Unit-5 EVS

Equitable utilisation
Equitable utilisation means using resources fairly so that everyone gets a fair share. When it
comes to things like water, land, or energy, equitable utilisation ensures that no group takes
more than they need, and everyone, including future generations, can benefit from these
resources.

1. Fair Sharing: It makes sure no one takes too much and everyone has enough.
2. Prevents Fights: Sharing resources fairly helps avoid conflicts between people
or countries.
3. Long-Term Use: Using resources wisely means they won’t run out, so future
generations can use them too.
4. Equal Opportunities: It helps balance the gap between rich and poor
communities.
5. Protects Nature: Fair use helps keep the environment healthy by avoiding
overuse.

Equity and disparity are opposite concepts related to fairness and inequality:

1. Equity means fairness and equal treatment. It focuses on making sure

everyone has access to the same opportunities and resources, especially those who need
extra help to reach the same level as others.
2. Disparity refers to inequality or a big difference between groups. It highlights
gaps in access to resources, opportunities, or outcomes, often affecting groups differently
based on factors like wealth, race, or gender.

Urban-rural equity issues

1. Healthcare Access: Urban areas often have more hospitals and doctors, while
rural areas may struggle with fewer healthcare services.
2. Education Opportunities: Cities usually have better schools, colleges, and
training programs compared to rural areas, where educational resources may be limited.
3. Employment: Urban areas offer more job opportunities, while rural areas
often have fewer businesses, making it harder for people to find work.
4. Infrastructure: Cities tend to have better roads, internet, and public
transportation, while rural areas may lack these essential services.
5. Economic Development: Urban areas usually grow faster, attracting more
investments and businesses, leaving rural areas with fewer economic opportunities.
6. Access to Technology: People in cities generally have better access to
technology, like high-speed internet, compared to those in rural areas.
7. Government Services: Urban areas often receive more public services and
support, while rural areas may feel neglected or underserved.

Need for gender equity

Gender equity means ensuring fairness and equal opportunities for all genders.
 1. Equal Chances: Boys, girls, and all genders should have the same chances in
school, work, and life.
2. Fair Treatment: It ensures that everyone is treated fairly and gets the support
they need to succeed.
3. Closing Gaps: Gender equity helps to fix issues like the gender pay gap, where
men are often paid more than women for the same work.
4. Empowering Everyone: It gives everyone the opportunity to be the best they
can be, regardless of gender.
5. Stopping Unfair Treatment: It works to stop unfair treatment and
discrimination based on gender.
6. Better for Society: When everyone is treated fairly, society becomes more
successful and stronger.
7. More Equality: Gender equity is about making sure no one is held back just
because of their gender

Preserving resources for future generations

1. Sustainable Use: We need to use resources like water, forests, and energy in a
way that doesn’t deplete them completely.
2. Avoiding Resource Depletion: If we overuse resources now, future
generations may not have enough to meet their needs.
3. Protecting Ecosystems: Preserving resources helps maintain ecosystems and
biodiversity, which are essential for life on Earth.
4. Renewable Resources: We should focus on using renewable resources, like
solar energy, which can be replenished, rather than non-renewable ones like fossil fuels.
5. Reducing Pollution: By managing resources properly, we can minimise
pollution and environmental damage, ensuring a cleaner planet for future generations.
6. Conserving Water and Soil: Protecting water sources and preventing soil
degradation helps keep the environment healthy for future farming and living.
7. Fostering Innovation: Preserving resources encourages the development of
new, sustainable technologies and practices that benefit both current and future
generations.
8. Intergenerational Responsibility: We have a responsibility to leave the planet
in good shape for those who come after us.

Animal rights

1. Living Without Pain: Animals have the right to live without being hurt or
mistreated.
2. No Cruelty: Animals shouldn’t be treated badly
3. Home in Nature: Animals have the right to live in their natural homes, like
forests or oceans, without humans destroying them.
4. Protection from Harm: Laws should keep animals safe from being hurt or
treated unfairly.
5. Respect for Animals: We should treat animals kindly and care for them, just
like we want to be treated.
 6. Good Care: Animals need food, water, and shelter to be happy and healthy.
7. Ethical Research: If animals are used for science, they should be treated
gently and not made to suffer.
8. Saving Endangered Animals: We need to help protect animals that are in
danger of disappearing.
9. Learning About Animals: It’s important to learn how to care for animals and
understand their needs.
10. Helping Animals: We can help by supporting groups that protect animals and
speak up for their rights.

