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SHELL STRUCTURES: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS VOLUME 4
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “SHELL STRUCTURES:
THEORY AND APPLICATIONS” (SSTA 2017), OCTOBER 11–13, 2017, GDANSK, POLAND

Shell Structures: Theory and

Applications Volume 4

Editors
Wojciech Pietraszkiewicz & Wojciech Witkowski
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanics
of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from
the publishers.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or
the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-05045-7 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16660-5 (eBook)
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Table of contents

Preface XIII
Organizers XV
Acknowledgments XVII
Committees XIX

General lectures
Computational models for the multifield analysis of laminated shells and related best theory diagrams 3
E. Carrera & M. Petrolo
Micro/nanoscale assembly of three-dimensional shell/ribbon architectures by compressive buckling 11
H. Fu & Y. Zhang
Topology and material optimization of plates and shells 19
T. Lewiński, S. Czarnecki, R. Czubacki & T. Sokół
Solid-shell formulations based on reduced integration—investigations of anisotropic
material behaviour, large deformation problems and stability 31
S. Reese, O. Barfusz, M. Schwarze & J.-W. Simon
Challenges and their resolution in both philosophy and process to exploit advanced computation in
shell structure design 41
J.M. Rotter

Theoretical modelling
Asymptotic modelling of thin almost circular nonlinear interphases in the setting of heat transfer
featuring significant sources/sinks 53
D. Andreeva & W. Miszuris
On isotropic linear elastic material laws for directed planes 57
M. Aßmus, J. Eisenträger & H. Altenbach
Nonlinear bending analysis of functionally graded plates with complex shape resting on
elastic foundations 61
J. Awrejcewicz, L.V. Kurpa & K.I. Lyubitska
Modelling of equivalent shells of revolution with negative Gaussian curvature 65
T. Belica & K. Magnucki
Design optimization and failure modelling of ribbed cross-laminated timber plates 69
B. Brank, A. Stanić, M. Lavrenčič & B. Hudobivnik
Lagrangian mechanics of classical shells: Theory and calculation of shells of revolution 73
V.V. Eliseev & T.V. Zinovieva
On bending of laminate plates with interfacial stresses 77
V.A. Eremeyev, V.I. Kushch & F. Stachowicz
On characterization of an elastic network within the six-parameter shell theory 81
V.A. Eremeyev
On extended models of plates based on linear strain gradient elasticity 85
V.A. Eremeyev & E.C. Aifantis
On phase equilibrium of an elastic liquid shell with wedge disclination 89
V.A. Eremeyev & V. Konopińska-Zmysłowska

V
Biaxial bias extension test for pantographic sheets 93
I. Giorgio, U. Andreaus & D. Scerrato
Modelling of heat conduction in multi-layered shells on planar mesh 97
J. Jaśkowiec & P. Pluciński
General and standard tolerance models of thin two-directional periodic plates 101
J. Je˛drysiak
A cylindrical membrane partially stretched over a rigid cone 105
A.M. Kolesnikov & I.S. Purtova
On mechanical moduli of single layer graphene sheets 109
S.N. Korobeynikov, V.V. Alyokhin & A.V. Babichev
A study on transverse shear correction for laminated sandwich panels 113
I. Kreja & A. Sabik
Interaction of rectangular sandwich plates with waves in acoustic medium 117
N.A. Lokteva & D.V. Tarlakovskii
Adhesion model of hyperfine shells (SWNT) 121
S.A. Lurie, P.A. Belov & N.P. Tuchkova
On the modeling of periodic three-layered structures with inert core 125
J. Marczak & J. Je˛drysiak
Dynamic tolerance modeling of plane-structure with bidirectional microstructure 129
B. Michalak & M. Rabenda
Damage growth of laminated composite structures containing a hole 133
A. Muc & M. Sikoń
Thermoelastic problems of periodically stratified thick plates 137
E. Pazera & J. Je˛drysiak
Structural behaviour of sandwich structures with local debondings between the core
and the facings 141
Z. Pozorski & J. Pozorska
Homogenization of a second order plate model 145
E. Pruchnicki
Theory of thin plate in asymmetric elasticity 149
N.N. Rogacheva
Dislocations, disclinations, and metric anomalies as sources of global strain incompatibility
in thin shells 153
A. Roychowdhury & A. Gupta
The construction of Timoshenko type theory for elastic multilayered shells 157
S.H. Sargsyan
On the shear stiffness influence for modelling of deformations of pantographic sheets 161
D. Scerrato, I.A. Zhurba Eremeeva, T. Lekszycki & N.L. Rizzi
Equilibrium of cracked shell with flexible coating 165
I.P. Shatskyi, M.V. Makoviichuk & A.B. Shcherbii
Review of estimation of failure resistance of cylindrical pressure vessels with internal cracks 169
B. Szybiński & P. Romanowicz
On the compatibility equations in shell theories considering transverse shear and normal strains 173
D.V. Tarlakovskii & S.I. Zhavoronok
How to easily model doubly curved shells with variable radii of curvature 177
F. Tornabene, N. Fantuzzi & M. Bacciocchi
Applied theory of shallow multilayered or functionally graded shells 181
P.E. Tovstik & T.P. Tovstik

VI
Torsion of an elastic transversely isotropic half-space with a coating reinforced by a
functionally graded interlayer 185
A.S. Vasiliev, S.S. Volkov & S.M. Aizikovich
A general higher-order shell theory based on the analytical dynamics of constrained
continuum systems 189
S.I. Zhavoronok
The equations of motion of micropolar elastic shells in cylindrical Eulerian coordinates 193
L.M. Zubov

