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logical reasoning

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Fatima Mussawar
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6 views

logical reasoning

Uploaded by

Fatima Mussawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logical Reasoning

Here’s a simplified explanation of the content provided in the uploaded document:

Extracted Definitions:

1. Logical Reasoning:
Logical reasoning is a form of thinking that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a
rigorous way by selecting and interpreting information, making connections, and
verifying conclusions based on evidence, rules, and processes.

2. Deductive Logic:
A type of reasoning that starts with general premises or facts to draw specific,
certain conclusions. If the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

3. Inductive Logic:
A type of reasoning that starts with specific observations to make general
conclusions. It focuses on probability and likelihood rather than certainty.

4. Abductive Logic:
A type of reasoning based on incomplete observations to determine the best
prediction or explanation. It involves making a "best guess."

5. Proposition:
A declarative statement that can be either true or false. Propositions are the basic
units of logical analysis and are used to construct and evaluate arguments.

6. Claim (Thesis Statement):


The central point or assertion that an argument aims to make or prove.

7. Evidence:
Information, facts, or data provided to support a claim or argument.

8. Reasoning (Warrant):
The logical connection between evidence and a claim, explaining why the evidence
supports the claim.

Logical Reasoning Simplified:

Logical reasoning is a way of thinking that helps us make decisions and understand things
clearly. It involves analyzing information, connecting ideas, and reaching conclusions based
on evidence and logic.
Why It's Important:

Logical reasoning helps in:

● Making better decisions in life.


● Spotting mistakes in arguments.
● Understanding and explaining complex ideas.
● Avoiding errors in reasoning, called fallacies.

Everyday Uses:

● Solving puzzles or games like Sudoku.


● Making decisions based on pros and cons.
● Preparing for exams or job tests like aptitude tests.

Components of a Strong Argument:

1. Claim: The main point or idea.


2. Evidence: Facts, examples, or data to support the claim.
3. Reasoning: Explains how evidence supports the claim.
4. Counterargument: Considering opposing ideas.
5. Rebuttal: Responding to those opposing ideas.

How to Decide or Argue:

● Weigh the pros and cons of options.


● Guess possible outcomes and their likelihood.
● Act based on logic and intuition when time is short.

Types of Reasoning:

1. Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general facts to reach a specific conclusion.


Example:
○ All humans are mortal.
○ Socrates is human.
○ So, Socrates is mortal.
2. Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific observations to make general guesses.
Example:
○ All crows we've seen are black.
○ So, all crows might be black.
3. Abductive Reasoning: Makes the best guess based on incomplete information.

Here’s the extracted content from the uploaded document:


Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):

1. What is Logical Reasoning?


a) A process to memorize facts
b) A method to arrive at conclusions rigorously
c) A way to manipulate information
d) A skill used only in education
Answer: b

2. What is the purpose of Logical Reasoning in daily life?


a) To avoid decisions
b) To increase intuition
c) To make better decisions and sense-making
d) To rely on assumptions
Answer: c

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of logical reasoning?


a) Deductive reasoning
b) Inductive reasoning
c) Reflective reasoning
d) Abductive reasoning
Answer: c

4. What is an example of Deductive Reasoning?


a) Guessing the best option
b) Observing patterns
c) Starting with general premises to reach a specific conclusion
d) Making a decision based on gut feelings
Answer: c

5. What is the main focus of Inductive Logic?


a) Certainty
b) Probability and likelihood
c) Specific details only
d) Rejecting generalizations
Answer: b

6. Which statement best describes a proposition?


a) A command or question
b) A statement with no truth value
c) A declarative statement that can be true or false
d) A random collection of ideas
Answer: c

7. Which component of an argument connects the claim to the evidence?


a) Counterargument
b) Claim
c) Reasoning (or Warrant)
d) Rebuttal
Answer: c

8. What is the role of "premise-indicators" in logical arguments?


a) To explain the audience's perspective
b) To signal the conclusion
c) To mark the premises in an argument
d) To add emotional appeal
Answer: c

9. Which reasoning is most common in scientific research?


a) Deductive reasoning
b) Inductive reasoning
c) Abductive reasoning
d) Reflective reasoning
Answer: b

10. What is the main idea of "weighing pros and cons"?


a) Guessing outcomes
b) Making decisions after evaluating options
c) Ignoring possible consequences
d) Relying solely on intuition
Answer: b

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