MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Lesson – 8. Real Numbers If a rational number has a non-terminating

or repeating or recurring decimal
Euclid’s Division Lemma :
expansion, then its denominator does not
“Given positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏,there exist
have the prime factorization of the form
unique integers 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 satisfying 𝑎 =
2𝑚 5𝑛 .
𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏”. This is called Euclid’s
HCF and LCM.
division lemma.
HCF of two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 is the
Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic :
greatest number that divides 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
“Every composite number can be
HCF of two co-prime numbers is 1.
expressed as a product of its prime
LCM of two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 is the
factors”. This is called Fundamental
least number that is divisible by 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏.
theorem of Arithemetic.
LCM of to co-prime numbers is equal to
For any two positive integers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏,
their product.
𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
Rational numbers :
Problems :
A number which can be expressed in the form
p 1) Find the HCF of 24 and 40 by using
, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is
q Euclid’s division algorithm. Hence find
called a rational number. the LCM of HCF(24, 40) and 20.
Irrantional Numbers : Solution :
A number which cannot be expressed in the 24) 40 ( 1 16) 24 ( 1
p 24 16
form , where p, q are integers & q ≠ 0, is
q
16 8
called an irrational number.
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶ √2, √3, √5, √6
Real numbers : 8) 16 ( 2
Rational numbers and irrational numbers 16
are together called real numbers. 0

Let p is a prime number and 𝑎 is a positive HCF(24, 40) = 8

2
integer. If p divides 𝑎 , then p divides 𝑎.
8) 20 (2 4) 8 ( 2
If a rational number has a terminating
decimal expansion, then its denominator 16 8

has the prime factorization of the form 4 0

2𝑚 5𝑛 .
HCF(8,20) = 4

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REALMDRS,
NUMBERS
Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

Solution :
_______.
1)
be Every composite
𝑎 × 𝑏 number can 5 140
expressed
𝐿𝐶𝑀(8, 20)as=a product of its
𝐻
Answer: prime factors 2 28
8 × 20
= 2 14
4
= 40 7

2) Find the HCF of 135 and 75 by the prime 140 = 5 × 22 × 7

factorization, hence find the LCM of 4) Express 156 as a product of its prime

HCF(135, 75) and 20. factors.

Solution : Solution :

75) 135 ( 1 60) 75 ( 1 2 156

75 60 2 78

60 15 3 39
13

15) 60 ( 4 156 = 3× 22 × 13

60 5) Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime

0 factorization method. Hence find their

HCF(135, 75) = 15 LCM.

Solution :

15) 20 ( 1 5) 15 ( 3 2 96 2 404

15 15 2 48 2 202

5 0 2 24 101
2 12

HCF(15, 20) = 5 2 6
3

𝑎×𝑏 96 = 25 × 3
𝐿𝐶𝑀(15, 20) =
𝐻
15 × 20 404 = 22 × 101
=
5 HCF = 22 = 4
= 60
𝑎×𝑏
3) Express 140 as a product of its prime 𝐿𝐶𝑀 =
𝐻
factors.
96 × 404
=
4

= 24 × 404

= 9696

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

6) Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120 Solution :

using prime factorization method. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13
Solution : = 77 × 13 + 13
= 13(77 + 1)
5 120 2 6 2 72 = 13 × 78
2 24 3 2 36 It is expressed as a product of prime
2 12 2 18 factors.
2 6 3 9 ∴ It is a composite number.
3 3 9) Prove that 𝟕 × 𝟔 × 𝟓 × 𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 +
𝟓 is a composite number.
120 = 23 × 3 × 5 Solution :
7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
72 = 23 × 32
= 1008 × 5 + 5
6=2×3
= 5(1008 + 1)
HCF = 2 × 3 = 5 × 1009

=6 It is expressed as a product of prime

factors.
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 23 × 32 × 5
∴ It is a composite number.
=8×9×5
10)Show that √𝟐 is irrational.
= 360 Solution :

