LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

1 3.1-OBSERVED VALUES 8
WITH RESPECT TO
PHOTOTRANSISTOR

2 3.2- OBSERVED 8
VALUES WITH
RESPECT TO
PHOTODIODE

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 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

1 3.1-OBSERVED VALUES 8
WITH RESPECT TO
PHOTOTRANSISTOR

2 3.2- OBSERVED 8
VALUES WITH
RESPECT TO
PHOTODIODE

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 ABSTRACT
Optocouplers, or optoisolators, are critical components in electrical and electronic
systems that require signal transmission with electrical isolation. By employing light as
the medium for signal transfer, optocouplers protect circuits from high voltage, electrical
noise, and transient interference. This report explores the theoretical underpinnings,
construction, working principles, performance characteristics, and applications of
optocouplers. Through an in-depth analysis, the report highlights their advantages in
various industrial and consumer contexts, the challenges they face, and the design
considerations necessary for optimal performance. Optocouplers' role in enabling safe,
efficient, and reliable electronic systems underscores their importance in modern
technology.

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 1.INTRODUCTION
Optocouplers serve as a vital link in electronic systems, ensuring isolation between input and
output circuits while facilitating seamless signal transmission. This characteristic is especially
valuable in environments where high voltage differences or electrical noise can pose risks to
circuit components and system reliability. In this report, the theoretical concepts, construction
details, working principles, performance characteristics, and applications of optocouplers are
discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of their implementation and utility.

1.1 THEORY:
The theory of optocouplers revolves around the use of light as an intermediary for transmitting
electrical signals. By converting an electrical signal into light using a light-emitting diode (LED)
and subsequently converting the light back into an electrical signal via a photodetector,
optocouplers achieve electrical isolation. This mechanism eliminates any direct electrical
connection between circuits, ensuring protection against voltage spikes, noise, and potential
hazards. The insulating material between the LED and photodetector enhances isolation,
enabling their application in high-voltage environments.

1.2 CONSTRUCTION:

FIGURE 1.1- CONSTRUCTION OF A OPTOCOUPLER

An optocoupler consists of two circuits that are electrically isolated from each other, providing
robust protection and ensuring signal integrity across different voltage levels. The first circuit
houses an infrared emitting diode (LED), which acts as the signal source, while the second circuit

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incorporates an infrared-sensitive device, which can be a photodiode, phototransistor, photo
TRIAC, or photo SCR depending on the application. This configuration ensures that electrical
signals are transferred via light, eliminating any direct electrical connection between the two
circuits.

The physical space between these circuits is filled with a material that allows the passage of light
while maintaining electrical isolation. Common materials for this isolating medium include glass,
air, or transparent plastic, each chosen based on the desired application environment and
performance requirements.

When an input signal is applied to the LED, it emits infrared light proportional to the signal's
strength. This light travels across the isolating medium and is received by the infrared-sensitive
device. In the case of a phototransistor, the received light triggers a flow of current, effectively
amplifying the signal and enabling it to drive the output circuit. This mechanism ensures that the
input and output circuits remain completely insulated while still facilitating efficient signal
transfer.

The pins of an optocoupler are typically organized as follows:

The 1st and 2nd pins are connected to the anode and cathode of the LED, forming the input
circuit.

The 3rd and 4th pins are linked to the emitter and collector of the phototransistor, which
constitutes the output circuit.

This pin configuration supports a straightforward integration into electronic systems, where the
LED and phototransistor work in tandem to achieve safe, reliable, and noise-resistant signal
transmission.

1.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The basic working principle of Optocoupler is the output of the electrically isolated circuit is
controlled by varying the input of the circuit. Input is given to the Infra red LED by a voltage source,
the intensity of the voltage source is adjusted by varying the input voltage. The emitted light is
of particular wavelength. The photo detector detects this light and converts light energy into
photo current. The output current produced is then amplified. The output current is proportional
to the intensity of the light incident on it.

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 FIGURE1.2- WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN OPTOCOUPLER

1.4 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:

Operating and Storage Temperature: Ambient temperature in which the device (powered)
functions standardly, space applications round -55°C to +125°C. Storage temperature refers to
the temperature range that supports the component when it is not powered, -65°C to +150°C in
space environments.

Power dissipation: The amount of energy that the device can safely dissipate. Power decreases
with increasing ambient temperature, generally reaching its maximum at nominal ambient
temperature. Optocoupler dissipates power through the Light-Emitting Diode and the
phototransistor in the function of LED’s forward current and forwards voltage and
phototransistor’s collector current, collector-to-emitter voltage.

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 FIGURE 1.3 POWER DISSPIATION VERSUS TEMPERATURE GRAPH

Forward current (IF): maximum current allowed by the LED, within limits power dissipation
range.

Reverse Voltage (VR): maximum reverse voltage allowed by the LED. If the reverse
voltage exceeds, a reverse current will be flowing in the device. This may occasionally
degrade or even destroy.

Collector current (IC): the maximum current that can flow through the phototransistor
when it is activated by the LED. As before, the maximum power dissipation must be
considered.

Collector to Emitter Voltage (VCE): Maximum differential potential between collector and
emitter of a phototransistor when LED does not emit (IF=0, IB=0).

Emitter to Collector Voltage (VEC): maximum reverse voltage allowed by the

phototransistor.

1.5 APPLICATIONS:
Controls for Solenoids and Valves:
Optocouplers play a critical role in solenoid and valve control systems by ensuring electrical
isolation between the control circuit and the high-power actuation system. Solenoids, which rely
on electromagnetic force to perform mechanical actions like opening or closing valves, often
require precise switching of power. The optocoupler isolates the low-voltage control circuit,
typically driven by a microcontroller or PLC, from the high-current solenoid circuit. This prevents
electrical noise or surges generated by the solenoid from affecting the sensitive control

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electronics, ensuring reliable operation in industrial environments such as fluid handling systems
or automated machinery.

Switches that Provide Constant Power:

Optocouplers are used in switches that require constant power delivery, especially in systems
where electrical isolation is necessary for safety or to prevent noise interference. These switches
utilize the optocoupler to trigger power supply circuits without direct electrical contact, enabling
constant power delivery to devices like industrial controllers, communication equipment, or
power inverters. This arrangement minimizes wear and tear in mechanical switches and
enhances the longevity of the system.

Temperature Regulation Systems:

In temperature control systems, optocouplers facilitate communication between temperature
sensors and power control units such as heating or cooling elements. For instance, when a
microcontroller detects a temperature change, it sends a signal through an optocoupler to
activate or deactivate the heating/cooling element without direct electrical connection. This
isolation prevents damage to the control electronics due to potential surges or faults in the high-
power system, ensuring safe and accurate regulation in applications like HVAC systems, industrial
ovens, or refrigeration units.

Starters and Drivers for Alternating Current Motors:

Alternating current (AC) motors often require precise control for starting and speed regulation.
Optocouplers provide isolation between the low-voltage control circuitry and the high-voltage
AC motor drivers. By transmitting control signals through light, optocouplers prevent electrical
noise generated by the motor from interfering with the control unit. This application is crucial in
industries relying on variable-frequency drives (VFDs) or soft starters, where accurate control
over motor speed and torque is essential for energy efficiency and performance.

Lighting Control Systems:

Optocouplers are widely used in lighting control systems to isolate the low-voltage control
circuits from high-voltage lighting loads. These systems include dimmers, automated lighting
setups, and smart lighting solutions. The optocoupler ensures that the control unit, such as a
microcontroller or IoT-enabled device, can safely control the lighting system without being
affected by high-voltage spikes or surges. This is especially valuable in applications like stage
lighting, architectural lighting, and energy-efficient smart homes.

Contactors for Electromagnetic Devices (E.M.):

In applications involving contactors for electromagnetic devices, optocouplers serve as an
interface between the control circuit and the high-power electromagnetic actuators. These
systems are often used in industrial automation, where large currents need to be controlled for

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operating heavy machinery, transformers, or switching systems. Optocouplers enable reliable
and safe control by isolating the low-voltage logic circuit from the high-current contactor coil,
preventing potential damage or electrical interference.

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 2.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1 AIM:
To design Opto-coupler using Photodiode and Phototransistor.

2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. DC Power Supply (0-10V) DC
2. Photo diode -TIL38
3. Photo Transistor- TIL 81
4. Resistor-10kΩ, 220Ω, 320kΩ
5. LED
6. Opamp – IC 741
7. Bread board
8. Multimeter

2.3 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2.1 and 2.2.
2. Provide excitation to the LED, such that light radiations originating from LED is
made to fall on Photodiode and phototransistor.
3. Note down the output reading in the multimeter.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3, by increasing the excitation of LED in steps of 1V
5. Plot the input voltage Vs output of photodiode and phototransistor.

2.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 2.1 IMPLEMENTATION USING PHOTODIODE

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 FIGURE 2.2 IMPLEMENTATION USING PHOTOTRANSISTOR

2.5 MODEL GRAPH:

FIGURE 2.3- MODEL GRAPH

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 3.RESULTS AND OBSERVATION
3.1 TABULATION:
VIN = 13V

S.No INPUT APPLIED TO LED (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

1 3 1.04
2 4 1.81
3 5 2.53
4 6 3.08
5 7 3.57
6 8 3.99
7 9 4.35
8 10 4.75
9 2 0.17

TABLE 3.1- OBSERVED VALUES WITH RESPECT TO PHOTOTRANSISTOR

S.No INPUT APPLIED TO LED (V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV)

1 4.5 14.4
2 6.5 14.5
3 9.5 14.7
4 12.5 14.9
5 15.5 15.0
6 18.5 15.2
7 21.5 15.3
8 24.5 15.4
9 27.5 15.2
10 29.5 15.0
TABLE 3.2-OBSERVED VALUES WITH RESPECT TO PHOTODIODE

3.2 GRAPH:

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 FIGURE 3.1- GRAPH

3.3 RESULTS:
Thus an optocoupler is designed using Photodiode and Phototransistor.

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 4.INFERENCE
Optocouplers are essential components in modern electronic systems, providing reliable
electrical isolation and ensuring safe signal transmission across various applications. Their ability
to separate high-power circuits from low-voltage control systems prevents electrical noise,
surges, and potential damage, making them indispensable in industries ranging from industrial
automation to consumer electronics.

The wide-ranging use of optocouplers in solenoid and valve control, constant power switches,
temperature regulation, AC motor starters, lighting systems, electromagnetic contactors, and
solid-state relays highlights their versatility and adaptability. By offering high-speed switching,
noise immunity, and enhanced safety, optocouplers improve the efficiency and reliability of
systems while minimizing risks associated with high voltage and current operations.

Moreover, their compact design, durability, and integration with modern technologies make
them a cornerstone in advancing automation, energy management, and smart systems. As
innovations in optoelectronics continue to evolve, the applications and performance of
optocouplers will likely expand further, underscoring their ongoing significance in both industrial
and consumer domains.

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 5.REFERENCES
 https://www.doeeet.com/content/eee-components/actives/optocoupler-
specifications-for-circuit-design/
 https://www.learnelectronicswithme.com/2020/11/optocoupler-structure-
working.html
 https://www.semiconductorforu.com/optocoupler-types-and-its-applications/

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