ISSN: 0974-8571 Vol.13 No.

2 December, 2021

International Journal of Computational Intelligence in Control

A Fuel Cell based SFCL for Improving Electric

Power System Security and Reducing Fault
Currents
Dr B Mouli Chandra, Professor & HoD, QISCET, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India.1
Dr. B Venkata Prasanth, Professor in EEE Department, QISCET, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India2.
Veeranjaneyulu, Assistant Professor in EEE Department, QISCET, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India3
K. Rajani, Assistant Professor in EEE Department, QISCET, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India4
Applying a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL)
Abstract— Power system faults are a typical may be a workable solution to the technical issues outlined.
occurrence today. A striking electrical gadget called a A few studies have been conducted for the introduction of
superconducting fault current limiter was developed to a certain type of SFCL into a distribution network with DG
address the issue of extremely high fault current in the units, and their research areas mostly centre on current-
power system. In this article, the performance of a limitation and improving the coordination of protective
superconducting fault current limiter with existing
switchgear is investigated. Simulink is used to model a devices [4]–[6]. However, there hasn't been a lot of research
resistive type SFCL initially. An air-core done on employing an SFCL to suppress the resultant
superconducting transformer and a PWM converter overvoltage. The change in the coefficient may have a
make up the active SFCL. By modifying the converter's favourable impact on reducing overvoltage since the
output current, the magnetic field in the air-core can be introduction of an SFCL might affect the coefficient of
controlled. Next, the equivalent impedance of the active grounding, which plays a vital role in regulating the induced
SFCL may be tuned for current restriction and overvoltage's amplitude.
potential overvoltage suppression. This paper uses
MATLAB to construct and simulate a revolutionary In earlier work [7], we presented the voltage compensation type
fuel cell-based SFCL. The simulation results show that active SFCL and examined its control scheme and impact on relay
by limiting the fault current and overvoltage, the active protection. Additionally, an 800 V/30 A laboratory prototype was created,
PV-based SFCL can help to prevent damage to the and its operating characteristics were successfully confirmed [10]. The
power system. impacts of the active SFCL on the fault current and overvoltage in a
distribution network with numerous DG units are examined in this
Index Terms: PV, superconducting fault current research using it as an assessment object. The current-limiting and
limiter (SFCL), DG, Fault. overvoltage-suppressing properties of the active SFCL are thoroughly
examined in light of the changes in the locations of the DG units connected
INTRODUCTION to the distribution system, the DG units' injection capabilities, and the fault
positions.
Distributed generation (DG), which produces electricity
from numerous tiny energy sources and is becoming one of THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
the primary components in distribution networks to feed
Structure and Principle of the Active SFCL:
electrical loads, is becoming more popular due to rising
consumption demand and the high cost of natural gas and
oil [1]–[3]. A distribution network may gain many benefits A voltage-type PWM converter and an air-core
from the addition of DG, including peak shaving and superconducting transformer make up the circuit
emergency backup. The distribution network will lose itsconstruction of the single-phase voltage compensation type
radial characteristics as a result of the existence of these
active SFCL, as shown in Fig. 1(a). Two superconducting
sources, and the fault current level will rise. In addition,
windings' self-inductances are Ls1 and Ls2, and their
when a single-phase grounded fault occurs in a distribution
mutual inductance is Ms. Z1 is the impedance of the
system with an isolated neutral, over voltages will be circuit, while Z2 is the impedance of the load. For filtering
induced on the other two health phases. Because multiplehigh order harmonics produced by the converter, Ld and
DG units will be installed, the effects of the induced over
Cd are used. The converter can be considered a controlled
voltages on the insulation stability and operation safety of
voltage source Up since the voltage of the AC side is
the distribution network should be carefully considered.controlled in order to execute the voltage-type converter's
ability to control power exchange. Fig. 1 displays the active
Copyrights @Muk Publications Vol. 13 No.2 December, 2021
International Journal of Computational Intelligence in Control

775
 Dr B. Mouli Chandra et.al.,
SFCL's equivalent circuit while disregarding the Under fault condition (Z2 is shorted), the main current
transformer's losses will
(b). rise from I1 to I1f , and the primary voltage will increase to
U1f.

