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C&I PPT on Pressure and flow measurement

Naveen chandra shekhar

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naveen
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29 views

C&I PPT on Pressure and flow measurement

Naveen chandra shekhar

Uploaded by

naveen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pressure

Measurement and
Flow Measurement
Presented by –

Bagesh Datt Mishra


Neeti Khatri
 Definition: Force per unit area (P = F/A)
 Absolute pressure
 Atmospheric pressure
 Differential pressure
 Gauge pressure

Importance : Pressure measurement is critical for safe and optimum operation of


processes such as steam generation, hydraulic equipment operation, air
compression, vacuum processing etc.
 Any pressure above atmosphere is called gauge pressure
 Any pressure below atmosphere is a vacuum (negative gauge pressure)
 Absolute pressure (psia) is measured from a perfect vacuum
 The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa);1Pa= 1 N·m-2
 Non-SI unit pound (Lb) per square inch ( psi) and bar are commonly
used
 Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force/cm2or as kgf/cm2
(KSC)
1 atm=1.03 ksc=14.696 psi=760mmHg=10000 mmWC
=101325 Pa
Standard pressure:Pressure of normal (standard) atmosphere is defined as
standard pressure
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

Manometers :
Low range pressure measurement
May be of U-Tube type or well-Type
Unknown
e.
Pressure
The basic pressure sensing elements:

A: C-shaped Bourdon tube , B: Helical Bourdon tube , C: flat diaphragm

D: Convoluted diaphragm, E: Capsule , F: Set of bellows


 C shaped and made into an
0
arc of about 270
Material from which it made
depends upon the pressure range
of the device
 Bourdon tubes are also used
in forms other than C type:-
Spiral element: large
movement than C tube.
Helical element: produce more
or less circular movement which
is useful for driving a recorder
pen directly.
Manufactured from
Brass, Brass alloys,
Stainless steel.

Used for low pressure


measurement.

For high pressure


measurement bellows
are connected with
spring.
Applications
 Alarm (Status)
 Shutdown (Hi/Lo Limits)
 Control (ON/OFF)
A “switch” is an instrument that automatically senses some process variable
(such as pressure) and provides an on/off signal relative to some reference
point.
Set Point
Sensing Conditioning
Element Circuit
Bourdon Tube Mechanical Switch
Bellows Transistor
Diaphragm
Strain Gauge
A universal flow meter for all applications in power station is not
available.
Infect there are more ways of measuring flow than measuring
pressure & temperature.
Dual function meters usually measure flow rate with linear output &
minimum error.
Vortex & Ultrasonic meters have become available in recent years
(1986) & their full potential is not still fully developed.
Two principle measurements are made by flow meters viz. quantity
of flow and rate of flow.
 'Quantity of flow' is the quantity of fluid passing a given point in a
given time, i.e. gallons or pounds.
 ‘Rate of flow' is the speed of a fluid passing a given point at a given
instant and is proportional to quantity passing at a given instant, i.e.
gallons per minute or pounds per hour.
1. Orifice Flow meter
2. Vortex flow meter
3. Ultrasonics flow meter
4. Coriolis Mass Flow meter
Orifice Flow-meters
•An orifice plate is a restriction with
an opening smaller than the pipe
diameter which is inserted in the pipe;
the typical orifice plate has a
concentric, sharp edged opening.
•Because of the smaller area
fluid velocity increases, causing a
corresponding decrease in pressure.
•The flow rate can be calculated
from the measured pressure drop
across the orifice plate, P1-P3.
The change in cro ss-sectional area in the venturi tu be causes a pressure
change between the convergent section and the throat, and the flow rate can
be determined from this pressure drop. Although more expensive that an
orifice plate; the venturi tube introduces substantially lower non-
recoverable pressure drops
 If a moving mass is subjected to an
oscillation perpendicular to its
direction of movement, Coriolis
forces occur depending on the
mass flow.
 A Coriolis mass flow meter has
oscillation measuring tubes to
precisely achieve this effect.
Coriolis forces are generated
when a fluid (= mass) flows through
these oscillating tubes. Sensors at
the inlet and outlet ends register
the resultant phase shift in the
tube's oscillation geometry.
Accuracy
Repeatability
Linearity
Reliability
Range/Span
Dynamics(Response time)
Safety
Maintenance
Cost

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