Stability
Local stability of a plate with a circular inclusion under tensile stress 199
S.M. Bauer, S.V. Kashtanova, N.F. Morozov & A.M. Ermakov
Methods of analysis of large deformation and stability of elastoplastic shells 203
V.G. Bazhenov, A.I. Kibec, E.V. Nagornykh & A.A. Artemyeva
A plastic flow based plate buckling theory 207
J. Becque
The effects of varying axial length on buckling of axially compressed cylinders 211
J. Błachut
On instability of a three-layered nonlinear elastic rectangular plate with prestressed middle layer 215
V.V. Eremeev & L.M. Zubov
Buckling and optimal design of ring-stiffened thin cylindrical shell 219
S. Filippov
Exploring islands of stability in the design space of cylindrical shell structures 223
R.M.J. Groh & A. Pirrera
Numerical investigations on buckling of cylindrical metal silos with corrugated sheets
and open-sectional column profiles 227
P. Hajko, J. Tejchman & M. Wójcik
A novel method for estimating minimum strength for elastic buckling under axial
compression of thin shell structure 231
K. Hayashi & M. Ishinabe
Buckling of simplified models of silo with corrugated walls and vertical stiffeners 235
P. Iwicki, K. Rejowski & J. Tejchman
Buckling of thin-walled steel shells with closely spaced, discrete and flexible anchors
under wind load 239
A. Jäger-Cañás, J. Bothe & K. Thiele
Experimental investigations of buckling of pressurized spherical caps 243
S. Kołodziej & J. Marcinowski
Influence of elements of coupling stiffness sub-matrix on nonlinear stability FGM-FML
thin-walled columns with open cross-section 247
Z. Kolakowski, R.J. Mania & A. Teter
Deformation and stability of thin-walled shallow shells in the case of periodically
non-uniform stress-strain state 251
V.L. Krasovsky, O.V. Lykhachova & Ya.O. Bessmertnyi
Elastic buckling of a sandwich cylindrical panel with corrugated core 255
K. Magnucki, S. Milecki & E. Magnucka-Blandzi
Thin laminated cylindrical shells containing magnetorheological elastomers:
Buckling and vibrations 259
G. Mikhasev

VII
Buckling analysis of multilayered plates with embedded circular delaminations and
subjected to axial compression 263
A. Muc & P. Romanowicz

Geometrically nonlinear strain and buckling analysis of sandwich plates and

shells reinforced on their edge 267
V.N. Paimushin, M.V. Makarov, I.B. Badriev & S.A. Kholmogorov

On stability of a nonlinearly elastic rectangular plate with surface stresses 271

D.N. Sheydakov

Elastic postbuckling deformation analysis of thin periodic plates 275

M. Świa˛tek & Ł. Domagalski

High-fidelity design methods to determine knockdown factors for the buckling load of
axially loaded composite cylindrical shells 279
H.N.R. Wagner, C. Hühne, S. Niemann & L. Weiß

Stability of a multilayered non-circular cylindrical shell under external pressure 283

A. Zelinskaya & P.E. Tovstik

Dynamics

Compound shell structures: Statics, stability and vibrations 289

Ya. Grigorenko, E. Bespalova & N. Yaremchenko

Modelling of elastic wave propagation in a bolted joint using a thin layer of shell elements 293
R. Ke˛dra & M. Rucka

Analysis of modal parameters of box shaped laminated shells 297

B. Markiewicz & L. Ziemiański

Transient contact problem for spherical shell and elastic half-space 301
E.Yu. Mikhailova, G.V. Fedotenkov & D.V. Tarlakovskii

The impact of liquid filled concentric spherical shells with a rigid wall 305
E.Yu. Mikhailova, G.V. Fedotenkov & D.V. Tarlakovskii

Numerical analysis of free vibrations of a tube shaped laminated cantilever 309

B. Miller & L. Ziemiański

On the research of nonstationary dynamic problems for visco-elastic cylindrical shells 313
A.V. Netrebko & S.G. Pshenichnov

Acoustic influence on the plate, located between the barriers and fixed through the elastic
interlayers in the cell of the rigid lattice 317
V.N. Paimushin & R.K. Gazizullin

Influence of imperfection of supported edges of three-layered annular plate on dynamic response 321
D. Pawlus

Application of guided waves in the evaluation of steel-concrete adhesive connection 325

M. Rucka & B. Zima

Lamb wave propagation in a single lap adhesive joint 329

M. Rucka, J. Lachowicz & E. Wojtczak

Using the R-functions theory for investigation of nonlinear vibrations of FGM shallow shells 333
T.V. Shmatko & A. Bhaskar

Dynamic modelling of thin longitudinally graded cylindrical shells 337

B. Tomczyk & P. Szczerba

VIII
Tolerance modelling of dynamic problems for thin biperiodic shells 341
B. Tomczyk & A. Litawska

Numerical analysis
Finite element simulation of cross shaped window panel supports 347
A. Ambroziak
Modal analysis of a fish-belly flap type of steel water gate 351
K. Brusewicz, W. Sterpejkowicz-Wersocki & R. Jankowski
Dual and mixed axisymmetric shell finite elements using NURBS mid-surface interpolation 355
D. Burmeister & B. Tóth
Mixed 4-node shell element with assumed strain and stress in 6-parameter theory 359
J. Chróścielewski, S. Burzyński, K. Daszkiewicz & W. Witkowski
Nonlinear FEM analysis of irregular shells composed of fiber metal laminates 363
J. Chróścielewski, S. Burzyński, A. Sabik, B. Sobczyk & W. Witkowski
Triangular and quadrilateral flat shell finite elements for nonlinear analysis of
thin-walled reinforced concrete structures in SCAD software 367
S.Yu. Fialko & V.S. Karpilovskyi
Physical shape functions in 6-parameter shell theory finite elements 371
W. Gilewski, A. Al Sabouni-Zawadzka & J. Pełczynski
A mixed refined zigzag theory for the modeling of layered plate structures 375
M. Köpple & W. Wagner
Strength and buckling of an untypical dished head of a cylindrical pressure vessel 379
K. Magnucki, M. Rodak & P. Jasion
Estimation of sandwich cylindrical shells with the FRP skins and the core of the
mineral wool plates 383
M.V. Mishnev
FEM simulation of laminate failure in the three point bending 387
A. Sabik
A simplified co-rotational approach for triangular shell elements based on the pure
deformational mode 391
Y.Q. Tang & S.L. Chan
Computer simulation of cylindrical shell deformation based on micropolar media equations 395
M. Varygina
Recent improvements to nine-node shell element MITC9 with drilling rotations 399
K. Wisniewski & E. Turska
Analytical aspects of the 3D-based hierarchical models of three-dimensional, transition and
symmetric-thickness piezoelectrics as applied in adaptive FEM 403
G. Zboiński

Engineering design
Shape transformations of folded sheets providing shell free forms for roofing 409
J. Abramczyk
Sensitivity analysis in design process of sandwich U-shaped composite footbridge 413
T. Ferenc, Ł. Pyrzowski, J. Chróścielewski & T. Mikulski
The validation process of truss model with joint eccentricities 417
M. Gordziej-Zagórowska, E. Urbańska-Galewska & Ł. Pyrzowski
Imperfection sensitivity study of discretely supported shells with vertical stiffeners 421
E. Hotała, Ł, Skotny & J. Klimiuk

