = 600 mC
Page 106 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

A 4 mF capacitor is charged by a 200 V supply. It is C1 C2

0.045 = 1 c C + C m (100) 2
145.
In series, ...(2)
then disconnected from the supply and is connected 2 1 2

to another uncharged 2 mF capacitor. How much From (1), C1 + C2 = 0.25 # 2 # 10-4

electrostatic energy of the first capacitor is lost in the
form of heat and electromagnetic radiation ? C1 + C2 = 5 # 10-5 ...(3)

From (2), C1 C2 = 0.45 2 10-4 ...(4)

Ans : Foreign 2015
C1 + C2 # #
We have C1 = 4 mF = 4 # 10-6 C1 C2 = 0.09 10-4 = 9 10-6
C1 + C2 # #
V1 = 200 Volt
-5
C2 = 2 mF = 2 # 10-6 F From (4), C1 + C2 = 2 # 0.045 #4 5 # 10
10
Initial energy of first capacitor,
= 4.5 # 10-10
U1 = 1 C1 V 12
2 C1 + C2 = (C1 + C2) 2 - 4C1 C2
= 1 # (4 # 10-6) # (200) 2 C1 + C2 = 2.64 # 10-5 ...(5)
2
Solving (3) and (5),
= 8 # 10-2 J
C1 = 38.2 mF
When another uncharged capacitor C2 = 2 mF , is
connected across capacitor C1 then common potential C2 = 11.8 mF
difference In parallel, Q1 = C1 V = 38.2 # 10-6 # 100
q + q2
V = 1 = C1 V1 + 0 = 38.2 # 10-4 C
C1 + C2 C1 + C2
-6 Q2 = C2 V = 11.8 # 10-6 # 100
= 4 # 10 # 200
(4 + 2) # 10-6 = 11.8 # 10-4 C
= 400 volt A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C is charged
3 147.

Final electrostatic energy, to a potential V . It is then connected to another

uncharged capacitor having the same capacitance.
U2 = 1 (C1 + C2) V 2 Find out the ratio of the energy stored in the combined
2
2 system to that stored initially in the single capacitor.
= 1 # (4 # 2) # 10-6 # b 400 l Ans :
2 3 OD 2009, SQP 2013

16 The charge on the capacitor q = CV and initial

= 10-2 J
3 # energy stored in the capacitor
= 5.33 # 10-2 J q 2
Ui = 1 = 1 CV 2 ...(1)
2C 2
Energy loss, TU = U1 - U2
If another uncharged capacitor is connected in series
= 8 # 10-2 - 5.33 # 10-2 then the same amount of the charge will transfer as
= 2.67 # 10-2 J shown in figure.

146. Two capacitor of unknown capacitances C1 and C2

are connected first in series and then in parallel
across a battery of 100 V. If the energy stored in the
two combinations is 0.045 J and 0.25 J respectively,
determine the value of C1 and C2 . Also calculate the
charge on each capacitor in parallel combination.
Ans : Comp 2005
Keeping charge constant, final voltage V l = 2V and
Energy stored in a capacitor,
capacitance of combined system = CS
E = 1 CV 2 q2 q2 q2
2 Uf = 1 + 1 = ...(2)
2C 2C C
In parallel, 0.25 = 1 (C1 + C2) (100) 2 ...(1)
2 q2 q2
U f :Ui = : = 2 :1
C 2C
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 107

Alternately, Ans : SQP 2010

Capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 are in series. So, its net

