9109874249

TMATERTALs OF PHARMACEUTICAL
RaNT (ONSTRUCTION
Pharmaceuhical produchs bulk drugs, anHbiotcs and biobqiol groducba
Tequre arious equpment and acessovies , such as Containers fer
proceing and packaging
(onsenuently a rang4 of materials ia wsed to (onatruct hia
eAyupment.
The outome of a new chemical plant or changes to an exising one

on these factors :
depends
" Daion of he equipmaurt
.

Choice of materials
" Method of fabication

FACTORS AcsEcrZNG (HOrCE 0F MATERIAL

Material choice for building equipment relies
relies on thee factors :
Chemical factors
Physical focos
Chemical foctors
Two aypects are looked at in chemical factos:

0 Contamination of he product by part motenal

ontaminaton of product
Cooison of materia) Constucion
 9109874249

(orroison of maBerial ConsBucton Corrosive producta may be present.

poBenialy damaging materials and shortening their lifypan Strong aids,
alkalis, Oxidizers nd tannins can react with thee materials, Ao hpedal
chemica - reistant alloys are wsed to withstand them.

Contamination Of products Iron Contamina tion can change the color of el atin
(aphules and sprd up dacomposiion Glas leaching Can create an alkalire
envionment that acelerate breakadogn, while heavs metals like leac
deactivote penicillin

Physical factors
The physical facdors that influence the selection of o matenal

Shength The construckion maBerial must hawe the nght mechanical Aherng h to
match the size of the plant nd the strees t will face

Weght The weight is algbdly dacreased. especially for plants hat need to
be relocated

Weaning propertes These are cruual for reducing ficion between noving
parts, like ginding urtuce n mils.

Eose of fabvicaton Malerials needs to be procesed to create the cafferent

units of the plant

Thesmal expanson Using amateial with o high expansion coeffiient compliatos

plant desn and reticts ts operational tempetaure rnge

Themmal conductvity ertain plarta , ike ails and ewupo ra Bors , reyie god
thermal (onductivity.
 9109874249

Cleansing leansing is simple when h Aurfoe ce Amoh and shiny.

Slerlzakon A moterial ing sterilinotion
sterilizo lion must withatand speciic condihiens,
like steam wder proes

Thanypareng Using borsshiole glos in bulding a pharmC uh cud plunt iis

bene Aial

CORROISON
Corroison is achemical reacion ocuring between a meBal cund enviromet
that chenges the properhes of the mek1l and redues the Runttonality of the
metal. orroison can be either dry or wet type
Eg- 0The process ofF ron susing
Silver tarniahing
0 (opper trning green.

THeoRIES Or CORROIsoN
There are 3 theo ries of orroison :
DAid theony of Coroison
Dry o chemical theony of corvoison
Golvank oT Elecho chermical or Wet theony of comason

Acid theoy oF CooISon Aid theory explins thot iron conoiaon ocuTA du
to enuiromenlal acid, porhculady from carbon dioxide, moiskure and OKYgen.
The (orroisorn products inchude Fe (HCO,),, fe CoH)CO and Fe (oH),
 9109874249

The follouaing are the proposed chemical reachon s :

Fe + 200, + H,0 ,0, ’ Fe(HCO,),

2Fe(HCO,), t Hz0 + h0. 2fe (OH) Co, + 2(0,+ 2H,0

2fe (oH) Co, + 2H20 ’ 2fe(OH), + 200,

This theory is backed by the study of ust, whih provides evidense fr

Co, ion tesing

or Chemical theory of corroson Corroison on metal surfuce ccun whn

gases like oxygen , halogens ,sulfur onide , ibrogen oxides, hydroqgen suihda
and chemical fumes react wih the mekal, with oxygen being he pnmary
cause for most metals- There are three pnimany kind, of dry coroSon :
0 Oxidaion corroison
(onroson taued by gasea ike soz H;S, CI, No.
3) bhud metal ConroLon