IX
Experimental investigation of limit load of composite sandwich plate with cut-out 425
H. Kopecki & Ł. Świe˛ch
The effect of corrosion and time on the behaviour of a steel culvert 429
B. Kunecki, L. Janusz & L. Korusiewicz
Influence of an applied bearing system on behaviour of multi-span footbridge 433
M. Miśkiewicz & Ł. Pyrzowski
Load testing of a suspended footbridge in Radom (Poland) 437
M. Miśkiewicz, Ł. Pyrzowski, K. Wilde, J. Chróścielewski & J. Kałuża
Deformations of multilayered laminated cylindrical shells arising during manufacturing process 441
A. Muc & P. Romanowicz
Imaging elastic degradation in reinforced concrete slab using methodology of ultrasonic
tomography and Tikhonov regularization 445
Z. Perkowski, K. Tatara & M. Czabak
Experimental study and numerical calculations in the analysis of thin-walled structures 449
A. Piekarczuk
Numerical analysis of mechanical joint in thin-walled composite structures 453
K. Puchała, E. Szymczyk & J. Jachimowicz
Composite sandwich footbridge—measured dynamic response vs. FEA 457
Ł. Pyrzowski, B. Sobczyk, M. Rucka, M. Miśkiewicz & J. Chróścielewski
Collapse mode of flange vertical buckling of an I-sectioned steel girder 461
S. Shimizu, T. Ohkawa & N. Tanaka
Analysis of sandwich panels with hybrid core made of aerogel and PIR foam 465
R. Studziński
Optimum design of a small wind turbine 469
T. Szafrański, J. Małachowski, K. Damaziak & J. Bukała
Stress analysis of the bridge hangers in terms of the fatigue verification 473
M. Szafrański, T. Galewski & R. Łapigrowski
Analysis of the cyclic load-unload-reload tests of VALMEX aged fabric 477
K. Żerdzicki, P. Kłosowski & K. Woźnica
Correlation between natural frequencies and buckling load in a stiffened shell 481
Ł. Żmuda-Trzebiatowski & P. Iwicki
Launching of steel bridge girder. Application of nonlinear shell models 485
K. Zoltowski & M. Binczyk
Shell model of multiple-row moment I-section end-plate joint 489
K. Zoltowski & P. Kalitowski

Biomechanical problems
Accuracy of applanation tonometry readings before and after refractive surgery 495
S.M. Bauer, L. Venatovskaya & E. Voronkova
Surface sliding in human abdominal wall numerical models: Comparison of
single-surface and multi-surface composites 499
P. Bielski & I. Lubowiecka
Membrane model of human abdominal wall. Simulations vs. in vivo measurements 503
I. Lubowiecka, A. Tomaszewska, K. Szepietowska, C. Szymczak,
M. Lichodziejewska-Niemierko & M. Chmielewski
Parametric 3D FE model of coronary stent structure for radial force assessment 507
L. Mazurkiewicz, J. Bukala & J. Malachowski
Isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love shells: Numerics, constitution and biomechanical applications 511
F. Roohbakhshan, T.X. Duong & R.A. Sauer

X
Global sensitivity analysis of membrane model of abdominal wall with surgical mesh 515
K. Szepietowska, I. Lubowiecka, B. Magnain & E. Florentin
FEM approach to modelling of an irregular trabecular structure 519
W. Wojnicz & E. Wittbrodt

Miscellaneous topics
Application and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys 525
A. Ambroziak & M.T. Solarczyk
Failure of cold-formed beam: How does residual stress affect stability? 529
P. Bielski, O. Wysocki & J. Czyżewicz
TS-based RSM-aided design of cold-formed steel stiffened C-sectional columns
susceptible to buckling 533
P. Deniziak & K. Winkelmann
Generation of random fields to reflect material and geometric imperfections of plates and shells 537
J. Górski & K. Winkelmann
Beams in plane bending 541
R. Kienzler & P. Schneider
Local buckling of compressed flange of cold-formed channel members made of aluminum alloy 545
M. Kujawa & C. Szymczak
Application of lightweight cement composite with foamed glass aggregate in shell structures 549
M. Kurpińska & T. Ferenc
Modal analysis of temporary steel grandstand equipped with different bracing systems 553
N. Lasowicz & R. Jankowski
Numerical simulation of hardening of concrete plate 557
A. Mariak, J. Chróścielewski & K. Wilde
Generalized Taylor formula and shell structures for the analysis of the interaction between
geosythetics and engineering structures of transportation lines 561
E. Mieloszyk & S. Grulkowski
Nonlinear forced vibrations of periodic beams 565
M. Świa˛tek & Ł. Domagalski
Relation between optimal lattice shell shape and elastic curve 569
R. Tarczewski & M. Świe˛ciak

Author index 573

XI
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Preface

Conferences “Shell Structures: Theory and Applications” are traditionally organized by the Section of Structural
Mechanics of the Committee for Civil Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in co-operation with
other scientific and technological organizations. Previous SSTA conferences were held in Cracow (1974), Gołuń
(1978), Opole (1982), Szklarska Poreba˛ (1986), Janowice (1992), Jurata (1998, 2002, 2005, 2009) and Gdańsk
(2013). The aim of the meetings is always the same: to bring together scientists, engineers, and other specialists
of shell structures in order to discuss important results and new ideas in the field. The goal is to pursue more
accurate theoretical models, to develop more powerful and versatile methods of analysis, as well as to disseminate
expertise in design and maintenance of shell structures.
Three volumes Shell Structures: Theory and Applications published by Taylor & Francis Group, London
2006, 2010, and 2014 contained full texts of papers presented at the 8th, 9th and 10th SSTA Conferences held
in Gdańsk (Poland), respectively. These three books have met with a considerable response of the international
shell community.
This fourth volume of the series contains full texts of 132 papers selected for presentation at the 11th Confer-
ence “Shell Structures: Theory and Applications” to be held on October 11–13, 2017 in Gdańsk (Poland). The
papers reflect a wide spectrum of scientific and engineering problems of shell structures. For readers convenience,
the contents of the book is divided into eight thematic groups of papers: general lectures, theoretical modelling,
stability, dynamics, numerical analyses, engineering problems, biomechanical applications, and miscellaneous
topics. We do hope that information presented in this volume will be of interest to academics, students, designers
and engineers dealing with various problems of thin-walled shell structures.
We would like to express our gratitude to all Authors for their valuable contributions and for their willingness
to share their research and development activities with the shell international community. We are particularly
grateful to the Authors of Invited General Lectures, Professors: E. Carrera & M. Petrolo (Italy), H. Fu & Y.
Zhang (PR China), T. Lewiński et al. (Poland), S. Reese et al. (Germany), and J.M. Rotter (United Kingdom)
for their exceptionally valuable and extensive contributions to this volume.
Each manuscript submitted to 11th SSTA and printed in this volume has been reviewed by a member of
the International Advisory Board and then refined by the Author(s) according to the referee comments. We
are deeply indebted to all members of the International Advisory Board for their important role in shaping the
Conference program and for their great help in bringing all the papers to highest research standards. Most of
the final texts have additionally been adjusted to technical requirements of the publisher, remaining printing
errors have been corrected, and the English of some texts has been refined. We would like to thank very much
˛
indeed our associates T. Ferenc, D. Bruski, K. Daszkiewicz, R. Kedra, B. Kotarska-Lewandowska, M. Kujawa,
J. Lachowicz, A. Sabik, M. Skowronek, B. Sobczyk, B. Zima for their invaluable help in bringing the book to its
final form.
Financial support provided by SOFiSTiK AG, Nürnberg, Germany; Pomorska Okregowa Izba Inzynierów
Budownictwa, Gdansk, Poland; PORR S.A., Warsaw, Poland; Gotowski BKiP, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Sika Poland
Sp. z o.o, Warsaw, Poland; Design Office of Municipal Engineering (BPBK S.A.), Gdańsk, Poland is gratefully
acknowledged.
Gdańsk, July 2017 Wojciech Pietraszkiewicz
Wojciech Witkowski