U f :Ui = 1 CS $ V l2 : 1 CV 2 capacitance is
2 2
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
= 1 # C # (2V) 2 : 1 CV 2 CS C1 C2 C3
2 2 2
2
= CV 2 : CV = 2 : 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
2 20 30 15
148. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the CS = 20 mF
3
plates, each plate has an area of 6 # 10-3 m2 and the
Net charge on the capacitors, C1 , C2 and C3 remain
separation between the plate is 3 mm.
same.
(i) Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
(ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V supply, q = CS (VA - VE )
what would be the change on each plate ? = 20 mF # (90 - 0) = 600 mC
(ii) How would charge on the plates be affected if a 3 3
mm thick mica sheet of K = 6 is inserted between The potential difference across C2 due to charge
the plates while the voltage supply remains 600 mC is
connected ? q
V2 = = 600 = 20 V
Ans : Foreign 2008 C2 30
Given, Energy stored in the capacitor C2 ,
q2 1
b or 2 C2 V 2 l
area of each plate, A = 6 # 10-3 m2 U2 = 1
2
2 C2
Distance between plates,
= 1 # 30 mF # (20) 2 = 6000 mJ
d = 3 mm = 3 # 10-3 m 2
(i) Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given by = 6 # 10-3 J
e A
C = 0 Three capacitors each of capacitance 9 pF are
d 150.
-12 -3 connected in series :
C = 8.85 # 10 #-63 # 10 (i) What is the total capacitance of the combination ?
3 # 10
C = 1.77 # 10-11 F (ii) What is the potential difference across each
capacitor if the combination is connected to 120 V
(ii) Charge on parallel plate capacitor is given by supply ?
Q = CV Ans : OD 2015

Given, V = 100 Volt (i) Given, C1 = C2 = C3 = 9 pF

Now, Q = 1.77 # 10 -12
# 100 When capacitors are connected in series, the
equivalent capacitance CS is given by
Q = 1.77 # 10-10 C ...(1)
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
(iii) Given, K = 6 CS C1 C2 C3
Now, Cl = KC
=1+1+1 =3=1
9 9 9 9 3
Ql = KQ [From Equation (1)]
(ii) In series charge on each capacitor remains the
Ql = 6 # 1.77 # 10-10 same, so charge on each capacitor.
Ql = 10.62 # 10-10 C q = CS V
149. Calculate the potential difference and the energy = (3 # 10-12 F) # (120 V)
stored in the capacitor C2 in the circuit shown in = 3.6 # 10-10 coulomb
the figure. Given potential at A is 90 V, C1 = 20 mF ,
Potential difference across each capacitor,
C2 = 30 mF , C3 = 15 mF .
q
V =
C1
-10
= 3.6 # 10-12 = 40 V
9 # 10
Page 108 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

151. The two plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 5 mm (ii) In parallel, the potential difference across each
apart. A slab of a dielectric, of thickness 4 mm is capacitor remains the same, i.e., V = 100 Volt .
introduced between the plates with its faces parallel Charge on C1 = 2 pF is
to them. The distance between the plates is adjusted q1 = C1 V = 2 # 10-12 # 100
so that the capacitance of the capacitor becomes equal
to its original value. If the new distance between the = 2 # 10-10 C
plates equals 8 mm, what is the dielectric constant of Charge on C2 = 3 pF is
the dielectric used ? q2 = C2 V = 3 # 10-12 # 100
Ans : OD 2006, Comp 2014
= 3 # 10-10 C
Let original capacitance C0 = e 0 A Charge on C3 = 4 pF is
d
Here, d = 5 mm = 5 # 10-3 m q3 = C3 V = 4 # 10-12 # 100

So, e 0 A = 5 # 10-3 C0 = 4 # 10-10 C

Now, d = 8 mm = 8 # 10-3 m 153. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in

t = 4 mm = 4 # 10 -3 series is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if
connected in parallel ? Find the ratio of energy stored
and C = C0 in the two configurations if they are both connected
e0A to the same source.
So, C =
d - t b1 - 1 l Ans : OD 2015
K
Let each capacitor have a capacitance C . Then in
where K = dielectric constant
series, we have
5 # 10-3 # C0 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 = 1 mF
Hence, C0 =
d - t :1 - 1 D CS C1 C2 C3 C
K
or C = 3 mF
1
or d - t b1 - K l = 5 # 10-3 Hence, in parallel, we have
CP = C1 + C2 + C3
8 # 10-3 - 5 # 10-3 = t b1 - 1 l
K
= 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 mF
t b1 - 1 l S = 3 # 10-3 1
CS V 2 CS
K ES
= 12 2 = =1
-3 EP C V C 9
b1 - 1 l = 3 # 10-3 s 2 P P

