PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Chapter – 12
Atom
Q.01 What is Thomson’s atomic model ?
Ans. Thomson’s atomic model is also Known as plum pudding
model. The atom consist of sphere of positively charged
matter in which the negatively charged electrons are
uniformly distributed in it like plum in pudding . The
mutual repulsion between electrons are balanced by their
attraction with positive charged matter. Thus the atom as a
whole is stable and neutral.
Diagram :-

Q.02 Write any two demerits (draw backs) of Thomson atomic

model.
Ans. Drawbacks of Thomson atomic model –
(1) This model could not explain the scattering of ∝ −
particles in gold foil experiment.
(2) This model could not explain the spectrum of hydrogen
atoms.
Q.03 Write down the observation from Rutherford experiment
OR
Write down observation from gold foil experiment /
alpha scattering experiment /Gieger and marsden
experiment .
Ans. Following observations obtained from gold foil experiment
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(i) Most of the ∝ particles passes straight & undeflected

through the foil .
(ii) Few particle (1 in 8000) are deflected through an angle
greater than 900 .
(iii) Only about 0.14% ∝ particle scatter more than 10 .
Q.04 Write down the conclusion obtained from Gieger and
marsden .
Ans. (i) Since most of the ∝ particles and pass straight through
the gold foil thus maximum Space inside matter is empty .
(ii) Since ∝ Particles are positively charged, so when ∝
particles get deviated hence there should be positive charge
inside atom which exerts electrostatic force of repulsion on ∝
particles .
(iii) Some ∝ particles get deflected at angle greater than 900
. This is possible only if maximum mass and entire positive
charge of atom is concentrated in a very small region.
Q.05 What is Rutherford atomic model ? Explain it .
Ans. In 1911 Rutherford gave atomic model, According to this
model –
(i) The whole positive charge and almost entire mass is
Concentrated at a Small region. This region is called nucleus
(ii) The size of nucleus is of order of 10−15 𝑚 which is very
small in comparable to the size of atom which is of order of
10−10 m.
(iv) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbit .
The atom is neutral. Negative charge of electrons is equal to
total positive charge on Nuclear.
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Q.06 What is distance of closest approach? Derive its formula

?
Ans. At a certain distance 𝑟0 from the nucleus the entire Kinetic
energy of ∝ particles gets converted into electrostatic
potential energy and ∝ particle cannot move further closer to
the nucleus this distance 𝑟0 is called distance of closest of
approach .
𝟏 𝟒𝒛𝒆𝟐
𝒓𝟎 = .
𝟒𝝅∈𝟎 𝒎𝒗𝟐

Q.07 Derive expression for distance of closest approach.

Ans. Let ∝ particles is approaching towards a nucleus of atomic
no. Z then at closest distance of approach 𝑟0 total kinetic
energy of ∝ particles gets converted into potential energy.
We know that kinetic energy of alpha particle is
𝟏
𝐾. 𝐸 =
𝟐
𝒎𝒗𝟐 (1)
Now, electric Potential energy between ∝ particle and
Nucleus.
𝟏 𝟐𝒆 .𝒁𝒆
𝑃. 𝐸 =
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟎
(2)

At distance of closest approach

𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑃. 𝐸

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝒆 .𝒁𝒆
𝒎𝒗 =
𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒓𝟎

𝟏 𝟒𝒛𝒆𝟐
𝒓𝟎 = .
𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒎𝒗𝟐

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Q.08 What is impact parameter in ∝ scattering experiment.

Ans. Impact perimeter is defined as the perpendicular distance of
initial velocity of Vector of an ∝ particle from the central line
of nucleus when particle is away from nucleus.
It is denoted by ‘b’
𝜃
1 𝑧𝑒 2 cot 2
𝑏= . 1 2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑚𝑣
2

Q.09 Write down the draw backs (limitation) of Ruther ford

atomic model .
Ans. Limitation of Rutherford atomic model :-
(1) According to classical theory, the revolving electrons
must radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic wave as
revolving electron loses energy continuously, it must spiral
inwards and finally fall in nucleus, but as a matter is stable,
we cannot expect atom to collapse.
(2) As the revolving electrons spiral inward, their angular
velocity and hence their frequencies of revolution would
change continuously. Therefore frequencies of EM waves
emitted must change continuously. Therefore atom should
emit continuous spectrum but we observe only line spectrum.
Q.10 Derive expression for total energy of electron revolving
in hydrogen atom.
Ans. Let 𝑚 be the mass of electron. It is revolving with speed 𝑣 in
an orbit of radius 𝑟. Then centripetal force required for
circular motion.
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According to coulomb’s law electrostatic force of attraction

between positive charge on nucleus and electron.
1 𝑒×𝑒 1 𝑒2
F= . = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

But centripetal force = electrostatic force of repulsion

𝑚𝑣 2 1 𝑒2
= .
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

1 𝑒2
Or 𝑚𝑣 2 = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

If 𝐾 be the kinetic energy of electron, then

𝟏
𝑲= 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
1 𝑒2
From equation (1) 𝑚𝑣 = 2
.
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

𝑒2
∴𝐾=
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

The potential energy of electron lying at distance 𝑟 from

nucleus,
1 𝑒 (−𝑒) 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑼= . , [∵ 𝑈 = . ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

−𝑒 2
=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Therefore, total energy of electron of hydrogen atom,

𝑒2 𝑒2
𝐸 =𝑈+𝐾 = −
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
𝐸=
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

−𝑒 2
𝐸=
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Negative energy of electron indicates that it is bound with

the nucleus.

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Q.11 Write down Bohr’s atomic model .

OR
Write down Bohr’s postulate of atomic model Bohr’s
atomic model is based on .
Ans. Following assumption / postulate are as follows –
(i) An atom consist of a positively charged nucleus around
which negatively charged electrons revolve in circular orbits.
The necessary centripetal force is provided by electrostatic
force between nucleus and electron. .
(ii) Electrons can revolve only in those non radiating
stationary orbits in which angular momentum of electron is
ℎ
Integral multiple of .
2𝜋
𝑛ℎ
Angular momentum , L =
2𝜋

Where n = 1,2,3,4 ……………

n is called principal quantum number.
h = plank’s constant
This is called Bohr’s Quantum condition .
(iii) Energy is radiated by on atom when electron transits
from higher energy state to lower energy state. Then
frequency of radiate wave is
ℎ𝜈 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
𝐸2 −𝐸1
𝜈=
ℎ

This is called Bohr’s frequency condition .

Q. Write down Bohr’s quantum condition.
𝑛ℎ
Ans. Bohr postulate’s 2nd point : ( ) ckyk point fy[kuk gSA
2𝜋

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Q. Write down Bohr’s frequency condition.

Ans. Bohr postulate’s 3rd point. fy[kuk gSA
Q.12 Write calculate the angular momentum of electron
revolving in 3rd orbit .
Solve → Given, n = 3
h = 6.63 × 10−34 𝐽𝑆
Angular Momentum L=?
𝑛ℎ
𝐿=
2𝜋

3 × 6.63 × 10−34
L=
2 × 3.14

𝐿 = 3.3 × 10−34
𝑗−𝑠
Q.13 Write down drawback and limitation of Bohr’s atomic
model?
Ans. Limitation of Bohr’s Atomic model are –
(1) This model does not predict the relative intensity of
various spectral line.
(2) This model could only explain the spectra hydrogenic
atom.
(3) The value of Rydberg constant obtained from this model
is different from experimental value.
Q.14 Derive expression for Radius of Bohr’s stationary orbit.
Solve- We know that for stationary orbits angular momentum of
revolving electron is –
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

𝑛ℎ
𝑣=
2𝜋𝑚𝑟

Centripetal force to the electrons is provided by electrostatic

force between nucleus and electron –
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐾𝑧𝑒 2 1
= (ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 = )
𝑟 𝑟2 4𝜋𝜀0

2 𝐾𝑧𝑒 2
𝑚𝑣 =
𝑟

𝑛ℎ 2 𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
𝑚 ( ) =
2𝜋𝑚𝑟 𝑟

𝑚𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
=
4𝜋2 𝑚2 𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑛2 ℎ 2
=𝑟
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑧𝑒 2

For hydrogen 𝒛 = 𝟏, so
𝑛2 ℎ 2
𝒓=
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑧𝑒 2

It shows that 𝑟 ∝ 𝑛2
Q.15 Derive expression for velocity of electron in Bohr’s Stationary
orbit .
Ans. As we know that centripetal al force to the electron is provided by
electrostatic force between electron and Nucleus .
𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝑲 𝒁𝒆𝟐
𝒓
= 𝒓𝟐
𝑲 𝒁𝒆𝟐
𝒓= (1)
𝒓𝟐

Also we know that from Bohr’s quantum condition

𝒏𝒉
𝒓= (2)
𝟐𝝅𝒎𝒗

Comparing eq. (1) and (2)

𝑲 𝒁𝒆𝟐 𝒏𝒉
=
𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒎𝒗
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𝑲 𝒁𝒆𝟐
2𝜋 =V
𝒏𝒉

