International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-7, Issue-6, March 2019

Collaboration Tools In MOOC: A Provider’s

Perspective
Jyoti Chauhan, Anita Goel
.

Abstract: Collaboration tools are incorporated in Massive and wiki for offering collaboration functionality in general,
Open Online Course (MOOC), to promote community-based there is a need to identify the collaboration tools for MOOC
learning. Although existing MOOCs incorporate the functionality providers, specifically. Moreover, for each of these tools, the
of collaboration using various tools such as wiki and forum, there MOOC providers need to know the list of tools, features
is no mention of the feature specification list of these tools. MOOC
providers integrate either third-party tools or develop their own supported by each of these tools. To best of our effort, we
tool. The objective of this study is to view the collaboration tools could not find any work that gives a technological insight into
used in MOOC from a provider’s perspective, giving insight into the collaboration tools used in MOOC, in terms of features.
the technological dimension of these tools in terms of their Though there is a lot of research work on MOOC, not many
features. The study is based on six popular MOOC platforms questions are addressed from the perspective of a provider,
including both, open-source and proprietary platforms. The
like, what are the ways for offering the tool, and, what features
features of collaboration tools supported by the chosen MOOC
platforms are identified and formulated in the form of checklists. must be offered by a tool. Mainly, research in MOOC
As an outcome of our study, we suggest the set of features that discusses the impact of courses on learners, type of courses,
may be provided for collaboration tools in MOOC by the the design of courses, type of learners, factors affecting
providers, to facilitate the learning. learning parameters like learner performance and
engagement. The purpose of this study is to provide a
Keywords: MOOC, Collaboration Tools, Forum, Checklist,
perspective of collaboration tools in MOOC from the
Higher Education.
technological point of view.
I. INTRODUCTION This study is significant because considering the
technological dimension is as important as the pedagogical
Online education supports various learning methodologies aspect since it affects the learner's experience during learning
and pedagogical practices. The use of these practices has process. Also, since the learner dropout rate and lesser
resulted in a shift from teacher-centered learning to engagement has always been a major concern, the providers
student-centered learning. The delivered instructions support need to work on providing better technical support to the
learning methodologies and pedagogical theories, like, the learners in addition to the improved course content and/or
theory of behaviorism, instructivism, social-constructivism, course design. Moreover, providing a feature to the learner
and connectivism. Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a opens up the chances of analyzing the learners' interaction or
popular way to deliver online education, globally. behavior around that feature, which is not possible otherwise.
MOOC supports the social-constructivist theory of learning
that allows group interaction, mutual work, discussion, and II. RELATED WORK
collaborative knowledge formation [1]. Here, the learning
emerges from connection among learners, in a spontaneous Much work has been done related to understanding effects of
way [2]. It enhances the learner’s participation, allows them to collaboration tools used for learning such as learner
create information, and construct personal links [3] [4]. performance, satisfaction, engagement, overall learning
Additionally, tasks like commenting, replying, updating and [5]-[7]. However, these studies do not focus on collaboration
sharing, facilitate construction of knowledge for the learners, in MOOC. Few recent studies have focused on identifying the
engaged in common learning goals. Tools are integrated into new potential of using some specific tools of collaboration in
MOOC to support collaboration functionality. MOOC for different reasons. The studies focus to identify
MOOC platforms support the collaboration functionality, new affordances of using blog and forums [8]; change in
either using an already existing tool or developing their own completion rate using cooperative model of MOOC [9];
tool. Though there are several tools, such as the forum, chat, positive or negative effects of massiveness in social
participation [10]; changes of emotions in forum [11]; and
relation of interaction in content with the social community
Revised Manuscript Received on 30 March 2019. using forum [12]. Researchers have also analyzed learner
* Correspondence Author patterns in discussion forums [13], track conversations and
Jyoti Chauhan*, Department of Computer Science, University of
participation in Twitter and Google Plus [2], to help providers
Delhi, New Delhi, India.
Anita Goel, Department of Computer Science, Dyal Singh College, to better understand requirements and cater to user
University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. needs.There are few studies that discuss the selection of tools
for social networking and collaboration in MOOC.
© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and
Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the Alario-Hoyos et al. [14]
CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Retrieval Number: F2765037619/19©BEIESP Published By:

Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
981 & Sciences Publication
 Collaboration Tools In MOOC: A Provider’s Perspective

analyze five tools and suggests that forum is preferred by Since the nature of the platform license decides the
learners for interaction and discussion. Kop, Fournier, & Mak accessibility of its features for anyone; we have treated
[15] consider different aspects, like, the role of facilitator, propriety and open-source platforms differently for the
pedagogy and structure constraints; for building connection purpose of the study. To study proprietary platforms,
and collaboration. Some of the studies conducted are for several courses were selected that are offered under diverse
specific platforms. Mustea, Herman, & Naaji [16] report the subject areas by different institutions. We enrolled for more
list of collaborative tools offered by Moodle. Alario-Hoyos et than 50 courses in the selected platform and analyzed the
al. [14] analyze the impact of social tools on MiríadaX collaboration tools and their respective features provided for
platform.Though several papers exist that focus on different the learner. The details of sample courses selected are listed in
aspects of collaboration tools. But we could not find any work Table 1. The study of open-source platform involved three
listing the features of the tools in MOOC. modes - 1) Exploring the source code, 2) Document Analysis
(release document, user guide, literature), and 3) Try and Test
III. RESEARCH MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE method via Demo Sites and Sandboxes. The information
Though there is a lot of research in MOOC, not much is done gathered and our observations formed a baseline for
from a technological perspective contributing to the course identifying the tools, components, and features, to formulate
provider and developer as the main stakeholders. We could the checklists.
not find any research work that focuses mainly on the Table 1: Details of the sample courses selected for the study of
technical support offered by the MOOC platforms for proprietary MOOC platforms
collaboration in terms of specific features. S. Proprietary Number Selected
The purpose of this study is to give an insight into the No. Platform Institution Subject Course
technological aspect of collaboration tools provided in the 1. Coursera 13 5 14
MOOC platform. The study seeks answers to the following
2. edX 15 6 26
questions:
3. Udacity None 5 13
RQ1: Which collaboration tools are supported and used by
Total 16 53
the MOOC providers?
RQ2: For each collaboration tool offered, what are the
features supported by different MOOC platforms? V. COLLABORATION TOOLS IN MOOC
RQ3: What are the features that are supported by only a few MOOC includes several collaborative learning tools like,
platforms and not by all, in general? forum, wiki, blog, e-portfolio, and video conference, to
facilitate mutual work that allows the community of learners
IV. METHODOLOGY in a course to assist their peers. The tools facilitate learners to
For the purpose of this study, we decided to identify work on a single project to achieve a common learning goal.
platforms based on their popularity, license availability The collaboration tool wiki is associated with the course site,
(open-source, proprietary), and reported use for offering while a blog is associated with a user or MOOC platform.
MOOC. The same provider may also offer a diverse set of Forum tool in MOOC is used by the instructor to start a
features for different courses depending upon the subject discussion on a specific topic, maintain it, and make
domain, and/or the specific organizational needs. To cover comments on issues raised during the discussion. The learners
the diversity of features, we have considered all these aspects contribute by answering, commenting, and providing
of the providers. We selected 6 platforms, where three are feedback. Forum centralizes the contributions (post,
popular proprietary platforms, namely Coursera, edX, and response, and comment), discussions, opinions on a selected
Udacity; and three are open-source platforms that include topic, and maintains a hierarchy of discussion topics in the
Open edX, Canvas, and Sakai. form of threads. Table 2 summarizes features of the forum.
Coursera is the largest and most popular platform followed The forum tool has five components- All Discussion, Post,
by edX [17]. Based on review report of Shah [17] and Graded Post, Response, and Comment. All Discussion
Mooclab [18], edX, Coursera, Udacity are the top MOOC facilitates learner to have all discussions at one place and
platforms based on several parameters, like, no. of courses, allow them to view discussions in the form of list or
no. of users, certification, interface usability, social tool, and categories, where each further has several other filtering
features. Open edX drives edX, which is one of the popular options like trending, followed, pinned. Post allows the
and largest MOOC providers. Also, “edX had been the most learners to post their problems by simply adding a post.
open of all the MOOC platforms" until 2018 [19]. Sakai has On each post, other participants provide their opinions in the
been identified among the top two open-source learning form of response or comment that are handled by the
platforms [20, 21]. Various elite institutions, including IITK Response and Comment component, respectively. The post,
and University of Amsterdam, use Sakai for offering MOOC response, comments can be edited, updated or deleted by the
courses [22]. Canvas platform drives the Canvas Network that contributor. For each contribution, several controls are
is the third largest platform based on the number of courses provided to the learner, like, voting, marking as read/unread
offered [23].A descriptive and quantitative methodology was and star.
applied on the platforms; to get a holistic view of the
collaboration functionality, which includes the tools,
methods, and features, provided by the identified platforms.