XIII
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Organizers

The Committee on Civil Engineering and Hydroengineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Section of
Structural Mechanics and Materials
Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
The Committee on Mechanics of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Polish Association for Computational Mechanics
Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanics
of Materials and Structures, Department of Structural Mechanics

XV
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the financial support given by the following institutions:
SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleißheim, Germany
˛
Pomorska Okregowa Izba Inżynierów Budownictwa, Gdańsk, Poland
PORR S.A., Warsaw, Poland
Gotowski BKiP, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Sika Poland Sp. z o.o., Warsaw, Poland
Design Office of Municipal Engineering (BPBK S.A.), Gdańsk, Poland

XVII
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Committees

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

W. Pietraszkiewicz (Poland) – Chairman

H. Altenbach (Germany)
M. Amabili (Canada)
J. Awrejcewicz (Poland)
J. Błachut (UK / Poland)
E. Carrera (Italy)
J. Chróścielewski (Poland)
P.G. Ciarlet (Hong Kong, China)
V.A. Eremeyev (Russia / Poland)
J. Górski (Poland)
D.H. Hodges (USA)
Y. Huang (USA)
M. Kleiber (Poland)
P. Kłosowski (Poland)
Z. Kołakowski (Poland)
S.N. Korobeynikov (Russia)
I. Kreja (Poland)
T. Lewiński (Poland)
K. Magnucki (Poland)
G.I. Mikhasev (Belarus)
P. Neff (Germany)
J.N. Reddy (USA)
J.M. Rotter (UK)
E. Ramm (Germany)
S. Shimizu (Japan)
D.J. Steigmann (USA)
F. Tornabene (Italy)
W. Wagner (Germany)
K. Wisniewski (Poland)
W. Witkowski (Poland)
A. Zingoni (UK, South Africa)

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Wojciech Witkowski– Chairman,

Jarosław Górski – Vice-Chairman,
Stanisław Burzyński, Tomasz Ferenc – Secretaries,
D. Bruski, K. Daszkiewicz, M. Jasina, R. Kedra,˛ B. Kotarska-Lewandowska, A. Kryczałło, M. Kujawa,
J. Lachowicz, H. Małyszczyk, M. Rucka, A. Sabik, M. Skowronek, B. Sobczyk, B. Zima

XIX
General lectures
 Shell Structures: Theory and Applications Volume 4 – Pietraszkiewicz & Witkowski (eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05045-7

Computational models for the multifield analysis of laminated

shells and related best theory diagrams

E. Carrera & M. Petrolo

MUL2 Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Politecnico di Torino, Italy

ABSTRACT: This paper presents plate and shell models for multifield problems and proposes methodologies
to refine structural models according to given accuracy and computational cost requirements. In multifield
problems for multilayered structures, refined models are necessary to deal with many non-classical effects due,
for instance, to the presence of large variations of properties among layers. In such research scenario, the Carrera
Unified Formulation (CUF) is a well-established framework. Via the CUF, the 3D structural problem is reduced
to a 2D or 1D variant. In other words, the 3D unknown variables become 2D or 1D, and expansion functions
along the thickness or the cross-section of the structure define the order of the model, or computational cost and
its accuracy. The CUF models proved to be able to detect 3D-like accuracies in multifield structural problems
with very low computational costs. In the CUF framework, the axiomatic-asymptotic method (AAM) has been
recently proposed by the authors to investigate the influence of each unknown variable on the solution of a given
problem. Additionally, using the AAM, Best Theory Diagrams (BTD) have been obtained to read the minimum
number of terms of a refined model for a given accuracy. The BTD generates guidelines to develop and evaluate
structural models. In other words, via the BTD, a trade-off between accuracy and computational cost can be
made. In this paper, mechanical, thermal and electrical fields are considered and BTDs are presented for various
problems.

1 INTRODUCTION of layers, while, the LW scheme models each layer

of the plate with its displacement unknowns, and,
Many engineering structures require multifield analy- therefore, the number of unknowns of the model is
ses for their proper design. For instance, thermal and related to the number of layers of the plate (Reddy
mechanical loads and interaction thereof are important 1997).
for space vehicles and turbine blades. Piezoelectric A review of methodologies for thermoelasticity can
and mechanical loads are fundamental in smart struc- be found in (Hetnarski & Eslami 2009). The 2D struc-
tures.An accurate structural analysis of such structures tural models for thermoelasticity have been developed
requires refined structural models to capture non- over the last decades for isotropic, anisotropic and het-
classical effects. In particular, the paper presents plate erogeneous structures (Tauchert 1991, Noor & Burton
and shell models for multifield analysis and a tech- 1992, Murakami 1993, Argyris & Tenek 1997). Par-
nique to build the models to fit the given problems ticular attention was paid to predictor-corrector pro-
precisely. cedures, the effect of temperature-dependence of the
The refinement process of a plate or shell model, material properties, and the sensitivity of the thermo-
referred to as 2D models, is aimed at the improve- mechanical response to variations in the material
ment of the accuracy of classical models, such as parameters, and non-linear effects.
the Kirchhoff-Love (Kirchhoff 1850, Love 1927) Electromechanical effects must be considered in
and Reissner-Mindlin theory (Reissner 1945, Mindlin piezoelectric structures. Such systems are increas-
1951). The examples of refined 2D models are given ingly used as sensors, actuators and energy harvesters
by Vlasov (1957), Hildebrand, Reissner, & Thomas for various applications, including control and health-
(1938), and the Zig-Zag model of Lekhnitskii (1968). monitoring. The 2D reference ESL structural models
In the case of multilayered structures, models are for piezoelectric structures can be found in (Tiersten
usually developed according to two approaches: the 1969, Mindlin 1972, Yang & Yu 1993). On the other
Equivalent Single Layer (ESL) and the Layer Wise hand, an LW model for the electric potential cou-
(LW) schemes. According to the ESL scheme, the pled with an ESL displacement field can be found in
number of the unknowns is not affected by the number (Mitchell & Reddy 1995).

