Laboratory Manual

Subject Name: Electronic Devices and Circuits

Student Name

Reg. No.
Date

MAPPING OF LAB TO CLOs & PLOs

Rubric for Modern Tool Usage

Criteria Attainment Score

Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor

(100-85%) (84-71%) (70-61%) (60-50%) (49-0%)
Understandin Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
g of skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
Engineering understand tool to understand tool understand tool understand tool ability to
Tool that is strongly that Is clearly that is Partially that is Partially understand tool
supported and linked to the connected to the connected to the that is Partially
clearly linked to issues at hand. issues at hand. issues at hand. connected to the
the issues at hand. issues at hand.

Analyze the Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates

given problem skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
and identify analyze the given to analyze the analyze the analyze the given ability to analyze
the use of problem and given problem given problem problem and the given
identify the use of and identify the and identify the identify the use problem and
modern tool
modern tool. use of modern use of modern of modern tool. identify the use
tool. tool. of modern tool.
Generation Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
and skillful ability to very good ability good ability to some ability to minimal or no
Interpretation Generate and to Generate and Generate and Generate and ability to
of results Interpret results Interpret results Interpret results Interpret results Generate and
using modern using modern using modern using modern Interpret results
using modern
tools. tools. tools. tools. using modern
tools tools.
 Lab No. 8: Implementation of Common Emitter Transistor
Amplifier
Objective:
 To implement the circuit of Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier.
 To find the Av (voltage gain), Zi (input impedance) and Zo (output impedance) of
common emitter amplifier at different frequencies.

Apparatus:
 Transistor (NPN)
 Resistor (6.8k Ω , 4.7k Ω, 10 k Ω, 56 k Ω, 1 k Ω, 3k Ω)
 Capacitor(10µF (2), 100µF)
 Bread Board
 Connecting Wires
 DMM (Digital Multi meter)
 Power supply
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator and Oscilloscope probes

Theory:
The common-emitter (CE) transistor provides large voltage gain (typically tens to hundreds).
Vo
The AC signal voltage is defined as Av= . The input impedance Zi, is that seen looking from
Vi
the input side. The output impedance Zo is that seen looking from the load into the output of the
amplifier. For the voltage divider DC bias configuration transistor AC dynamic resistance re can
be calculated using.
26 mv
re = ---------------------8.1
IE
The AC voltage gain of a CE amplifier (under no load) can be calculated using
RC
Av= - ------------------8.2
ℜ+ ℜ
If RE is bypassed by a capacitor use RE=0 in the above equation.
RC
Av= - ----------------------8.3
ℜ
The AC input impedance is calculated using
Zi=R1||R2||β(RE + re)------8.4
If RE is bypassed by a capacitor use RE=0 in the above equation.
Zi=R1||R2||βre---------------8.5

The AC output impedance is calculated using

Zo= RC--------------------8.6
Task 1:

Common Emitter DC Bias:

Procedure:
Step1: Calculate the DC biased values for the circuit of the Figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1(DC biased)

Step2: Record the values in the Table 8.1.

Step3: Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig 8.1.
Step4: Record the measured values in the Table 8.1.
VE
Where IE= ℜ

Measurements:
S# Calculated Values S# Measured Values
NO NO

1 VB 1 VB
1.734v 1.80v

2 VE 2 VE
1.034v 1.06v
 3 VC 3 VC
10.7216v 10.5v

4 VCE 4 VCE
9.6876v 9.41v

5 IE 5 IE
2.2*10^-4A 0.22mA

Table 8.1
Compare the calculated and measured values of the re.
(Calculated) re=___118.22___
(Measured) re= 118.18____

Task 2:

Common Emitter AC Voltage Gain:

Procedure:
Step1: Calculate the amplifier voltage gain for the bypass emitter using eq8.3.
(Calculated)Av=____222.5___
Step2: Connect the circuit according to the Figure 8.2 and note the measured voltage gain.

Figure 8.2(Common emitter amplifier)

Vo
(Measured)Av = = 222.5_____
Vsig
Step3: Apply an AC input signal V-sign= 20mv (p-p) at frequency=1 KHz. Observe the output
waveform on the scope to be sure that there is no distortion. Measure the resulting AC output
voltage VO by using the scope.
Step4: Now vary the input voltage (20mv to 100mv) and measure the output voltages and fill the
Table8.2.

Measurements:
Sr#NO f(Hz) Vin (mv) Vout (v) Voltage Gain

1 80Hz 20mV 4.44V 221

2 100Hz 40mV 4.85V 121.5

3 1kHz 60mV 5.43V 90.5

4 140kHz 80mV 5.91V 73.8

5 160kHz 100mV 6V 60

Table 8.2
Task 3:
Common Emitter Input impedance:

Procedure:
Step1: Calculate Zi using eq8.5.
Step2: Connect the circuit according to the Figure 8.3.

Figure 8.3 (Input impedance)

Step3: To measure Zi connect an input measured resistor Rx=3kΩ as shown in Figure 8.3.
Step4: Apply input V-sign=40mv (p-p). Observe the output waveform with a scope to ensure that
no distortion is present.
Step5: For Zi use the following formulas.
Zi
VI= V-sign
Zi + Rx
This can be written as
Rx
Zi= Vi
Vsig−Vi
Compare the calculated and measured values of the Zi.
(Calculated) Zi= 3K ohm_____
(Measured) Zi= 3K ohm_____

Task 4:
Common Emitter output impedance:

Procedure:
Step1: Calculate Zo using eq8.6.
Step2: Remove input measurement resistor Rx.
Step3: For input of V-sign=40mv (p-p) measure the output voltage Vo.
Step4: Now connect load Rx= 3kΩ and measure VL (Loaded).
Step5: The measured values of output impedance can be obtained from
RL
VL= VO
Zo+ RL
This can be written as
 Vo−VL
Zo= RL
VL

Compare calculated and measured values of Zo.

(Calculated)Zo= 3.6K ohm_______
(Measured)Zo= 3.45K ohm________

Question: 1. What are α,β and γ in a transistor ? What is the relation

between α,β and γ in a transistor?
Answer:

α is a large signal current gain in common base configuration .

It is ratio of collector current to emitter current .
β is a current gain factor in common emitter configuration.
Ratio of collector current to base current.
γ is a current gain in common collector configuration . It is ratio emitter
current to base current .
Question: 2. What is Q point? Also explain its importance in transistors?

Answer: The operating point of advice also known as bias point or Q point
Is the steady state DC voltage or current at a specified terminal of
an active device such as a transistor with no input signal applied .
Q point of a transistor to obtain undistorted waveform of the signal
Also known as a (Ic , VEC) .

Lab Assessment
Ability to identify Analyze the given Determine solution
the problem problem using and evaluate results
(Criteria 1) appropriate technique (Criteria 3) Total
(3) (Criteria 2 ) (5) 15 Marks
(7)
Task 1

Task 2

Task 3
 Task 4

Question 1

Question 2

Average
Marks

Lab Engineer Name: _______________ Signature:

___________________