For hydrogen Z = 1

𝟐 𝝅𝑲𝒆𝟐
𝑉=
𝒏𝒉

Q.16 Derive expression for total energy of electron in Bohr’s

stationary orbit.
Ans. We known that kinetic energy of electron revolving in
stationary orbit is –
1 𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
K.E of electron = 𝑚𝑣 = 2
2 2𝑟
−𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
Potential energy of electron 𝑃. 𝐸 =
𝑟

Total energy of electron in stationary orbit –

𝑬 = 𝑲. 𝑬. +𝑷. 𝑬.
𝑘𝑧𝑒 2 𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
𝑬= −
2𝑟 𝑟
−𝑘𝑧𝑒 2
𝐸=
2𝑟
𝑛2 ℎ 2
Put 𝑟 = . we get
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑘𝑧𝑒 2

2𝜋2 𝑚𝑘 2 𝑧 2 𝑒 4
𝐸=−
𝑛2 ℎ 2

By putting standard values we get

−13.6
E= 𝑒𝑣
𝑛2
1
𝐸∝
𝑛2

Hence total energy of electron in a stationary orbit is

negative, which means that electron is bound to nucleus
and it is not free to leave it.

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Q.17 What is atomic spectra (Spectrum)? Write down its

types.
Ans. Atomic Spectra is defined as the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation emitted or absorbed by an electron during
transition between different energy levels within an atom.
Atomic Spectra

Emission spectrum Absorption spectrum

(i) Continuous spectrum
(ii) Line spectrum
(iii) Band spectrum
Q.18 Define emission spectrum? Write its types .
Ans. When a substance is heated or energy is given to is then at
some stage it emits light and become incandescent. The
spectrum obtained by light emitted from an incandescent
body is called is called emission spectrum.
Types of emission spectrum -
(i) Continuous spectrum - It Consist all colours in definite
order . There is no border line between two colours. One end
of this spectrum is violet and other end is red other colours
lies between these two colours.
(ii) Line spectrum - This spectrum consist of thin and
Bright lines on black background. Each line of spectrum has
definite wave length .
(iii) Band spectrum - This spectrum consist of wide bright
bands of different colours on Black back ground. It is
obtained from gases in molecular state under incandescent
condition. It is also called molecular spectrum.
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Q.19 Define absorption spectrum .

Ans. When white light is passed through transparent solid, liquid
or gas then these substance absorbed light of some definite
wavelengths. Therefore dark lines are seen in place of
absorbed light in spectrum. This type of spectrum is called
absorption spectrum.
Q.20 What is meant by spectral series of hydrogen atom ?
Write down the name of various series (types).
Ans. The atomic spectrum of hydrogen consist of certain group of
spectral lines. Each group is known as spectral series.
There are various series given below .
(1) Lyman Series - In Ultra violet region
(2) Balmer series - In Visible region
(3) Paschen Series - In Infrared region
(4) Bracket series – In Infrared region
(5) Pfund series - In Far infrared region
Q.21 What is Lyman series in emission spectrum of hydrogen
atom?
Ans. Lyman series – When an electron jumps from any higher
energy level to the first energy level (n=1) then Lyman series is
obtained . This series lies in ultraviolet region .
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=R( 𝟐 − )
𝝀 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

Where, 𝑛1 = 1 , 𝑛2 = 2 , 3 , 4 … … … … ∞
R is Rydberg’s constant

𝑅 = 1.097 × 107 𝑚−1

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Q.22 Calculate the maximum and minimum wavelength lyman

series .
Solve - For Maximum wavelength of Lyman series.
𝑛1 = 1 , 𝑛2 = 2 minimum wavelength
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑹 [ − ] 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟏 , 𝒏𝟐 = ∞
𝝀 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 [ − 𝟐 ] =R [ 𝟐 − ]
𝝀 𝟏 𝟐 𝝀 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 [ 𝟏 − ] = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 [𝟏]
𝝀 𝟒 𝝀
𝟑 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 × 𝝀=
𝟒 𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝝀 = 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝑨𝟎

𝝀 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟓𝑨𝟎
Q.23 What is Balmer series ?
Ans. When electron Jumps from any higher energy level to the
second energy level then spectral lines are obtained in visible
region . This series of spectral line is called Balmer series .
The wavelength of radiation is given by -
1 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑅 [ − ]
𝜆 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

Here 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟑 , 𝟒 , 𝟓 − − − − − − ∞
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎−𝟏
Q.24 What is paschen series ? in emission spectrum of
hydrogen atom .
Ans. When electron jumps from any higher energy level to the
third energy level then spectral lines are obtained in Infrared
region . This series of spectral line is called paschen series .