3
 • • 6 2 CARRERA UNIFIED FORMULATION
• 6 •
• !:,. • • •
In the CUF, the displacement field for a 2D model can
.¥ Reduced
be written as
r
_/refined
model
If
0
0
T = 1, ... ' N +1 ( 1)
z
where the Einstein notation is assumed on the index

I
τ. u is the displacement vector (ux uy uz ). Fτ are the
so-called thickness expansion functions and uτ is the
Con tan!
number
vector of the generalized unknown displacements. In
of ESL, Fτ are defined on the overall thickness of the
uxl + zu x2 plate, while, in LW, for each k-layer. For ESL, Fτ can
zuv, + z3 uv4 be Mc-Laurin expansions of z, defined as Fτ = z τ−1 . In
U, 1 + ZU, 2 + Z2 U, 3 + Z4 U, 5 the following, the ESL models are indicated as EDN,
in which N is the expansion order. For instance, the
Figure 1. The Best Theory Diagram. ED3 displacement field is

U x = Ux 1 + Z Ux + z 2 U x + z 3 U x
2 3 4

This work makes use of the Carrera Unified Formu- Uy = Uy 1 + Z Uy + z2 Uy + z3 Uy

2 3 4 (2)
lation (CUF) to build refined 2D models (Carrera et al. U z = U z1 + Z U z + z 2 Uz + z 3 U z
2 3 4

2014). The CUF introduced a systematic approach to

develop any-order structural model via a few funda- The LW models can be obtained via Legendre polyno-
mental nuclei whose formal expressions do not depend mial expansions in each layer,
neither on the order of the model nor on the type
of expansions adopted to describe the unknown vari- uk = Ft · u~ + Fb · u~ + Fr · u~ = Fr u~ (3)
able fields (Carrera 2003). In particular, ESL, LW and T = t , b, r r = 2, 3, ... , N k = 1, 2, ... , NL
mixed variational formulations can be implemented
(Carrera et al. 2011). The CUF has been extensively where NL is the number of the layers. Subscripts
used for multifield analyses over the recent years. t and b correspond to the top and bottom surfaces
Reference works are those by Carrera (2002) and of the layer. Functions Fτ depend on the coordinate
Ballhause et al. (2005). ζk , −1 ≤ ζk ≤ 1. Fτ are linear combinations of the
In the CUF framework, the axiomatic-asymptotic Legendre polynomials,
method (AAM) has been recently proposed by the
authors to investigate the influence of each unknown Ft = Po"iP' Fb = Po;P1
variable on the solution of a given problem (Carrera & (4)
Fr = Pr - Pr- 2 r = 2, 3, ... , N
Petrolo 2010, Carrera & Petrolo 2011). In the AAM
the starting model is used with a full expansion of
In the following, the LW models are denoted by the
variables. The influence of each variable, or groups
acronym as LDN, where N is the expansion order. For
of variables, is evaluated by deactivating it. Only
instance, LD3 is
those variables exhibiting an influence are retained
and reduced models are built in which the number
of unknown variables is less or equal to the starting
full model. The method can be iterated to evaluate the (5)
influence of characteristic parameter such as thick-
ness or orthotropic ratios, similarly to an asymptotic
method. Recently, the AAM has been applied to mul- The ESL and LW descriptions can be used for mul-
tifield problems (Cinefra et al. 2015, Carrera et al. tifield variables, such as temperature or potential.
2015). A systematic use of CUF and AAM led to the For instance, the LW description of the temperature
definition of Best Theory Diagrams (BTD) in which, distribution is
for a given accuracy and problem, the minimum num-
ber of required unknown variables can be read, as &k(x, y, z) = Ft · B~(x , y) + Fr · B~(x , y) +
(6)
shown in Fig. 1. The BTD can be seen as a tool to eval- + Fb · B~(x , y) = F7 B~(x,y)
uate the accuracy and the computational efficiency of
any given structural model against the best available. where θτk are
The BTD for multifield problems has been recently
presented in (Cinefra et al. 2017). This paper is orga-
nized as follows: the CUF is introduced in Section 2, (7)
governing equation in Section 3, the AAM and BTD k
in Section 4. The results are presented in Section 5 and θ τ is the effective temperature distribution. The tem-
Conclusions in Section 6. perature distribution can be defined by solving the

4
conduction equation for a given temperature distri- where θ k (x, y, z) is the relative temperature distribution
bution over the lateral, top and bottom surfaces. The in a generic k layer referred to a reference temperature
approach proposed in Eq. (6) offers the possibility θe . The virtual variation of the strain energy is
to impose continuity of the temperature distribution
along the thickness direction. In (Carrera 2002), fur-
ther details on the temperature distribution evaluation (15)
can be found. On the other hand the assumed profiles
can be used, such as the linear one,
where stresses σ p and σ n are considered as the sum of
(8) the mechanical (H ) and thermal (T ) contributions,
k k
O"p = a-pH- a-pT
where h is the total thickness of the plate and the (16)
(T n = (T~H - (T~T
parameters θz0 and θ 0 are the imposed top and bottom
values. The constitutive equations for piezoelectric materials
In an electro-mechanical problem, the potential are
distribution can be defined as
u k = C kEk _ ekr E k
+ Fr <P~ + Fb<P~ =
c:!) k = Ft <P~ FT <P~
(9) JJk = ek Ek + ekE k
(17)
T = t, r, b r = 2, 3, ... , N
where D̃k is the dielectric displacement and Ek is
3 CONSTITUTIVE AND GOVERNING the electric field. ek is the matrix of the piezoelectric
EQUATIONS constants,