K 4 # 10
1 154. Calculate the equivalent capacitance between points
1- = 0.75
K A and B in the circuit below. If a battery of 10 V
1 = 0.25 is connected across A and B , calculate the charge
K drawn from the battery by the circuit.
K =4
So, dielectric constant = 4

152. Three capacitors of capacitance 2 pF, 3 pF and 4 pF

are connected in parallel
(i) What is the total capacitance of the combination ?
(ii) Determine the charge on each capacitor if the
combination is connected to (a) 100 V supply.
Ans : OD 2014

Given, C1 = 2 pF , C2 = 3 pF , C3 = 4 pF
(i) Total capacitance when connected in parallel,
CP = C1 + C2 + C3
= 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 pF
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 109

Ans : Delhi 2016, OD 2012

C1 = C3
C2 C4
This is the condition of balance so there will be no
current across PR ( 50 mF capacitor)

Hence, charge drawn from battery, Q = CV

= 10 # 10 mC
= 100 mC = 10-4 C
155. Three capacitors each of capacitance 9 pF are Net
capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is
1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if connected
in parallel ?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations
if they are both connected to the same source.
Ans : Foreign 2018

Let C be the capacitance of each capacitor, then in

Now, C1 and C2 are in series, series,
C12 = C1 C2 1 = 1+1+1 = 3
C1 + C2 CS C C C C
= 10 # 20 = 200 = 20 mF or C = 3CS = 3 # 1 mF = 3 mF
10 + 20 30 3
C3 and C 4 are in series, When these capacitors are connected in parallel, net
capacitance,
C3 C 4
C34 = CP = 3C = 3 # 3 = 9 mF
C3 + C 4
= 5 # 10 = 50 = 10 mF When these two combinations are connected to same
5 + 10 15 3 source the potential difference across each combination
is same.
Ratio of energy stored,
1C V2
US S C 1 mF 1
= 2 = S = =
UP 1 C V 2 CP 9 mF 9
P
2
US :UP = 1 : 9
156. In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy
stored in 6 mF capacitor is E . Find the value of the
following :

Equivalent capacitance between A and B is

CAB = C12 + C34

= 20 + 10 = 10 mF
3 3
Page 110 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

(i) Energy stored in 12 mF capacitor. e0A

C = ...(2)
(ii) Energy stored in 3 mF capacitor. 0.012
(iii) Total energy drawn from the battery. e0A
Again, C1 =
(d - 0.01 + 0.002)
Ans : Comp 2017
2C = e0A
Given, that energy stored in 6 mF capacitor ...(3)
3 (d - 0.01 + 0.002)
(i) Let V be the voltage across 6 mF is E .
Now dividing equation (3) by equation (2), we get
Also, 6 mF and 12 mF capacitors are in parallel.
Therefore, voltage across 12 mF 2C e0A 0.012
3 = # e A
= Voltage across 6 mF capacitor C (d - 0.01 + 0.002) 0

2 (d - 0.01 + 0.002) = 3 # 0.012

E = 1 CV 2 = 1 # 6 # V 2
2 2 2d - 0.02 + 0.004 = 0.036
V = E
3 2d = 0.036 + 0.02 + 0.004
Energy stored in 12 mF 2d = 0.052
2
E d = 0.026 m
= 1 # 12 # b 3 l = 2E
2
(ii) Since charge remains constant in series. Sum of 158. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is 10 mF .
charge on 6 mF capacitor and 12 mF capacitor is When distance between its plates is 8 cm. If distance
equal to charge on 3 mF capacitor. between the plates is reduced to 4 cm, find out the
Using Q = CV , new value capacitance of capacitor ?
Charge on 3 mF capacitor, Ans : OD 2011