Gialvanic oY Electrochernical or Wet theony of corroison (oroison happens

when metal touches a conducive lioud or when di fFerent pes of mekals
are partiolly submerged in a solution.
In galvaniC (orroison, elecricity flows from the
Gnode (more reachve melal like inc) to the
athode. This creates too elechro des that om a
qolvanic cell when packed in a electrolyic "
He
Oxidation and reduchon reacions happen naturoly
At the anode, oxidaion ocurA, while the cathode, Cu)
Anor |Ralucho
he reaction is 2H + 2e Ht (reduchon) (21)
and Zn - Zn" + 2e (indicate by roug h surface Oidaen
The ancds mekal keeps (orroding , while the ahode
metal stays safe.
 9109874249

FPES OF (oRROTSON
Varios type of corraison veprented ay :
Tpsof
of Coroison

Greneral uid Localised fuid Strucurgl Aud Biological

(omoison Corroison (Ûrroison (orroison

Physiochemical Elechochemical Graphite Dezinciication

(orroison Corroison
Conroison

0 Generca) flu°d corroison Ths type of coroison, kno uwn unifrm (onroison
Ocurs evenly when a meBal's Aurfoce at various temperatures. They are
two types of t:
0 Physiochemical corroIson : This type of orroison oaurs in plastic or non- plastc
or non- meBal maBeridls
materials, leading to saeling, crazing , crocking nd sotenirg.
Elechochenical corroison : This type of coroison occurs at specific spots on
metal urfuce when electricity flows from he cathodc to the anodic areq.

Localiaed fiuid comison This kind of comicon typicaly hapeM in a porhculor

spots on the malerial and an appear in difergnt ways as menHoned :
@ PiHing (orroison: This corroison oQUrS in localiza d areas on sma|) meBa)
surfuce, creating piBs tat eapen and widn. Continuad cooson cauu
mekal fuiure nd adalivg alluinium and stkunles stel alloys to chlovide
(ontuning water can promoBe piting
`xample -
Alloy of alluminium + Aquous (ovtie,
of ataunless bteel solution
 9109874249

(revice coroison: (orroisorn happens Small gcps because ligwda btuys there
longer, mabig i kake more ime to dry.

fretting conoisen : re ting coroison oues whan mekols 7ub against eoch other,
or both Aurfces. This movement can lead outomes frctional
damaging
heot and removal of protective ilms.

GrolvonNc CorroIson: Galvonc (oro ison occårs when elechre Current flows from a
more active meBal to q leys achve mefal in the Sume environment.

O Comoison o ique : (oroison fatiqua Measure a metals ability to withstand

Tepeaed corroaion gdes while undar stres from harm fl substances

Stuctya! Auid Coroison (orroision Cur when a port of the alloy is

dissolved in asolution, weakeninq he luids mechancal streng h, wth te
Teuling malerials remaining in the plant.
9 Biologia! Corroision Microbial corroision is caused by mic TO Drqan isTMA nd
(an damaqe metal, leading to ibs detesiÝrakon

|PREVE NTION OF (ORRO1STON

Corroision protechion involved methods to reduce. or prevent corroison in Atorage
fanks, such as cothodic protec hon, protecive coaHings, or wWNg non- conrosive
mahesial,.
can be (ontrolled by Sorme method, involves :

9 (oting proBechon A paint coaHng is efiecfive wcy to prevent corosion by

creating o bamier that blocks elecho chemica chorge from reoching the tal
Pouder coahing i3 another altenative.
 9109874249

(othodic proBeton (othodí psoteckon ommonly achieve by golvanizing iren

hip hulls
allos steel with zinc, sed for steel pipelines , woter heater tnks,
and offshore oil platoms

9 Deuign odi fication Daign chang can reduce corroision and extend the li fepan
of anti. corro sive (aings by preventinq dust and woter buildup. promoting
aùr cirulahòn, and eliminaing gops Tmproved mdntene ac(es aill uao
enhunce durabi lity
9 (omosion inhibilors (oro iaon inbibiors are substances ttrt reduce chenical
Teqchions (ausing corroision on metal surfaces by forming a protec Hie kyer

FERROUS AND Nor FegRoUS MeTALS

" FERROUS MeTALS

Ion is commonly wed maBerial fer building pknts dua to its shng machanical
low cOst.
properiea wids avlability and
(at Tron : It is iron with over (s. carbon. Ils charockeriskics vary with ion
Con kent. Cat ion is for dable, oidoly avdlable, and comnonly sed.
UsEs
Cormmonly used for the constaucion of supports of plant and frames for
steam pans

Stainles steel
Stunle stel is a type of iron alloy, that contairs chromium and nickel to
prevent rust. It is ey to work wih during manufactaing. may also
inclucda Hifunium , niobi um, tankalum nd Amall amounts of copper et.
 9109874249

UsEs
Shainless steel is populor to its heat and (oroison resi'tance , ease of
shaping. simple cleaning cund sterilizakon,und strong tensie strenghh

arboh theel
(arbon steet is atype of iron alloy that has a ow pecentage of carbon.