In this section, a brief overview of some of the con-

stitutive equations adopted for multifield problems (18)
are given. For a more comprehensive overview, books
from the authors can be referred to (Carrera et al. 2014,
Carrera et al. 2011). Linear strain-displacement rela- and εk is the matrix of the permittivity coefficients of
tions are assumed and strain components are grouped the k-layer,
into in-plane (p) and out-of-plane (n), components,

(10) (19)

For a pure mechanical case, stress components for

a generic layer k can be obtained by means of the Introducing the usual in-plane (p) and out-of-plane (n)
Hooke law, grouping,

(11)

The virtual variation of the strain energy is

(20)

The electric field Ek can be derived from the Maxwell

equations,

In the case of the uncoupled thermo-mechanical anal-

ysis, thermal stresses are given by where k is the electric potential. The virtual variation
of the strain energy is

Applying the thermal expansion coefficient vector α,

The governing equations are obtained substituting the
k _ { a k,
EpT- 1 a k2 , o} ek( x., y,z-
) _ aP
kek (l 4 ) geometrical relations, the constitutive equations and
E~T = {0, 0, an ek(x,y , z) = a~ek the variable assumptions via CUF in the variational

5
statements. The derivation is herein omitted for the Table 1. ED4 model with
sake of brevity; details can be found in the already uy3 inactive.
mentioned CUF works and books.
The governing equations in the case of pure-
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
mechanical analysis can be written as
~ ~ D. ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(23)

and the boundary conditions on the edge k as

4 THE AXIOMATIC/ASYMPTOTIC METHOD
AND BEST THEORY DIAGRAMS

In the CUF framework, the axiomatic/asymptotic

where Pτdτ is the external load. The fundamental method (AAM) has been recently developed to eval-
nucleus of the stiffness matrix, Kdτs , is assembled uate the influence of an unknown variable on a given
through the indexes τ and s, which consider the order structural problem as we vary the problem charac-
of the expansion in z for the displacements. kτsd is teristics, e.g. thickness, orthotropic ratio, stacking
the fundamental nucleus of the boundary conditions sequence, etc. Also, the AAM leads to the definition of
deriving from the integration by parts of the PVD. The reduced models with a lower computational cost than
explicit form of the fundamental nuclei can be found full models but with the same accuracy (Carrera &
in (Carrera 2003). Petrolo 2010, Carrera & Petrolo 2011). A typical AAM
The governing equations for the thermo-mechanical analysis consists of the following steps:
problem, that are
1. Parameters, such as the geometry, BC, loadings,
materials and layer layouts, are fixed.
(25) 2. A starting theory is fixed (axiomatic part). That is,
the displacement field is defined; usually a theory
which provides 3D-like solutions is chosen and a
with the related boundary conditions are
reference solution is defined.
3. The CUF is used to generate the governing equa-
tions for the theories considered.
4. The effectiveness of each term of the adopted
expansion is evaluated by measuring the error due
Temperature is considered an external load and it is to its deactivation.
assigned. The definition of the fundamental nuclei 5. The most suitable structural model for a given
kτs
Kuu kτs
, Kuθ and kτs
uu can be found in (Carrera & structural problem is then obtained discarding the
Brischetto 2010). non-effective displacement variables.
The governing equations for the electro-mechanical
problem are: A graphical notation is introduced to show the
results. It consists of a table with three lines, and
columns equal to the number of the variables used
in the expansion. For example, if an ED4 model
is considered with uy3 deactivated, the displacement
(27) field is

with the boundary conditions, Ux = Ux, + Z U x2 + z3 U x4+ z 4 U x5

uy = uYI+ z uY2+ z 3 u y,+ z 4 U ys

ou%: u;; = u;; or Uz = U 21 + Z U z2 + z3 U z4+ z 4 U z 5 (28)

n krs u k + n kTs .pk = n krsu:k + n krs(j)k
uu T ue T uu T ue T

o<I>k : <I>;; = <i>';: or Such a displacement field is depicted by Table 1. The

eur
+n
n krs uk kTs .pk
eer
= n krsu:k + n kTs(j)k
eur eer
use of the AAM can be extended to all the possible
combinations of active/inactive variables of a given,
starting theory. Each reduced model can be related to
kτs kτs
The definition of the fundamental nuclei Kuu , Kue , the number of the active terms and its error computed
kτs kτs kτs kτs kτs kτs
Keu , Kee , uu , ue , eu and ee can be found in on a reference solution as reported in Fig. 1. The error
(Ballhause et al. 2005). values are reported on the abscissa, and the number
In the CUF, the adoption of the fundamental nucleus of active terms is reported on the ordinate. Each black
to assemble the problem matrices allows us set the dot represents a reduced refined model and its position
order and the type of the expansion as an input of the on the Cartesian plane is defined considering its error
analysis. In other words, the theory of structures is an and the number of the active terms. Also, the repre-
input of the analysis. sentation of the active/non-active terms is reported for

6
 Displacement Field For the thermal case, temperature distribution defined
as in
lhj u., u., u., u.,

u, u,, u,. u, ek= ekTsm. ( -

ffi1rXk) . (-
n1ryk)
I
- sm (30)
bk-
u~ T
ak
u" u., u., u., u.,
' and Eq. (8), with (ttop , tbot ) equal to 1 and −1,
respectively. For the piezoelectric case, two different
configurations are considered, the sensor and actuator
configurations. In the sensor case, a transverse pres-
sure is applied to the top surface of the plate and the
potential distribution is evaluated. The potential at the
top and bottom is set to zero. In the actuator case, a
potential distribution is applied to the plate, and the
Figure 2. Generalized variables as genes in a genetic value of the potential is set to 1 V at the top and to
algorithm. 0 V at the bottom. In the sensor case, the pressure is
assumed as in Eq. (29), while, in the actuator case, the
potential distribution is assumed as