Q = (6 + 12) # V = 18 # V Initial capacitance,C1 = 10 mF

Energy stored in 3 mF capacitor, Initial distance between plates,
Q 2
(18) 2
d1 = 8 cm = 0.08 m
E = =
2C 2#3 and final distance between plates,
E 2
= 18 # 18 a 3k
d2 = 4 cm = 0.04 m
6
We know that Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor,
= 18E
e A
(iii) Total energy drawn from battery C = 0 ?1
d d
= E + 2E + 18E = 21E Therefore, C1 d
= 2
C2 d1
157. A parallel plate capacitor has its two plates kept
0.02 m apart. A dielectric slab of thickness 0.01 m is or C2 = d1 # C1
d2
introduced between the plates with its faces parallel
to them. The distance between the plates is readjusted = 0.08 # 10 = 20 mF
0.04
to make the capacity of the capacitor (2/3) rd of its
where C2 is final capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
original value. Given that the dielectric constant of
the slab equals 5, find the new distance between the
159. What is the equivalent capacity between A and B in
plates.
the given figure ?
Ans : OD 2014, Comp 2011

Given, d = 0.02 m , t = 0.01 m , K = 5

C1 = C
5
e0A
Using the relation,C = ...(1)
t
bd - t + K l

e0A
C =
0.01
b 0.02 - 0.01 + 5 l
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 111

Ans : Foreign 2009

Further reduced diagram,

Now all there are in series so equivalent capacitance

In the circuit C1 and C2 are arranged in series across A and B would be,
combination Hence, Equivalent capacitance, 1 =1+1+1
Ceq 4 4 4
Cl = C1 # C2
C1 + C2
Ceq = 4 mF
3
= 6#6
6+6
Two capacitors C1 = 2 mF and C2 = 4 mF are connected
= 36 = 3 mF
161.
12 in series and a potential difference (p.d.) of 1200 V is
Now Cl and C3 are arranged in parallel combination. applied across it. What will be potential difference
Hence, equivalent capacitance between A and B , across 2 mF ?
Ceq = C l + C3 Ans : Delhi 2018

Given, C 1 = 2mF = 2 # 10-6 F

= 3 + 6 = 9 mF
C 2 = 4mF = 4 # 10-6 F
160. What is the equivalent capacity between points A and
Potential difference, V = 1200 Volts
B ?
According to the question, capacitors are connected in
series combination as shown in the figure,

Equivalent capacitance,
1 = 1 + 1
Ceq C1 C2
Ans : OD 2012, Comp 2008 = 1+ 1 = 2+1
2 4 4
We can reduce the circuit as,
Ceq = 4 mF = 4 # 10-6 F
3 3
We know that,
Q
Capacitance, C =
V
where, C = Ceq = 4 # 10-6 F
3
Hence, Q = Ceq V

= 4 # 10-6 # 1200
3
= 1600 # 10-6 C
Equivalent capacitance across point C ,
The Potential difference across 2 mF capacitor is given
4 # 4 = 2 mF by,
4+4
-6
Q
Now 2 mF and 2 mF are in parallel. V = = 1600 # 10
C 2 # 10 -6
So, equivalent capacitance,
= 800 Volt
2 + 2 = 4 mF
Page 112 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

162. A network of four capacitors of capacity equal Therefore, work done,

to C1 = C , C2 = 2C , C3 = 3C and C 4 = 4C are
W = 1 CV 2
connected to a battery as shown in the figure. What 2
is the ratio of the charges on C2 and C 4 ?
= 1 # (100 # 10-6) # (8 # 10-14) 2
2
= 32 # 10-32 J

164. In a capacitor of capacitor 12 mF , the distance between

the plates is 3 mm. If a dielectric slab of width 2
mm and dielectric constant 2 is inserted between the
plates, What will be the new capacitance of capacitor?
Ans : SQP 2008