The current-limiting impedance ZSFCL can be controlled in:

According to the difference in the regulating objectives of

I2 , there are three operation modes:
1) Making I2 r e m a i n the original state, and the
limiting impedance ZSFCL−1 = Z2 (jωLs1 )/(Z1 + Z2
+ jωLs1).
2) Controlling I2 to zero, and ZSFCL−2 = jωLs1 .
3) Regulating the phase angle of I2 to make the
angle difference between U̇s and jωMs I˙2 be 180◦ .
By set- ting jωMs I˙2 = −cU̇s , and ZSFCL−3 = cZ1
Fig. 1. Three-phase voltage compensation type active SFCL. /(1 − c) + jωLs1 /(1 − c).

The magnetic field in the air-core can be corrected to The air-core superconducting transformer has many
zero in a normal (fault-free) condition by controlling the advantages over the traditional iron-core superconducting
injected current (I2) in the secondary winding of the transformer, including the absence of iron losses and
transformer to maintain a specific value, meaning that the magnetic saturation, as well as higher potential for size,
active SFCL will not affect the main circuit. When a defect weight, and harmonic reduction [11], [12]. The enormous
is found, the injected current is promptly modified in magnetising current of the air-core can make it more suited
amplitude or phase angle to control the primary voltage of for use as a shunt reactor when compared to the iron-core
the superconducting transformer, which is connected to the [13], and it can also be used in an inductive pulsed power
main circuit, and to some extent suppress the fault current. supply to reduce energy loss and increase energy transfer
Below is an explanation of the particular regulating efficiency [14], [15]. Since there is no transformer saturation
mode of the proposed SFCL. The two equations are in the air-core, utilising it can effectively guarantee ZSFCL
achievable in a normal linearity.
state. B. Applying the SFCL Into a Distribution Network With DG
As shown in Fig. 2, it indicates the application of the
active SFCL in a distribution network with multiple DG
units, and the buses B-E are the DG units’ probable
installation locations.
When a single-phase grounded fault occurs in the
Controlling I2 to make jωLs1 I˙1 − jωMs I˙2 = 0 and the In order to calculate the over voltages induced in the other
primary voltage U1 will be regulated to zero. Thereby, the two phases (phase B and phase C), the symmetrical
equivalent limiting impedance ZSFCL is zero (ZSFCL = U1 component method and complex sequence networks can
/I1 ), and I2 can be set as I˙2 = U̇ s Ls1 /Ls2 /(Z1 + Z2 )k, be used. Further, the amplitudes of the B-phase and C-phase
over voltages can be described as.

where UAN is the phase-to-ground voltage’s root mean

square
(RMS) under normal condition

where k√is the coupling coefficient and it can be shown as k

= Ms / Ls1 Ls2 .
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ISSN: 0974-8571 Vol.13 No. 2 December, 2021

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referred to as case I, II, and III. Assuming that each DG's

injection capacity is approximately 80% of the load capacity
(load 1), that the fault location is at k1 point (phase-A is
shorted), and that the fault time is t = 0.2 s, Figure 4 displays
the overvoltage-suppressing properties of the SFCL as well
as waveforms with and without the SFCL.