some reduced models. Among all the models, it is pos-

sible to note that some of them present the lowest error
- sin (m1r
<I> = <I> -----;- x ) sin (n1r
b y) (3 1)
for a given number of active terms. These models are
labeled as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, they represent a Pareto front for where m = n = 1 and  is set equal to 1. The material
the considered problems. The Pareto front is defined properties for the mechanical and thermal cases are
in this work as the Best Theory Diagram. This curve EL /ET = 25, GLT /ET = GTT /ET = 0.5, GLz /ET = 0.2,
can be constructed for several problems, for exam- ν = 0.25 and αL /αT = 1125, where E is the Young’s
ple considering several types of materials, geometries modulus, G the shear modulus, ν the Poisson’s ratio
and boundary conditions. Moreover, the information and α the coefficient of thermal expansion. Symbols
reported in a BTD makes it possible to evaluate the L and T denote the directions parallel and transverse
minimum number of terms, Nmin , used to achieve a to the composite fibers, respectively. For the piezo-
desired accuracy. electric case, the material properties of the laminated
The BTD can be obtained via genetic algorithms in layers are: E1 = 132.38 × 109 Pa, E2 = E3 = 10.756 ×
which each structural theory is considered an individ- 109 Pa, G12 = G13 = 5.6537 × 109 Pa, G23 = 3.606 ×
ual. The genes are the terms of the expansion, and each 109 Pa, ν12 = ν13 = 0.24, ν23 = 0.49, ε11 = 3.098966 ×
gene can be active or not active as in Fig. 2. Therefore, 10−11 C/Vm, ε22 = ε33 = 2.6562563 × 10−11 C/Vm.
each individual is described by the number of active The thickness of each layer is equal to h = 0.4 · hTOT .
terms and its error computed on a reference solution. The piezoelectric layers are made of PZT-4, their
Through these two parameters, it is possible to apply properties are E1 = E2 = 81.3 × 109 Pa, E3 = 64.5 ×
the dominance rule in order to evaluate the individual 109 Pa, ν12 = 0.329, ν13 = ν23 = 0.432, G44 = G55 =
fitness. For each individual copies are created accord- 25.6 × 109 Pa, G66 = 30.6 × 109 Pa, e31 = e32 = −5.20
ing to its dominance, next, some mutations are applied C/m2 , e33 = 15.08 C/m2 , e24 = e15 = 12.72 C/m2 , ε11 /
to vary the set of new individuals. The purpose of ε0 = ε22 /ε0 = 1475, ε33 /ε0 = 1300 (ε0 = 8.854 ×
this analysis is to find the individuals which belong 10−12 C/Vm). The thickness of each layer is equal
to the Pareto front, that is the subset of individuals not to h = 0.1 · hTOT . The BTDs reported in this work
dominated by the others. are based on the solution computed using the LD4
model. In fact, the LD4 proved to agree excellently
with the elastic solutions (Carrera 2003, Carrera 2002,
5 RESULTS Ballhause et al. 2005).
The ESL approach is considered, and the BTDs
First, a simply-supported multilayered plate is con- for the ED4 model are given in Figs. 3 and 4 for
sidered under a transverse pressure distribution, a the thin and thick geometry, respectively. The results
temperature distribution and an electric potential dis- suggest that the reduced refined models for the piezo-
tribution, separately. For the mechanical case, the electric case show a higher computational cost than
pressure distribution is the reduced models for the mechanical and thermal
cases, since the variables of the electric potential are
retained. Models located on the BTD for both ther-
(29) mal and mechanical cases detect the same accuracy
when a thin plate is considered, while the BTDs for
the piezoelectric case present a significant difference
where m and n are equal to 1, the pressure distribution between the sensor and actuator configuration. Since
is applied to the top surface of the plate, and a = b = 1. the reference solution is obtained with an LD4 model,

7
 Table 2. BTDs for the asym-
metric composite shell, σαα
V !

Me/M = 9/15

Error
Me/M = 5/15

Error 8.4968 %

Figure 3. BTDs for a/h = 100. in the BTD for different outputs are observable. Table
2 shows some of the BTD models. In this case, the
FSDT is a BTD.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents the latest advances in the frame-

work of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF).
In particular, multifield problems for multilayered
plates and shells have been addressed. The CUF is
an established formulation to develop refined struc-
tural models via expansion functions. The order and
the type of the expansions are free parameters of the
analysis. In particular, Equivalent Single Layer (ESL)
and Layer-Wise (LW) approaches can be handled
straightforwardly.
Figure 4. BTDs for a/h = 4. In this work, a brief overview of the Axiomatic/
Asymptotic Method (AAM) has been given. The AAM
has been recently developed in the CUF framework and
has two main capabilities,
• A starting structural model is set, and the influence
of each unknown variable on a given structural prob-
lem is quantified as the problem characteristics vary
(e.g. thickness, orthotropic ratio, stacking sequence,
etc.). In other words, starting from an axiomatic
approach, asymptotic-like results can be obtained.
• Retrieving only the terms affecting the solution,
reduced models are built as accurate as the full
models but computationally more efficient.
The systematic use of the AAM has led to the intro-
duction of the Best Theory Diagram (BTD). A ‘best
theory’ is the one that, given a number of unknown
Figure 5. BTD for the asymmetric composite shells, variables, provides the best accuracy or, for a given
Rβ /h = 4. accuracy, results in the minimum number of unknown
variables. In the BTD, all the best structural models
can be read. The BTD can be considered as the Pareto
the minimum errors are larger than zero. In fact, the Front of an optimization problem and provides guide-
LD4 offers a better accuracy than ED4. lines to develop structural models. In fact, the BTD
Next, a composite shell is considered under a pure provides the boundary of the trade-off between accu-
mechanical load, see Eq. 29. The material properties racy and computational costs. In other words, accuracy
are EL /ET = 25, ν = 0.25, GLT /ET = GTT /ET = 0.5, cannot be increased and computational cost lowered
GLz /ET = 0.2 and the dimensions of the shell are better than the BTD.
a = 4Rβ and b = 2πRβ. A 0◦ /90◦ stacking sequence The results show that the combined use of CUF
was considered. Figure 5 shows the BTD for stress and AAM provides insights related to the decision
and displacement components. Significant differences making in structural model choices and developments.

8
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 She drew Freda, who was shivering now, over on the couch, then turned
to Gregory.
“Good night, Gregory—again. You bring adventure with you.”
There was a smile in her eyes which he seemed to answer by a look in
his own. Then he looked past her to Freda.
“Good night, little wanderer. I’ll see you to-morrow.”
Freda saw him fully now. He was tall and thin and ugly. His dark eyes
seemed to flash from caverns above his high cheekbones. But he had a wide
Irish mouth and it smiled very tenderly at them both as he softly went out.
Freda would not take Margaret’s little couch bed for herself so Margaret
had to improvise a bed on the floor for her guest, a bed of blankets and
coats and Freda slept in Margaret’s warm bath robe. Oddly, she slept far
better than did Margaret, who, for a long while, held herself stiffly on one
side that her turning might not disturb Freda.