Initial capacitance of capacitor,

Ans : SQP 2005 C1 = 12 mF = 12 # 10-6 F
Capacitances, C1 = C , C2 = 2C Distance between plates, d = 3 mm
C3 = 3C , C 4 = 4C Width of dielectric slab, t = 2 mm
And voltage of battery = V . Dielectric constant, K =2
Since capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 are in series combination Initial capacitance of the capacitor without dielectric
, therefore their effective capacitance CS is, slab,
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 e A e A
C1 = 0 = 0
CS C1 C2 C3 d 3
and final capacitance of the capacitor with dielectric
= 1+ 1 + 1
C 2 C 3C slab,
= 6 + 3 + 2 = 11 C2 =
e0A
6C 6C ^d - t + K h
t

or CS = 6C =
e0A e A
= 0
11 3 - 2 + 22 2
As C1 , C2 and C3 are in series, therefore charge on e0A
each capacitor is same. Therefore, C2 = 2
= 3 = 1.5
C1 e0A
3
2
Therefore charge on C2 capacitor,
C2 = 12 # 1.5 = 18 mF
q = CSV = 6CV ...(1)
11
165. Consider a parallel plate capacitor of capacity 10 mF
Similarly, charge on C 4 capacitor, with air filled in the gap between the plates. Now
ql = C 4V = 4CV ...(2) one-half of the space between the plates is filled with
Dividing equation (1) by (2), a dielectric of dielectric constant K = 4 as shown in
the figure. How much capacitance of capacitor will be
q 6CV/11
= = 6 = 3 changed ?
ql 4CV 44 22
163. What is the work done in placing a charge of
8 # 10-18 C on a capacitor of capacity of capacity
100 mF ?
Ans : Delhi 2014, OD 2009

Charge, q = 8 # 10-18 C
and capacity of capacitor,
C = 100 mF = 100 # 10-6 F Ans : OD 2013

Potential developed due to the charge, Initial capacity of the capacitor when filled with air,
q -18 C = 10 mF
V = = 8 # 10 -6
C 100 # 10 and dielectric constant dielectric,
-14
= 8 # 10 V K =4
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 113

Capacity of the capacitor with half of the space filled

with air,
C1 = C = 10 = 5 mF
2 2
And capacity of the capacitor with half of the space
filled with dielectric constant,
C2 = KC1
= 4 # 5 = 20 mF
Therefore, total capacity of the capacitor,
C = C1 + C2 Ans : Delhi 2012

= 5 + 20 = 25 mF Dielectric constant of first material = K1

166. The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor becomes 4
3
Dielectric constant of second material = K2
times its original value if a dielectric slab of thickness Capacity of the first capacitor,
t = d2 is inserted between the plates (where d is K1 e 0 ^ A2 h
separation between the plates). What is the dielectric C1 =
d
constant of the slab ?
K1 e 0 A
Ans : Foreign 2010, Comp 2001 =
2d
Capacitance of the capacitor with dielectric slab, Similarly, capacity of the second capacitor,
C2 = 4 C1 w e KA
C2 = 0 2
3 2d
where, C1 = capacitance without dielectric slab.
Since, the two capacitors are connected in a parallel
and thickness of dielectric slab, combination,
Therefore their net capacity of the capacitor,
t =d
2
C = C1 + C2
where, d = separation between the plates.
e 0 K1 A e 0 K2 A
Initial capacitance of the capacitor without dielectric = +
2d 2d
slab,
Ae 0 (K1 + K2)
e A =
C1 = 0 2d
d
and capacitance of the capacitor with dielectric slab 168. Two charges 2 mC and - 2 mC are placed at points A
of thickness d2 , and B , 5 cm apart. Depict an equipotential surface of
e0A the system.
C2 sa =
^d - t + Kt h Ans : Foreign 2013

4 e0A = e0A Given, qA = 2 mC = 2 # 10-6 C

3 d ^d - 2 + 2K h
d d

qB = - 2 mC = - 2 # 10-6 C
4 = 1
3d d
2 + 2dK
4 = 2K
3 K+1
4K + 4 = 6K
and r = 5 cm
2K = 4
Potential, V = 2 # 10-6 + - 2 # 10-6
-2
K =2 4pe 0 x # 10 4pe 0 (5 - x) # 10-2
where, K = Dielectric constant of the slab 2 # 10-6 2 # 10-6
-2 =
4pe 0 x # 10 4pe 0 (5 - x) # 10-2
167. Two materials of dielectric constant K1 and K2 are
[sinceV = 0]
filled between two parallel plates of a capacitor as
shown in figure. Find out the net capacity of the x = 5-x
capacitor?
x = 2.5
Page 114 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