Retrieval Number: F2765037619/19©BEIESP Published By:

Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
982 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-7, Issue-6, March 2019

Graded post allows providing grades to the contributor and

makes it mandatory for the learner to participate in the post.
Table 2: The feature checklist of Forum in MOOC platforms

Component Activity Option Parameter C E U O N S

All View List Details Title, Type, Date, Unread messages      
Discussion Category Topic, Followed Post/ Pinned, List      
Filter Shows all/ Unanswered/ Unread      -
Identifier Pinned, Following, User Type      -
Sort Recent/Most Activity/Most Votes/ Date      
Status Correct, Read, Subscribed, Graded, Total   -   -
View Topic Topic Name      
Category Filter Show all, Unread, Unanswered -     
Wise Other Pinned/Participant’s, Liked/Recent, Date   -   
Keep Show Unread, New -     -
Updated Updates Podcasts / Email      
Search From List Topic, Post, Text      -
Post View Detail Title, Author, Content, Category, Unread/ Read      
Controls Vote, Follow, Report, Mark Read, Print      
Filter Message Content/ Subject Only - - - - - 
Add Topic List -    - -
Title Title Box      
Text Text Box, Preview      
More Post Type, Add File, Date, Select Content      
Options Follow, Post Anonymously, Allow Reply/Like      -
Edit, Delete Change Topic, Content, Type      
Feedback Positive Vote, Follow, Answered, Like      -
Negative Report   -  - -
Graded Post Open Post Post Info Points, Title, Author, Content, # Comments  - - -  -
Control Review Now  - - -  -
List Info. Title, Topic, Date, Time, Original  - - -  -
View Post Controls Discussion, Rubric, Add Comment  - - -  -
Comment Options Comment Box, Attach File / Media  - - -  -
Feedback Peers Feedback Box for peers - - - -  -
Response View Detail Title, Author, Content, # Read/ Response, Id      
Controls Vote, Check Correct, Report, Reply Copy Link      
Like, Mark Read, Go to First, Reply to Initial - - - -  
Add Field Text Box, Add file, Original Text      
Response Controls Preview     - -
Edit, Delete Change Content      
Comment View Detail Original Comment, Author, Day   -   -
Controls Edit, Delete, Report   -   -
Add Field Comment Box , Add Attachment   -   -
Comment Controls Preview   -  - -
Edit, Delete Change Content   -   -
C - Coursera, E - edX, U - Udacity, O-Open edX, N-Canvas, S-Sakai
that can be used for MOOC.
Wiki is used to showcase knowledge and to exchange the E-portfolio is a recent addition to the family of
information. A wiki has mainly three components- Wiki Page, collaboration tools in MOOC. It provides a platform to
Article and Comment. A user can see basic information about display academic work. For example, a project, knowledge of
the purpose of this wiki on the wiki page. Information is a specific area; or to share personal information, like,
added to the wiki in the form of articles. A user can edit, resumes, a simple subjective website (e.g., my blog). The
delete, and track history of its modification. A wiki allows features provided by e-portfolio tools in MOOC are listed
managing the changes using controls like previous version, in Table 3.
and revert the changes. Also, a user can comment on the
added articles. Table 3 displays the list of features provided
by the wiki tool in MOOC.
Blog in MOOC is used for sharing course-related
information, ideas, suggestion, and comments on a topic. A
list of the blog feature for a web application is discussed [24]

Retrieval Number: F2765037619/19©BEIESP Published By:

Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
983 & Sciences Publication
 Collaboration Tools In MOOC: A Provider’s Perspective

Video conferencing tools have mainly four components –

E-portfolio has four main components- E-portfolio, Conference page, General Conference, Personal
Dashboard page, Section and Page. E-portfolio provides a Conference, and Conference Interface. Users can view the
place to the learner for showcasing their work and it can be information about a conference session. General conference is
kept private or made public. A brief view of the e-portfolio is a session usually created by the course instructor, in contrast
provided to the user on the dashboard page. In e-portfolio, the to personal conference, set up by learners for informal
content is divided into sections and pages. Learners use communication among learners and/or instructors. The users
various forms of content in e-portfolios like text, image, manage their interactions using the conference interface for
presentation, and video. Some providers allow content to be airing the video, audio, recording video, sharing files,
downloaded for viewing without accessing the e-portfolio presentations or other resources. Our earlier work [25] lists
site. features of a video interface in MOOC. Table 4 lists the
Video conference facilitates face-to-face interaction and features of video conferencing tool provided in MOOC
exchange of dialogues, among instructor and learner. The Some other tools are incorporated in MOOC to improve
video conference sessions are provided as office hours, collaboration. Google Docs and Google drive allows multiple
webinars, hangouts etc. Generally, MOOC providers use users to work on the same document. All users access a single
third-party tools – Coursera, edX, Udacity, Open edX uses copy of the document that reflects changes in real time. The
Google Hangout, whereas Canvas and Sakai use instructor uses these tools to share attendance sheets, extra
BigBlueButton. learning resources and to create a group project.
Table 3: The feature checklist of wiki and e-portfolio tool in MOOC platforms