Ethical basis of environmental education

1. Respect for Nature: We should care for and respect the Earth and all living
things, like animals, trees, and plants.
2. Taking Care of the Planet: It’s our job to protect the environment and not
waste its resources.
3. Saving for the Future: We need to use things like water and energy carefully
so that future generations can enjoy them too.
4. Helping All Living Things: We should try to make sure our actions don’t hurt
animals, plants, or their habitats.
5. Fairness for Everyone: The environment affects everyone, so it’s important to
share resources fairly and take care of the planet together.
6. Making Good Choices: Environmental education teaches us how to make
smart choices that help the Earth, like recycling and not polluting.

the conservation ethic and traditional value system of India

1. Respect for Nature: In India, people believe nature is sacred, so they respect
animals, trees, rivers, and mountains.
2. Living with Nature: Indian traditions teach that we should live in harmony
with nature and not harm it.
3. Kindness to All Beings: The idea of Ahimsa means being kind and not hurting
living things, including plants and animals.
4. Saving Resources: People are encouraged to use natural resources carefully
and not waste them.
5. Sacred Forests: Some forests, called sacred groves, are protected because
people believe they have special spiritual importance.
6. Mindfulness: Practices like yoga encourage being mindful of how we treat the
environment.
7. Simple Living: Traditional values teach that we should only take what we
need from nature, helping to conserve resources.
8. Respect for Water: Rivers like the Ganga are considered holy, so people are
careful about not polluting or wasting water.
9. Community Care: In many Indian communities, people work together to take
care of nature.
10. Everything is Connected: Indian philosophy often says that all living things
and nature are connected, so hurting one part can harm the whole world.
What is Climate Change? Climate change means the weather patterns on Earth are changing
over time. This includes things like hotter summers, colder winters, and more storms or
floods.

What is Global Warming? Global warming is when the Earth’s temperature gets hotter over
time. This happens because pollution from things like cars, factories, and burning fuels like
coal and oil releases gases into the air. These gases trap heat around the Earth, like a
blanket. As a result, ice is melting, sea levels are rising, and weather is becoming more
extreme. Global warming can harm animals and people, but we can help slow it down by
using clean energy, recycling, and reducing pollution.

Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain that has become more acidic than normal due to pollution. It happens when
gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air from factories, cars,
and power plants. These gases mix with water in the atmosphere and form acids. When it
rains, these acids fall to the ground with the rainwater. Acid rain can harm trees, lakes, and
animals, as well as damage buildings and other structures. To help prevent acid rain, we can
use less energy, drive less, and support cleaner ways of making electricity.

Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone layer depletion is when the layer of ozone gas high in the Earth’s atmosphere
becomes thinner. The ozone layer protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. It
gets damaged by certain chemicals, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are found
in things like old refrigerators and aerosol sprays. When these chemicals reach the ozone
layer, they break down the ozone molecules. This makes it easier for more UV rays to reach
the Earth, which can lead to skin cancer, eye problems, and harm to plants and animals. To
help protect the ozone layer, we can avoid using products that contain CFCs and support
policies that reduce pollution.

Causes of Nuclear Hazards

1. Accidents at Power Plants: Sometimes, things can go wrong at nuclear power

plants where electricity is made using nuclear energy. This can happen because of mistakes
made by people or problems with the machines.
2. Bad Waste Management: When nuclear waste (the leftover materials from
making nuclear energy) isn’t stored properly, it can leak and cause harm.
3. Equipment Failures: If the machines that control the nuclear processes break
down or aren’t taken care of, it can lead to accidents.
4. Terrorist Attacks: If someone deliberately tries to hurt a nuclear facility or
steal nuclear materials, it can create dangerous situations.
5. Nuclear Tests: Testing nuclear weapons can release harmful radiation into the
environment.

Effects of Nuclear Hazards

 1. Health Problems: If people are exposed to radiation, it can make them very
sick, leading to issues like cancer or other serious health problems.
2. Environmental Damage: Radiation can pollute the air, water, and soil, harming
plants and animals that live nearby.
3. Displacement of People: If an area becomes unsafe due to a nuclear accident,
people might have to leave their homes and find somewhere else to live.
4. Economic Impact: Cleaning up after a nuclear accident can be very expensive
and can hurt the local economy.
5. Long-lasting Effects: Radiation can stay in the environment for a long time,
causing problems for many years.

Control Measures for Nuclear Hazards

1. Safety Rules: There are strict rules that nuclear power plants have to follow to
keep everyone safe and prevent accidents.
2. Regular Check-ups: Just like a doctor checks your health, nuclear plants get
regular inspections to make sure everything is working correctly.
3. Emergency Plans: Nuclear plants and communities have plans for what to do
if there is an accident, so everyone knows how to stay safe.
4. Public Education: Teaching people about nuclear safety helps everyone
understand what to do in case of an emergency.
5. Working Together: Countries can share ideas and information about how to
keep nuclear power safe, helping everyone learn from each other.

Nuclear Accidents

Nuclear accidents happen when something goes wrong at a nuclear power plant, which is a
place that makes electricity using nuclear energy. Sometimes, there can be a big problem,
like an explosion, that causes dangerous radiation to leak out. Radiation is invisible and can
be very harmful to people, animals, and plants.

Example: One big accident happened in Chernobyl in 1986 when a nuclear reactor exploded
in Ukraine. This released a lot of radiation into the air, making it unsafe for people to live
there for many years. Another accident occurred in Fukushima in 2011 when a strong
earthquake caused a tsunami to hit a nuclear power plant in Japan, leading to radiation
leaks.

Nuclear Holocaust

Nuclear holocaust is a scary term that means a huge disaster could happen if countries use
nuclear weapons in a war. These weapons are extremely powerful and can cause a lot of
destruction in a very short time.

Example: During World War II, bombs were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in Japan. These bombs killed many people and destroyed the cities. If a nuclear holocaust
were to happen today, it could lead to many deaths and damage to the environment.