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The wavelength of radiation is given by -

1 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑅 [ − ]
𝜆 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

Here 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟑, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟒 , 𝟓, 𝟔 − − − − − − ∞
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎−𝟏
Q.25 What is bracket series?
Ans. When electron jump from any higher energy level to the
fourth energy level then spectral line are obtained in Infrared
region. This series of spectral line is called Bracket series.
The wavelength of radiation is given by -
1 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑅 [ − ]
𝜆 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

Here 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟒, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, − − − − − − ∞
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎−𝟏
Q.26 What is P fund series?
Ans. When electron jumps from any higher energy level to the
fifth energy level then spectral line are obtained in far
Infrared region. This series of spectral line is called P fund
series.
The wavelength of radiation is given by -
1 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑅 [ − ]
𝜆 𝒏𝟐𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐

Here 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, − − − − − − ∞
𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎−𝟏
Q.27 Calculate the maximum and minimum wavelength of
Radiation in Balmer series.
1 𝟏 𝟏
Solve. For Balmer series, = 𝑅[ 𝟐 − ]
𝜆 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐𝟐
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Where 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … ….
For maximum wavelength, 𝑛1 = 2, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ( − )
𝝀 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ×
𝟑𝟔
𝟏 𝟑𝟔
= = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝝀 𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟕 ×𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕

= 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 m 𝝀 = 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟑𝑨𝟎

For minimum wavelength 𝒏𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒏𝟐 = ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ( − )
𝝀 𝟐𝟐 ∞𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 ×
𝟒
𝟒
𝝀= = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎
𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟕 ×𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝝀 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟔𝑨𝟎
Q.28 Define Ionization.
Ans. When atom receives sufficiently large amount of energy so
that is orbital electron is completely removed from this then
this process is called Ionization.
Q.29 Define Ionization energy?
Ans. The minimum energy required by an atom to completely
remove an electron from atom is called ionization energy.
The Ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6𝑒𝑉.
Q.30 Define Ionization potential.
An. The potential difference applied to an atom which can
completely remove an electron from it is called Ionization
potential.
The Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 𝑉.
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Q.31 If radius of first energy state of hydrogen atom is 𝟎. 𝟓𝑨𝟎 .

Then find the radius of second excitation state of atom.
Ans. Given, Radius = 0.5 𝐴0
𝑛=3
Radius of second excitation state = 𝑛2 . 𝑟1
= 32 × 0.5𝐴0
= 4.5𝐴0
Q.32 How is the Bohr’s orbital quantum condition is verified
using de-broglie wave concept? Explain.
Ans. According to de-broglie theory the wavelength of an electron
moving in an orbit with speed (V) is given by –
ℎ
𝜆= (1)
𝑚𝑉

Obviously, only that orbit is allowed whose circumferences

(2𝜋𝑟) is Integral multiple of 𝜆. If (r) is the radius of stationary
orbit then.
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆
2𝜋𝑟
𝜆= (2)
𝑛

From equation (1) & (2) comparing values of 𝜆.

2𝜋𝑟 ℎ
=
𝑛 𝑚𝑉
𝑛ℎ
2𝜋𝑟 =
𝑛𝑉
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = (3)
2𝜋

Where 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … … … ….
Equation (3) is Bohr’s quantum condition that is verified
using de Broglie hypothesis.

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Q.33 Calculate the energy of electron in third orbit and third

excitation state of hydrogen.
Solve. Given : Third orbit (𝑛 = 3)
Energy of electron in hydrogen atom –
−13.6
𝐸= 𝑒𝑣
𝑛2
−13.6
𝐸= = −1.5 𝑒𝑣
32

Third excitation state (𝑛 = 4)

−13.6
𝐸= 𝑒𝑣
𝑛2
−13.6
𝐸= = 0.85 𝑒𝑣
42

Q.34 Draw a energy level diagram of hydrogen atom?

Ans.

Q.35 Calculate the maximum number of transitions between

𝒏 = 𝟓 to 𝒏 = 𝟏.
Solve- Given, for maximum number of transitions 𝑛 = 5
𝑛(𝑛−1) 5(5−1) 5(4)
= = = 10
2 2 2

Minimum transitions = 1 (from 5 to 1)

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2024-25 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Q.36 Calculate the number of transition when electron jumps

from six orbit to first orbit.
Given, 𝑛=6
𝑛(𝑛−1) 6(6−1)
= = 15
2 2

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