Component Activity Options Parameters C E U O N S

Wiki Page View Details Info., Purpose, Content, Edit Date, Author      
Wiki

Control Info - - - -  -
View -     -
Edit, History      
Delete  -  - - 
Other Up level, Add Article, Filter, Visited -  -   
Subscribe Email Notification Preference      
RSS Feed As per Notification Preference - - - -  -
Search Text Box Article Title, Text  - -   
Article Add At level Same Level/ Below Current Level -  -   
Fields Title, Content (Editor)      
Optional Keywords for Slug, Insert Content     - 
Edit Modify Title, Content, Summary      
Controls Edit, Summary Field, Preview      
Delete Confirm Yes/ No      -
History List Version Number      
Previous Select From List Previous Version      
By Line See Changes line by line      -
Replace Replace Changes with Previous      
Merge Combine a Current & Previous Ver. -  -  - -
List of Article Detail Date, Author, Article No., Message      
Controls History, Hide Comment, Edit, Delete   -   
Comment Add Option Text Box - - - -  -
Controls Hide Hide/ Unhide the Comment Content - - - -  -
Edit Change Content - - - -  -
 
E-Portfolio

E-Portfolio Create Fields Name, Make it Public / Private - - - -

Open List Title, # Pages, Date / Time - - - -  
View Content Section/ Page/ Comment - - - -  
Edit Fields Name, Make it Public / Private - - - -  
Delete Confirm Yes/No - - - -  
Share URL/ Link Copy and Paste the link - - - -  
Download In Zip File All Content - - - -  -
Preview For page See the page created - - - - - 
Help Wizard Guide /Template - - - -  
Dash Board View Status Private / Public - - - -  

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Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
984 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-7, Issue-6, March 2019

Page URL Link of e-portfolio - - - -  

Submission Recent submissions - - - -  
Page, Section Title - - - -  -
Delete Manages Delete - - - -  
Controls Download, Delete Manage Deletion & Download - - - -  
Setting Organize Sections / Page - - - -  
E-Portfolio Update Name, Make Public - - - -  
Section Add Field Section Name - - - -  
Reorder Select Title Drag & Drop to Reorder - - - -  
Edit Update Section Name - - - -  
Delete Confirm Delete all section & pages - - - -  
Page View Page, Comment Content of page & Message - - - -  
Add Page Fields Pg. content, Msg. Pg, Name - - - -  
Reorder Page Drag & Drop to Reorder - - - -  
Edit Update Page Name, Content, - - - -  
Option Comment, Upload file, Preview, Save - - - -  
Add Comment Fields Comment - - - -  
Delete Confirm Delete Page & Comments - - - -  
C - Coursera, E - edX, U - Udacity, O-Open edX, N-Canvas, S-Sakai
Table 4: The feature checklist of the video conference in MOOC platforms

Component Activity Options Parameters C E U O N S

Conference View Info Details Name, Description, Type, Scope      
Page View New Details Title, Date, Status, Users, Recording      
Option Join/ Start      
View Ended Details Recording, Date, Playback, Length      
State No Recording / View/ Preparing - - - -  
General Create/ Join Start/Join Create new/Join Conference      
Conference Settings Audio, Install Plug-in, Browser, Other      
View Interface Interface Options to interact      
Personal Create Fields Name, Type, Duration, Description, - - - -  
Conference Options Enable record, Time Limit, Invite - - - -  
Settings Audio, Browser Permission, Other - - - -  
Edit Change Name, Type, Duration, Record, Detail - - - -  
Delete Confirm Yes/ No to delete conference - - - -  
Conference Video Controls Display, View, Advance, Help      
Interface Options Recording Enable/ Disable      
User Detail Name, Type (Moderator/Presenter)      
Settings Lower All Hands, Mute/Lock Users      
Share Media Share (Desktop, Video), Make Public /Private,      
Join, Audio, Record, Mute
C - Coursera, E - edX, U - Udacity, O-Open edX, N-Canvas, S-Sakai