𝟐𝟑 Assume that √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.

𝟕) 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧
𝟐𝟎 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √2 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
in the form of 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 . 𝑏
Solution : ⇒ √2𝑏 = 𝑎

5 20 ⟹ (√2𝑏)2 = 𝑎2
2 4 ⟹ 2𝑏 2 = 𝑎2
2 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎
20 = 51 × 22
⟹ 𝑎 = 2𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐.
It is terminating decimal.
⟹ 𝑎2 = 4𝑐 2
8) Prove that 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟑 is a
⟹ 2𝑏 2 = 4𝑐 2
composite number.
⟹ 𝑏 2 = 2𝑐 2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM

⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 ⟹ 5𝑏 2 = 25𝑐 2

This is a contradiction. ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 5𝑐 2
∴ √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2

11)Show that √𝟑 is irrational. ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏

Solution : ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏

Assume that √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑎 This is a contradiction.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √3 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
𝑏 ∴ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
⇒ √3𝑏 = 𝑎
13)Show that 𝟑 + √𝟓 is irrational.
2 2
⟹ (√3𝑏) = 𝑎 Solution :
2 2
⟹ 3𝑏 = 𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 3 + √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 3 + √5 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
⟹ 𝑎 = 3𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐. ⟹ √5 = − 3
𝑏
⟹ 𝑎2 = 9𝑐 2
𝑎 − 3𝑏
⟹ 3𝑏 2 = 9𝑐 2 ⟹ √5 = ( )
𝑏
⟹ 𝑏 2 = 3𝑐 2 ⟹ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 2 This is a contradiction.
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 ∴ 3 + √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
14)Show that 6+√𝟐 is irrational.
⟹ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒
This is a contradiction.
Solution :
∴ √3 is irrational.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 6 + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
12) Show that √𝟓 is irrational. 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 6 + √2 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒.
Solution : 𝑏
𝑎
Assume that √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙. ⟹ √2 = − 6
𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 − 6𝑏
𝐿𝑒𝑡 √5 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒. ⟹ √2 = ( )
𝑏 𝑏
⇒ √5𝑏 = 𝑎 ⟹ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ (√5𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 This is a contradiction.
⟹ 5𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 ∴ 6 + √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎2 15)Show that 𝟑 + 𝟐√𝟓 is irrational.
⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 Solution :
⟹ 𝑎 = 5𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐.
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 3 + 2√5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
2 2
⟹ 𝑎 = 25𝑐

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MDRS, Bavikere, Chikkamagaluru 10th Maths Notes EM
𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 3 + 2√5 =
𝑏
, 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒. Lesson – 9. Polynomials
𝑎 A polynomial is an algebraic expression
⟹ 2√5 = −3
𝑏
having only positive integers as exponents.
𝑎 − 3𝑏
⟹ 2√5 = ( ) Standard form of a polynomial :
𝑏
𝑎 − 3𝑏 The standard form or general form of a
⟹ √5 = ( )
2𝑏 polynomial is,
⟹ √5 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 .

This is a contradiction. where 𝑥 is the variable and a0, a1, a2 . . . .

∴ 3 + 2√5 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 are constants and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

Degree of a polynomial :
16)Show that 𝟓 − √𝟑 is irrational.
The highest power of the variable in the
Solution :
polynomial is called degree of the
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 5 − √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
𝑎 polynomial.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 5 − √3 = , 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑏 A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear
𝑎 polynomial and its standard form is
⟹ √3 = 5 −
𝑏
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
5𝑏 − 𝑎
⟹ √3 = ( ) A polynomial of degree 2 is called a
𝑏
⟹ √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 quadratic polynomial and its standard

This is a contradiction. form is given by, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

∴ 5 − √3 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic

polynomial and its standard form is given
by, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑.
Zero of a polynomial :
A zero of a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) is a real
number ‘c’ such that p(c) = 0. The number
‘c’ is called the root of the equation p(x) =
0.
A linear polynomial has one zero.
A quadratic polynomial has two zeroes.
A cubic polynomial has three zeroes.
Graphs of polynomials :
The graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a
straight line.
Graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is
a parabola.
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