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08- Superposition_2

H ii

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15 views4 pages

08- Superposition_2

H ii

Uploaded by

Noor Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8- Superposition
Principle of superposition:
When two waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement at that point is the sum of
the individual displacments of two waves.

Diffraction Grating:
A diffraction grating consists of a large number of equally spaced lines ruled on a glass
or plastic slide. There may be as many as 1000 lines per centimeter to 5000 lines per
centimeter. When light is shone through this grating, a pattern of interference fringes is
seen.

 The specifications of the diffraction grating is expressed in terms of number of lines


per unit length, represented by N. for example N = 2000 lines/cm.
 Slit separation: It is the distance between two consecutive slits on grating. It is
represented by d and d is inversely proportional to N, Commented [D1]:

d = 1/ N

Transmission of light through Diffraction grating


If a monochromatic light is incident normally on a grating, it diffracts through each slit
and interfere with one another and interference pattern is obtained on the screen. It
consists of a few bright fringes (maxima) which are not equally spaced.
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 Order of diffraction: When light passes through the grating, it is transmitted in certain
directions. These are called orders of diffraction, represented by n and described as
zero order, first order diffraction, second order diffraction and so on.

 The light transmitted through the grating un-deviated is zero order diffraction.
 The angles of higher order diffraction with zero order diffraction is represented
by θn , or θ1 , θ2 , θ3 and so on.

Equation of diffraction grating:

If the light is incident normally on the grating, so that the path difference of all the incident
rays of light from the source is zero, the equation that relates d, n, θn , and λ is

d sin θn ,= n λ
where d = slit separation ( grating spacing )
n = order of diffraction
λ = wavelength
θn = angle of nth order with zero order.
Maximum possible Order of diffraction: Re arranging the equation, we get

𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒏
n=
𝛌
𝒅
as sin θn ≤ 1 so n ≤
𝛌

𝒅
The order of diffraction is less than or equal to the ratio
𝛌
𝑑
For example if = 2.2 then n ≤ 2.2 maximum order is 2
λ
𝑑
Similarly if = 3.9 then n ≤ 3.9 maximum order is 3
λ

Total number of maxima: total number of intensity maxima obtained on the screen depends
upon maximum possible order of diffraction nmax.

Total no of maxima = 2(nmax) + 1


If nmax = 4
Then total maxima ontaine don the screen is 2(4) + 1 = 9
3

If white light is replaced by monochromatic light:


 The zero order diffraction will be white and the higher orders will consist of spectrum of
white light.
 Any order of diffraction of one wavelength may overlap with another order of different
wavelength.

_____________________________

Stationary waves: the waves which do not transfer energy.

Formation of stationary waves: these waves are formed by the superposition of two
identical waves (same frequency, amplitude & wavelength) of same type moving with
same speed in opposite direction.

When stationary waves are formed, different point vibrate with different
amplitudes. Few point do not vibrate while the others vibrate with maximum amplitude.
The wave profile appears like the one shown below.
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Node; the point on a stationary wave which do not vibrate at all is called Node.

Antinode: The point which vibrate with maximum amplitude is called antinode.

 The part of wave between two nodes is termed as loop.


 The amplitude of points from node to antinode increases gradually and
decreases from antinode to node.
 The distance between two consecutive nodes or two consecutive antinode is
equal to half wavelength (λ/2)
 The distance between a node and neighboring antinode is equal to quarter of
wavelength (λ/4)

Fundamental Frequency: It is the minimum frequency of vibration required for the


formation of stationary wave in any medium. i.e air, string etc

Muhammad Saeed
Subject Specialist ( A-level )
LGS, KGS, SIBAS Faisalabad.

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