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RQ2: For each collaboration tool offered, what are the
RQ1: Which collaboration tools are supported and used features supported by different MOOC platforms?
by the MOOC providers? The features offered by the different tools supported by the
From the study of selected platforms, it is found that there are selected platform are identified. The identified features are
five tools which are mainly used by the MOOC platforms for formulated in the form of checklists. The features supported
collaboration purpose. These tools are: 1) Forum, 2) Wiki, 3) by the forum in MOOC platforms are presented in Table 2.
Blog, 4) E-portfolio, and 5) Video Conference. Table 3 lists the features of wiki and e-portfolio. The video
Generally, the forum is considered as an integral part of conference tools features are summarized in Table 4. The list
MOOC. Moreover, forum and Wiki are the tools provided by of features for blogging is not presented here since it already
all platforms. For blogging, MOOC provides use the exists (as mentioned earlier).
third-party blogging software like Wordpress.com and RQ3: What are the features that are supported by only a
blogger.com. For video conference, all platforms use the few platforms and not by all, in general?
open-source third-party tool, Google Hangout or As a result of our study, the feature checklist presented gave
BigBlueButton. us an insight into the specific
features of each tool.

Retrieval Number: F2765037619/19©BEIESP Published By:

Journal Website: www.ijrte.org Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
985 & Sciences Publication
 Collaboration Tools In MOOC: A Provider’s Perspective

 Graded post of the forum is supported by Coursera ‘personal conference' let the individual learners create a
and Canvas, only. meeting session with the learners. No other means of face to
 Comment in a forum is not provided by Udacity face communication is available for learner-learner
and Sakai. Both of them use the two-level hierarchy of communication than the personal conference. So, for the
forum threads having post and response only. required personal conference, BigBlueButton tools can be
 Filter to view a forum post is only supported by Sakai. used in MOOC. Figure 1, displays coverage of the checklist
 Comment in a wiki is allowed by Canvas only. features for forum, wiki, and e-portfolio. Some of our
 RSS feed in the wiki page for subscription and “info” observations are as follows-
control to view is provided by only Canvas.  Canvas platform provides maximum features for
 Search in the wiki is not supported by edX and each collaboration tool.
Udacity.  For Forum, the Canvas provides highest
 E-portfolio tool itself is supported by only two platforms percentage of features ~87% followed by Coursera
Canvas and Sakai. (~85%) and edX (~76%), while the Sakai offers the
 Personal Conference of the video conference is least features (~31%) among all.
supported by BigBlueButton, a third party tool used by  For Wiki, the best feature support is offered by
Canvas and Sakai. Canvas (~95%) followed by Open edX (~59%),
From the study of specific features, we found that in the forum whereas Udacity (~38%) provides the least number
‘graded post' can be provided to improve learner engagement. of features.
Since in graded post learners need to grade the post of their  E-portfolio is supported by only two platforms.
peers, it makes them active learner rather than just consuming They have less difference in the number of features
the learning resources. The forum thread is maintained as a supported. Canvas provides better support with
three-level hierarchy of post, response, and comment. An ~97% and Sakai offers ~95% features.
absence of "comment" makes the hierarchy as level 2, where
the learners cannot give their feedback on an individual VII. CONCLUSION
response but they are allowed to give it on post only. This study aims to explore the collaboration tools in
Applying the "filter" on the view allows the learners to view MOOC from the technological perspective, for the provider
the required post. So, this feature is helpful and can be and developer. It gives an insight into the collaboration tools
provided for learner's better experience. Wiki is used to and their supported features in MOOC, for the platform
maintain the details of learning, learning material to be shared provider. It is found that forum, wiki, blog, e-portfolio, and
and worked in collaboration with other learners. So, video conference, are the collaboration tools used in MOOC.
providing feedback "comment" and "searching" a specific In this paper, the features of these tools are identified and
entry is one of the required features of the wiki. E-portfolio is presented in the checklist. The checklist is useful during
helpful for the learners in showcasing their knowledge, incorporating collaboration functionality in MOOC. The
maintain the record of their learning, keeping the project and checklist presented here is extensible in nature and can be
sharing it with others. We suggest the inclusion of this tool in updated easily to add any new feature and option.
the MOOC platform where the individuals are meant to keep
the focus on individuals learning. For video conferencing, the

Figure 1: Graph showing the percentage of features from the checklist, used by the MOOC providers
3. Järvelä, S., Kirschner, P. A., Panadero, E., Malmberg, J., Phielix, C.,
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986 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-7, Issue-6, March 2019

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