Unit – VII

Key Differences between Equity and Equality

 Equity focuses on fairness based on individual needs, while equality aims to treat everyone
equally.
 Equity considers specific circumstances and disparities, addressing systemic inequalities and
barriers, while equality provides the same resources and opportunities to all, regardless of
individual circumstances.
 Equity promotes inclusion and equal opportunities by requiring targeted interventions and
adjustments, while equality aims for equal distribution of resources and equal treatment.
 Equity seeks to overcome historical disadvantages and acknowledge diversity, while equality
emphasizes uniformity and sameness.
 Equity focuses on outcomes and outcomes-based justice, looking to promote social and
economic justice, while equality focuses on inputs and inputs-based justice, emphasizing
formal equality and impartiality.
 Equity challenges traditional norms and power structures to create a more just society, while
equality upholds conventional notions of fairness.
 Equity requires a deeper analysis of individual circumstances and systemic factors, whereas
equality applies a more straightforward approach of treating everyone the same.
 Equity addresses the root causes of inequality and strives for long-term systemic change,
while equality focuses on equal treatment and immediate fairness.
 Equity recognizes that different individuals may require different levels of support to achieve
equal outcomes, while equality assumes that everyone starts from the same level playing
field.
 Equity takes into account historical disadvantages and discrimination, while equality may
overlook past injustices and their ongoing impacts
 What is Equity? - Equity refers to fairness and justice in the distribution of resources,
opportunities, and benefits. It acknowledges that individuals have different needs,
circumstances, and starting points and aims to address systemic disparities and barriers.
Equity recognizes historical disadvantages and seeks to provide targeted interventions and
adjustments to create a level playing field. It promotes inclusion, diversity, and equal
opportunities, focusing on achieving social and economic justice for all individuals. Equity
involves addressing structural inequalities, advocating for policy changes, and challenging
traditional power structures to create a more equitable society.

 What is inclusiveness in society?

Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in
society—improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged on the basis of their
identity.
  What is the meaning of inclusive justice?

Definitions range from ensuring that poor and marginalized communities have access to free and fair
trials to acknowledging the 'interwovenness' of various injustices i.e., racism, sexism etc. and the
impact that they may play in the justice system.

 What is the concept of affirmative action?

Affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination
among applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination
in the future. Applicants may be seeking admission to an educational program or looking for
professional employment.

 Reservation is a device through which some proportion of positions are fixed in

employment, seats in representative bodies such as parliament, state legislatures
and local self-government institutions, for the weaker sections of society such as
SCs, STs, OBCs, women or EWS.
 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS: Articles 15 (4) and 16 (4) with the purpose of
establishing an egalitarian and secular society.
 The first OBC commission known as Kalelkar Commission in 1953
 In 1979 the Morarji Desai-led Janata Party government constituted the Second
Backward Class Commission, known as the Mandal Commission.
 VP Singh government announced implementation of the Mandal Commission Report
in July 1990.
 Cheddi Lal Sathi Commission 1975
 Mungeri Lal commission 1971
 The 72rd and the 73rd Constitutional Amendments of 1992 and in 1993 provided 33
per cent reservation to women in the institutions of local self-governance in rural
and urban areas in India respectively.

Institutional arrangement for Social Welfare & Social Justice Administration

 social welfare policy comprises central and state policies based on legislative enactments
 Social Welfare policies are applied to socially underprivileged groups
scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes,
denotified communities,
orphans, widows, unmarried mothers,
women in moral danger,
aged and infirm,
women and children,
socially maladjusted,
beggars, prostitutes, delinquent, physically and mentally disabled, diseased,
mentally retarded or ill and economically backward among upper castes,
destitute and unemployed
 Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs & STs)
 The following two Acts specifically aim at curbing
(i) untouchability and
(ii) atrocities against SCs and STs,
The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955: This Act was enacted in pursuance of Article
17 of the Constitution of India under Fundamental Rights
The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989,
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - Article 383
In 1990 - bifurcated into two Commissions, namely, National Commission for
Scheduled Castes and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes after the 89th
Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 2003
 Welfare of Scheduled Tribes
 The Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999 after bifurcation of the Ministry of
Social Justice and Empowerment with the objective of providing more focused
approach on the integrated socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes
(STs), the most underprivileged of the society, in a coordinated and planned manner.
 National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): A separate Commission was
created in 2004
 National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (set up in 2001) for
accelerating the pace of economic development of scheduled tribes, and for
providing financial assistance as grant for skill and entrepreneurial development of
the target group.
 Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (set up in 1987) –
TRIFED
 Forest Rights Act, 2006, the STs and other traditional forest dwellers are vested with
forest rights and allowed occupation of forest land.
 Welfare of Other Backward Classes
 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provides constitutional status to the
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
 Constitutional Provisions regarding NCBC

Article 340 deals with the need to, inter alia, identify those "socially and
educationally backward classes", understand the conditions of their
backwardness, and make recommendations to remove the difficulties they
face.
102nd Constitution Amendment Act inserted new Articles 338 B and 342 A
The amendment also brings about changes in Article 366.
Article 338B provides authority to NCBC to examine complaints and
welfare measures regarding socially and educationally backward classes.
Article 342 A empowers President to specify socially and educationally
backward classes in various states and union territories.
 Welfare of Persons with Disabilities
 Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India prohibit discrimination of persons on
grounds of disabilities.
  Article 41 provides for Right to work, to education and to public assistance in case of
unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement.
 Eleventh and twelfth Schedules of the constitution, which pertain to the powers and
responsibilities of the Panchayats and Municipalities respectively with respect to
implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice, include
welfare and safeguarding the interests of persons with disabilities among the other
poor sections of the society.
 Welfare Measures for the Minorities
 Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution of India seek “to protect the interests of
minorities and recognise their right to conserve their distinct language, culture and
to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice”.
 Article 350 and 350B give the right to submit representation for redressal of their
grievances.
 Articles 347 and 360A provide constitutional safeguards in matters of instruction
and language to linguistic minority groups.
 Women and Child Development
 Minister for Women and Child Development
 Ministry has 6 autonomous organisations
 National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development
(NIPCCD)
 National Commission for women (NCW)
 National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
 Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA)
 Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB)
 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)

 Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equity

 National Commission for Women
 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
 The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (56 of 2000)
 Probation of Juvenile offenders
 Issues relating to adoption, Central Adoption Resource Agency and Child Help Line
(Childline)
 The Children Act, 1960 (60 of 1960)
 The Child Marriage – Restraint Act, 1929 (19 of 1929)
 Schemes implemented under the Ministry of Women and Child Development since the year
2014
 POSHAN Abhiyaan
 launched on 8th March, 2018
 Address: - malnutrition issues across the nation through components like ICT
Application, Convergence, Community Mobilization, Behavioural Change &
Jan Andolan, Capacity Building, Incentives and Awards, and Innovations.
 Anganwadi Services
 a package of six services is provided to Pregnant Women and Lactating
Mothers and to Children under the age of 6 years i.e.
 1) Supplementary Nutrition (SNP)
2) Pre-school Non-formal Education;
3) Nutrition & Health Education;
4) Immunization;
5) Health Check-up, and
6) Referral Services.
 a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the States / UTs
 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

 a maternity benefit programme

 with effect from 1st January, 2017
 A centrally sponsored scheme being executed by the Ministry of Women
and Child Development.
 Janani Suraksha Yojana
 A 100% centrally sponsored scheme which is being implemented with the
objective of reducing maternal and infant mortality by promoting
institutional delivery among pregnant women.

Unit-VIII: Public Policy

Meaning:

1. "The relationship of government unit to its environment.” - Robert EyeStone

2. "Public policy is whatever government chooses to do or not to do" - Thomas R. Dye
3. "Public policy is not a decision; it is a course or pattern of activity.” - Richard Rose
4. “Public policy is a proposed course o: action of a person, group or government within a
given environment providing opportunities and obstacles which the policy was proposed
to utilise and overcome in an effort to reach a goal to realise an objective or purpose.” -
Carl J. Friedrich

NATURE OF PUBLIC POLICY

 Public Policies are goal oriented

 Public policy is the outcome of the government's collective actions.
 Public policy is what the government actually decides or chooses to do.
 Public policy is positive in the sense that it depicts the concern of the government 'and
involves its action to a particular problem on which the policy is made.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

 Public Policy Making is a Very Complex Process

 It is a Dynamic Process
 Policy making comprises various Components
 Policy Structure makes Different Contributions
 Decision-Making
 Lays down Major Guidelines
  Results in Action
 Directed at the Future
 Mainly Formulated by Governnrental Organs
 Aims at Achieving what is in the Public Interest
 Use of Best Possible Means
 Involvement of Various Bodies Agencies

TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICIES

 Substantive - concerned with the general welfare and development of the society
 Regulatory - concerned with regulation of trade, business, safety measures, public utilities
 Distributive - meant for specific segments of society, y. It can be in the area of grant of
goods, public welfare or health services. include all public assistance and welfare
programmes
 Redistributive - concerned with the rearrangement of policies which are concerned with
bringing about basic social and economic changes
 Capitalisation - Under the capitalisation policies financial subsidies arc given by the Union
government to the state and local governments, such subsidies are also granted to the
central and state business undertakings or some other important sphere if necessary

STAGES IN PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS

 Harold Dwight Lasswell

 Lasswell works included the importance of personality, social structure, and
culture in the explanation of political phenomena
  Notable ideas Lasswell's model of communication, content analysis,
garrison state, political psychology, policy sciences
 Policy sciences
1. The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis
outlined seven stages of policy decision-making: intelligence,
promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and
appraisal.

2. The Future of Political Science, explored the political scientist's

decision process in both official and unofficial policymaking contexts
3. Lasswell co-authored Jurisprudence for a Free Society in 1966 along
with McDougal. The book examines legal, official, and unofficial
decisions that contribute to public and civic order. Policies and how
they are made cannot be understood without examining the larger
social process
4. A Pre-View of the Policy Sciences, Lasswell prioritized five
"intellectual tasks" of the policy scientist: goal clarification, trend
description, analysis of conditions, projection of developments, and
provision of alternatives
5. Human Rights and World Public Order to present a "comprehensive
framework of inquiry" from which to approach international human
rights law, and international law
6. World Politics and Personal Insecurity (1935)
7. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (1936)
8. Policy Sciences and Population (1975)
9.

 Thomas R. Dye
 Dye's main research interests centre on the conflict between the two
political organizational theories of Elite theory vs. Pluralism in American
politics. His two best known works The Irony of Democracy (now in its 17th
edition) and Who's Running America? (now in its 8th edition, The Obama
Reign) discuss this on-going conflict in great detail

 Politics in States and Communities (now in 15th edition)

 Politics in America (Political Science text book now in 8th edition)
 Understanding Public Policy (now in 14th edition)
 Who's Running America? (now in 8th edition)
 Top Down Policymaking
 Power and Society
 The Irony of Democracy (now in 17th edition)
 Politics in Florida
 American Politics in the Media Age
 American Federalism
 Policy Analysis: What Governments Do, Why They Do it and What Difference
it Makes