UsEs
Carbon stee is wed o moke bars, pipes and plates
IH is also wed to butd lage storage tank. tor water , uifive aud ,
organic 4olvents and more.

NoN FERROUS METALS

Non feoows metals or alloys Qre motesials +hat do not contain, non,
unlike fermos metals.
0 Allurminium
Alluminium is aordable lghtweight and srong, making + eay to shape
into vorious enpment. TH can aso be strenghened through old working
Uses
Iis wsed in heat transfer applicaions and as contuners Por stoing mect

Lead
Leod is cheapest oplion and is ofkn wad tor collapsile tubes, especially
for non -food items like adhesves, inks, paunts cnd lubriants.
lead tubes oith innes coqings qre usecd r Fluorids footh paste, and te
laad chamber method produces sulfunic aid.
 9109874249

INORGANTC Non MeTALS

O GLASS
Gls ohfers qreat protecion , look goucds and is afiordable
It is mostly chemikally skble and comes in may sizs, Shapes and colors
0V roy and sunlht can damage sonme maBerials and cawse chemical
break down.
Gríeen glas can halp protect aqaint IR ras
"(ses
Used in making of labosa ony glas ares, ete

GLASSED STEEL
Glassed steel is a material reotacd by fusing Components and cooling them
solid1fy without cystals
IH Com bines the comOsion Teisance of glas with the strength of steel,
Tenuing carefl dasign and wse

Glas-lined steel is wad fhr hendling stron acida,alkalis and saline

Aolufions

ORGANIC NoN METALS

Rubber
Rubbes is wsed direcg or lining motertad in buildling plants There
are two types of aubbers are preuent
Notual ubber, Synthett vubbers
 9109874249

0 Ntral Tubbes: Rubber is a natural polymer derivecd foom the laex o

I includes s0Ft cand
Tubber trese and is a wel- knoun elasbmgr. IH
hord tpe of nbbers

@ ynthetic ubber : Synthehc ubber is now more important han naturd

Tubber because it has hatter quabhes, ike buing reJistantb ovdaton
solvents,oils, and other chemicals.

PLASTICS
Ihee are lighBweight, making ham eads and inexpensive o trnsport.
ans they an be easily mada
They are (ome in diferent shapes, which meang
There s to types of plshis:
0 Thetmop lastic: Thero plastics qre polymers hat sofen when heated, allouing to
be shaped , and handan upon coling

@Thermo ~eting: Thermoseltings plasties ae made of intertonnecBed long molecular

chains, resul ting in a strong and rigid stucture

BASIC OE MATERIAL HANDLZNG SySIEMS

Materials handling is that when manufactues and disti bu tors of drys
and mecical supplies toce ongoing pressure to make ther cperations more
efficient and increas production.
Bask functions of mcBerial hondlings

Recieuing: This i3 when saw maBerals and ingredients arrive at he

faciliy They axe chacked cund stoed in the rght ondifens.
 9109874249

Sorcge : Materials are stored in secne, clean and sequlaBod enviroment

to prevent damoge oT Confaminaon.
Mouement: Maferias ae moved blo loxalions, like from sloraga to the
productin 0T befweGn machines.

ransfer : Motenals transition bekween producion stags, like ram miing to

porkoqing
Pakaging : Conpleted producls ore to stores or hospiBals
pockagad er dalieny

Typss 0e MATERIALS
Row materials : The basic ingredients needed to maka a medicint..
g- chemikals or plants extracs
finished products; The final medicines that are Teady to be sold.

Pockoging moBeials: Itema lika bottles, boxes and labels wsd pockog
the Finished product.

(oNVEYENG
To convey means to move some thing from one place to another, ohen
using complex machine. to asists those unable to do s0, Tn facories,
Conveging ytems wU (ucial fr produchon and can becone guite
complex espeialy wih heay boods or dry bolk maBeials: