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deductively valid and inductively strong

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Fatima Mussawar
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17 views

deductively valid and inductively strong

Uploaded by

Fatima Mussawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deductively Valid and Inductively

Strong
Deductively Valid
● An argument is deductively valid if the conclusion must be true when all the premises
are true.
● This means the reasoning is so strong that there’s no way the premises can be true
and the conclusion false.
● Example of a valid argument:
1. All emeralds are green.
2. The stone in the safe is an emerald.
3. Therefore, the stone in the safe is green.
● Example of an invalid argument:
1. All emeralds are green.
2. The stone in the safe is green.
3. Therefore, the stone in the safe is an emerald. (This is invalid because other
green things exist that are not emeralds.)

Inductively Strong
● An argument is inductively strong if the premises make the conclusion highly
probable but not certain.
● Inductive arguments rely on patterns, observations, or generalizations to make
conclusions.
● Example:
1. Every swan I’ve seen so far is white.
2. Therefore, all swans are probably white.

In short:

● Deductive validity = 100% certainty (if premises are true, conclusion is true).
● Inductive strength = High probability, but not guaranteed certainty.

Here are the MCQs and definitions extracted from the uploaded file:

MCQs
1. What does an arguer desire when creating a deductively valid or inductively strong
argument?
a) The conclusion to follow from its premises with certainty or high probability
b) The conclusion to be unrelated to the premises
c) The premises to contradict the conclusion
d) The premises to always be false
Answer: a) The conclusion to follow from its premises with certainty or high probability
2. When is an argument considered valid?
a) When its premises can be true while its conclusion is false
b) When the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion
c) When it has at least one false premise
d) When its conclusion does not relate to the premises
Answer: b) When the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

3. What is a counterexample in the context of deductive arguments?


a) An argument that supports the premises
b) A situation where all premises are true, but the conclusion is false
c) A situation where all premises are false
d) An argument that does not have a conclusion
Answer: b) A situation where all premises are true, but the conclusion is false

4. What type of argument aims for the conclusion to follow with high probability but
not certainty?
a) Deductive argument
b) Inductive argument
c) Invalid argument
d) Implicit argument
Answer: b) Inductive argument

5. Which of the following is true about inductive arguments?


a) They guarantee the conclusion is true if the premises are true
b) They provide strong support for the conclusion, but it’s not guaranteed
c) They are always invalid
d) They do not require premises
Answer: b) They provide strong support for the conclusion, but it’s not guaranteed

6. What is an implicit premise?


a) A statement explicitly mentioned in the argument
b) A statement intended by the arguer but not directly stated
c) A conclusion that is always false
d) A counterexample to a valid argument
Answer: b) A statement intended by the arguer but not directly stated

Definitions
1. Deductively Valid Argument:

○ An argument where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true. It is
impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
2. Inductively Strong Argument:

○An argument where the premises provide strong evidence to support the
conclusion, but the conclusion is not guaranteed to be true.
3. Counterexample:

○ A possible situation where all premises are true, but the conclusion is false,
used to show that an argument is not valid.
4. Implicit Premise:
○ A statement not explicitly mentioned in the argument but intended by the
arguer to help the conclusion follow from the premises.
5. Inductive Argument:

○ An argument where the conclusion follows with high probability based on the
premises but does not follow with certainty.

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