169. In the given circuit in the steady state, obtain the Ans : OD 2019

expression for (a) the potential drop (b) the charge Area of parallel plate capacitor = A
and (c) the energy stored in the capacitor, C . Plate separation = d
Capacitance = C
and Different dielectric constants = K1, K2 and K3
Capacitance of a capacitor,
e AK
C = 0
d
Therefore capacitance of first half potion,
e 0 ^ A2 h K1 e AK1
C1 = = 0
^2h d
d
Ans : Delhi 2015, Foreign 2008
Similarly, capacitance of second half portion,
(a) In steady state, current in the circuit ACDFA
e 0 ^ A2 h K2 e AK2
I = 2V - V C2 = = 0
^2h d
d
2R + R
and capacitance of third complete portion,
= V
3R e AK 2e AK3
C3 = 0 d 3 = 0
Potential at point E , assuming VE = 0 ^2h d

VE = 2V - 2IR The capacitances C1 and C2 are in parallel combination.

Therefore their equivalent capacitance,
= 2V - 2R # V = 4V
3R 3 Ceq = C1 + C2
Potential difference, e 0 AK1 e 0 AK2
= +
VBE = VE - V d d
e0A
= (K1 + K2)
= 4V - V = V d
3 3
Now, the equivalent capacitance Ceq and C3 are in
Hence, potential drop across the capacitor is V .
3 a series combination. Therefore relation for their
(b) Charge on the capacitor q resultant capacitance C is,
= C bV l = 1 CV 1 = 1 + 1
3 3
C Ceq C3
(c) Energy stored in the capacitor
d = d + d
2
U = 1 C bV l = 1 CV 2 e 0 AK e 0 A (K1 + K2) 2e 0 AK3
2 3 18 d = d ; 1 + 1
170. A parallel plate capacitor of area A, plate separation e 0 AK e 0 A (K1 + K2) 2K3 E
d and capacitance C is filled with three different 1 = 1 + 1
dielectric materials having dielectric constants K1, K2 K K1 + K2 2K3
and K3 as shown in the figure. If a single dielectric
171. What will be the capacity of a capacitor formed by
material is to be used to have the same capacitance
a compound dielectric placed between the plates of a
C in this capacitor, what is the value of dielectric
parallel plate capacitor as shown in figure ? (Area of
constant K ?
plate = A )
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 115

Ans : OD 2017
Potential difference across each capacitor
Given, Area of plates = A = 400 Volt
Width of first dielectric = d1 Number of capacitors in series

Width of second dielectric = d2 n = 1000 = 2.5 - 3

400
Width of third dielectric = d3 Capacitance of capacitors in series,
Dielectric constant of first medium = K1 CS = 1 = 2
3
Dielectric constant second medium = K2 m =6
Dielectric constant of third medium = K3 Hence total number of capacitance required
Capacity of parallel plate capacitor with a compound = m # n = 6 # 3 = 18
dielectric, Total 6 row of capacitor in parallel with three
e A capacitors in each row.
C = 0
/ b dk l (ii) Yes, Because two conductors of the same volume
may have different shapes and hence difference
e0A capacitances.
=
d
c 1 + d2 + 3 m
d
K1 K2 K3 (iii) Dielectric materials are poor conductors of
electricity because they do not have any loosely
bound or free electrons that may drift through
the material. Electrons are required to support
CASE BASED QUESTIONS the flow of an electric current.
173. Dielectric with polar molecules also develops a net
172. Shikhaj was working on a project for science exhibition. dipole moment in an external field, but for a different
He considered a capacitance of 2 mF having a capacity reason. In the absence of any external field, the
of operating under 1 kV potential. When he reached different permanent dipoles are oriented randomly
to shop, he found that the shopkeeper is having a due to thermal agitation; so the total dipole moment
capacitors of 1 mF of 400 V rating. Shikhaj calculated is zero. When an external field is applied, the
minimum number of capacitance of 1 mF each so he individual dipole moments tend to align with the field.
could arrange to form a capacitor of 2 mF . When summed overall the molecules, there is then a
(i) What are the calculations done by Shikhaj ? net dipole moment in the direction of the external
(ii) Can there be a potential difference between two field, i.e., the dielectric is polarised. The extent of
conductors of the same volume carrying equal polarisation depends on the relative strength of two
positive charge? factors. The dipole potential energy in the external
(iii) Is a dielectric a conductor? field tending to align the dipoles mutually opposite
with the field and thermal energy tending to disrupt
the alignment. There may be, in addition, the ‘induced
dipole moment’ effect as for non-polar molecules, but
generally the alignment effect is more important for
polar molecules. Thus in either case, whether polar or
non-polar, a dielectric develops a net dipole moment in
the presence of an external field. The dipole moment
per unit volume is called polarization.