Fig. 3. Relationship between the reactance ratio m and the B-phase

overvoltage
It denotes the connection between the reactance ratio m
and the B-phase overvoltage, as seen in Fig. 3. It should be
noted that the reactance ratio m is typically greater than four
for distribution systems with isolated neutral points. The
addition of an active SFCL will increase the power
distribution network's positive-sequence reactance in a fault
state as compared to the absence of one. Installing the active
SFCL can assist in lowering the ratio m because X0 /(X1 +
ZSFCL) X0 /X1. Then, from the perspective of using the Fig. 4. Voltage characteristics of the Bus-A under different locations of
DG units. (a) Without SFCL and (b) with the active SFCL
recommended device, it can reduce the overvoltage's
amplitude and increase the safety and dependability of the both are listed. For situations I, II, and III, the
system. overvoltage's peak amplitude will be, respectively, 1.14,
The specific effects of the SFCL on the fault current and 1.23, and 1.29 times of normal value without SFCL, and
overvoltage may also differ depending on the locations of the corresponding times will decrease to 1.08, 1.17, and 1.2
the DG units connected to the distribution system, their once the active SFCL is applied.
injection capacities, and the locations of the faults, all of The adjustable range of each DG unit's injection capacity
which are replicated in the simulation analysis. is assumed to be between 70% and 100% of the load
capacity (load 1) during the study of the impact of the DG's
SIMULATION ANALYSIS
injection capacity on the overvoltage's amplitude. The two
The distribution system comprising DG units and the DG units are assumed to be located in Buses B and E, and
SFCL, as shown in Fig. 2, is developed in MATLAB with the other fault conditions are left unchanged. Table II
the intention of quantitatively analysing the current- illustrates the overvoltage's amplitude characteristics in this
limiting and overvoltage-suppressing properties of the context. The overvoltage will climb in step with an
active SFCL. Two DG units are part of the system, and increase in the DG's injection capacity, reaching an
one of them is permanently located in the Bus B. The unacceptable level once the injection capacity is equal to or
SFCL is installed behind the power supply Us (named as greater than 90% of the load capacity (1.3 times).
DG1). It can be installed for the other DG anywhere However, the limit-exceeding issue can be efficiently
between Buses C and E. (named as DG2). Table I displays resolved if the active SFCL is used.\
the key parameters of the model. Making the SFCL
transition to mode 2 after the issue is discovered may
diminish the converter's design capacity [17], and the fault
detection mechanism is dependent on measuring the main
current’s different components by Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) and harmonic analysis.
Characteristics of the SFCL
The simulation is performed with the DG2 installed in
each of the Buses C, D, and E, and the three cases are

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 Dr B. Mouli Chandra et.al.,

Fig. 6. Active SFCL’s current-limiting performances under different

fault locations. (a) k1 point and (b) k2 point.

Fig. 5. Line current waveforms when the three-phase short-circuit

occurs at k3 point. (a) Without SFCL and (b) with the active SFCL.

A. Characteristics of the SFCL with Fuel Cell:

It may be determined by looking at the installation site

of the voltage compensation type active SFCL that this
device's current-limiting function should primarily reflect
in stifling the line current through the distribution
transformer. The following conditions are designed after
that in order to estimate the most critical fault
characteristics: The two DG units are individually installed
in the Buses B and E, and each DG has an injection
capacity that is about 100% of the load capacity (load 1).
Additionally, the three-phase fault occurs at sites k1, k2,
and k3 in that order, with a t = 0.2 s fault occuring time. In
this way, the features of the line current are mimicked.
The line current waveforms with and without the active Fig. 7. F u e l C e l l B a s e d S F C L
SFCL when the three-phase short-circuit occurs at k3 point
are depicted in Fig. 5. The first peak value of the fault
currents (iAf, iBf, and iCf) can be restricted to 2.51 kA,
In Fig. 7, where the fault is located at k3 point,
2.69 kA, and 1.88 kA, respectively, after installing the it is examined how the initial fault angle affects
active SFCL, as opposed to 3.62 kA, 3.81 kA, and 2.74 kA the peak amplitude of the A-phase short-circuit
under the condition without SFCL. The predicted fault current of the active SFCL. It is clear that
currents will be reduced at rates of 30.7%, 29.4%, and when the fault angle is around 130°, both with
31.4%, respectively. and without the SFCL, the peak amplitude of
Figure 6 displays the SFCL's current-limiting
capabilities when the fault is at the k1 point or k2 point,
the short-circuit current will be at its lowest
respectively (selecting the phase-A current for an value. The power distribution system can
evaluation). The current-limiting ratio will rise from 12.7% quickly achieve the steady transition from the
(k1 point) to 21.3% when the distance between the fault normal state to the fault state at this fault
location and the SFCL installation position decreases (k2 angle.
point).
In addition, the natural reaction, which is a part of the fault CONCLUSION
current, is a DC wave with exponential decay whose starting
value is directly related to the fault angle. In other words, the The use of the fuel cell-based SFCL in a power
peak amplitudes of the short-circuit current will differ distribution network with DG units is examined in this
depending on the initial fault angles. utilising the programme research. The Fuel Cell based SFCL can assist in lowering
the overvoltage's amplitude and preventing damage to the

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ISSN: 0974-8571 Vol.13 No. 2 December, 2021

International Journal of Computational Intelligence in Control

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