Ans :
(i) Total potential difference across each row
= 1000 Volt
Page 116 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Chap 2

The fan’s speed goes up. To increase the fan speed,

you need to increase the capacitor value.
(iii) They control the voltage across the fan is
controlled by a capacitor, the voltage across
the fan determines the fan speed. Capacitive
regulators are energy efficient with linear speed
control, quiet operation without humming noises
and highly reliable than electronic type regulator.
175. The potential at any observation point P of a static
(i) What do you mean by dielectric polarization?
electric field is defined as the work done by the external
(ii) Calculate the polarisation vector of the material
agent (or negative of work done by electrostatic field)
which has 100 dipoles per unit volume in a volume
in slowly bringing a unit positive point charge from
of 2 units?
infinity to the observation point. Figure shows the
(iii) In which type of molecule positive and negative
potential variation along the line of charges. Two-
charges coincide with each other ?
point charges Q1 and Q2 lie along a line at a distance
Ans :
from each other.
(i) Dielectric polarization is the term given to
describe the behaviour of a material when an
external electric field is applied to it. It occurs
when a dipole moment is formed in an insulting
material because of an externally applied electric
field.
(ii) 50
(iii) Non polar, A molecule in which the centre of
mass of positive and negative charges collide with (i) At which of the points 1, 2 and 3 is the electric
each other is called a non-polar molecule. They field is zero?
normally have zero dipole moment. They have (ii) What is the nature of charge Q1 and Q2 ?
symmetrical shapes.
(iii) Which of the two charges Q1 and Q2 is greater in
174. In Akash’s classroom the fan above the teacher was magnitude?
running very slowly. Due to which his teacher was Ans :
sweating and was restless and tired. All his classmates (i) 3
wanted to rectify this. They called for an electrician
(ii) Positive and negative
who came and changed the capacitor only after which
(iii) Q1
the fan started running fast.
176. A dielectric slab is a substance which does not allow
the flow of charges through it but permits them to
exert electrostatic forces on one another. When a
dielectric slab is placed between the plates, the field
E0 polarises the dielectric. This induces charge - QP
on the upper surface and + QP on the lower surface
of the dielectric. These induced charges set up a field
EP inside the dielectric in the opposite direction of E0
as shown.

(i) What energy is stored in the capacitor and where?

(ii) Does capacitor affect fan speed?
(iii) How does a capacitor control fan speed?
Ans :
(i) Electrical energy in the dielectric of the capacitor.
(ii) When you increase the capacitance, the fan motor’s
voltage goes up, but the capacitor’s goes down.
Chap 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Page 117

(i) In a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance

increases from 4μF to 80μF on introducing a
dielectric medium between the plates. What is the
dielectric constant of the medium?
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the
plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. The separation
between the plates is now reduced half and the
space between them is filled with a medium of
dielectric constant 5. Calculate the value of
capacitance of the capacitor in second case?
(iii) A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance 1 pF
has separation between the plates is d . When the
distance of separation becomes 2d and wax of
dielectric constant x is inserted in it the capacitance
becomes 2 pF. What is the value of x ?
Ans :
(i) 20, (ii) 80 μF, (iii) 4

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