II

They both wakened early. Freda found the taste of stale adventure in her
mind a little flat and disagreeable. There were a number of things to be
done. Margaret telephoned briefly to the Brownley house, left word with a
servant that Miss Thorstad had spent the night with her.
“I’ll go up there after we have some breakfast,” she said to Freda, “and
get you some clothes. Then I think you’d better stay here with me. I’ll ask
the landlady to put an extra cot in here and we can be comfortable for a few
days. And please don’t talk of inconvenience”—she forestalled Freda’s
objections with her smile—“I’ll love to have company. If you stay in town
we’ll see if you can’t get a place of your own in the building here. Lots of
apartments have a vacant room to let.”
She was preparing breakfast with Freda’s help and the younger girl’s
spirits were rising steadily even though the thought of an interview with
Barbara remained dragging. It was great fun for Freda—the freedom of this
tiny apartment with its bed already made into a daytime couch, the eggs
cooking over a little electric grill on the table and the table set with a scanty
supply of dishes—two tall glasses of milk, rolls and marmalade.
“It’s so nice, living like this,” she exclaimed.
Margaret laughed.
 “Then the Brownley luxury hasn’t quite seduced you?”
“I was excited by it. I’m afraid it did seduce me temporarily. But for the
last week something’s been wrong with me. And this was it. I wanted to get
out of the machinery. They leave you alone and all that—but it’s so ordered
—so planned. Everything’s planned from the menus to the social life. They
try to do novel things by standing on their heads sometimes in their own
grooves—at least the girls do—but really they get no freshness or freedom,
do they?”
“I should say that particular crowd didn’t. Of course you mustn’t
confound all wealthy people with them. They’re better than some but a
great deal less interesting than the best of the wealthy. And of course just
because their life doesn’t happen to appeal to your temperament—or mine
—”
“Are you always so perfectly balanced?” asked Freda, so admiringly as
to escape impertinence.
“I wish I were ever balanced,” answered Margaret. “And now suppose
you tell me a little more about what happened so I’ll be sure how I had
better take things up with the Brownley girls.”
Freda had been thinking.
“It really began with me,” she said. “Ted Smillie was Barbara’s man and
I was flattered when he noticed me. And of course I liked him—then—so I
let it go on and she hated me for that.”
“Stop me if I pry—but do you care for the young man now?”
“Oh—no!” cried Freda. “I’m just mortally ashamed of myself for letting
myself in as much as I did.”
“Everybody does.”
Margaret’s remark brought other ideas into Freda’s mind. She
remembered Gregory Macmillan and his apparent intimacy with Margaret.
But she asked nothing, going on, under Margaret’s questioning, with her
tale of the night before, and as they came to the part of Gregory’s
intervention, Margaret vouchsafed no information.
An hour later, she came back from the Brownley house, with Freda’s
suitcase beside her in a taxi.
“You did give them a bad night,” she said to Freda, “Bob Brownley
looks a wreck. It appears that later they went out to search the park—scared
stiff for you. And you had gone. They saw some men and were terrified.”
“Are they very angry?”
“Barbara tried to stay on her high horse. Said that although it was
possible she had misunderstood the situation it looked very compromising
and she thought it her duty in her mother’s absence—. Of course, she said,
she was sorry that matters had developed as they had. Poor Allie’d
evidently been thinking you’d been sewed up in a bag and dropped in the
river. They both want to let the thing drop quickly and I said they could say
that you were staying with me for the remainder of your visit. I also told
Barbara a few home truths about herself, and advised her to be very careful
what she said to her mother or I might take it up with her parents.”
“All this trouble for me!” cried Freda. “I am ashamed!”
“Nonsense. But I must go along quickly now. I’ve a meeting. Your trunk
will be along sometime this morning. Put it wherever you like and the
landlady will send the janitor up with a cot. And—by the way—if Gregory
Macmillan drops in, tell him I’m engaged for lunch, will you? You might
have lunch with him, if you don’t mind.”
“I feel aghast at meeting him.”
“Don’t let any lack of conventions bother you with Gregory. The lack of
them is the best recommendation in his eyes. He’s a wild Irish poet. I’ll tell
you about him to-night. I think you’ll like him, Freda. He’s the kindest
person I know—and as truthful as his imagination will let him be.”
“What is he in St. Pierre for?”
“Oh, ask him—” said Margaret, departing.
 CHAPTER IX

WORK FOR FREDA

I T was on that morning that Gage Flandon made his last appeal to his wife
not to let herself be named as a candidate for Chicago at the State
Convention. He had been somewhat grim since the district convention.
As Margaret had realized would happen, certain men had approached him,
thinking to please him by sounding the rumor about sending his wife to the
National Convention. Many of them felt and Gage knew they felt that he
had started, or arranged to have started, a rumor that his wife would be a
candidate and that he meant to capitalize the entrance of women into
politics by placing his own wife at the head of the woman’s group in the
State. It was a natural enough conclusion and its very naturalness made
Gage burn with a slow, violent anger that was becoming an obsession. It
began of course with the revolt against that suspicion of baseness that he
could capitalize the position of his wife—that he could use a relation, which
was to him so sacred, to strengthen his own position. Yet, when these men
came with their flattery he could not cry down Helen without seeming to
insult her. There was only one way, he saw, and that was for Helen herself
to withdraw. If she did not, it was clear that she would be sent.
So he had besought and seemed to always beseech her with the wrong
arguments. He knew he had said trite things, things about women staying
out of politics, the unsuitability of her nature for such things, but he had felt
their triteness infused with such painful conviction in his own mind that it
continually amazed him to see how little response he awoke in her.
She had said to him, “You exaggerate it so, Gage. Why make such a
mountain out of a molehole? I’m not going to neglect you or the children.
I’ll probably not be elected anyhow. But why not regard it as a privilege and
an honor and let me try?”
“But why do you want to try?”
She looked as if she too were trying vainly to make him understand.
“I’d like to do something myself, Gage—something as myself.”
 “You were content without politics two months ago.”
“I’ve changed—why begrudge me my enthusiasm?”
“Because I can’t bear to see you a waster like the rest of the women.
Because you’re so different. Everything about you is true and sound, dear,
and when you start deliberately using yourself for political effect, don’t you
see how you become untrue? There’s nothing in it, I tell you. The whole
thing’s cut and dried. There’s no big issue. If the women want to send some
one, let them choose some other figurehead!”
He had not meant it so but of course he seemed disparaging her.
“Perhaps,” she said rather frigidly, “perhaps I’ll not be such a figurehead
as you think.”
“But I didn’t mean to say that to hurt you.”
“I’m not sure what you do mean. It seems to me we’re actually childish.
You’ve chosen, quite deliberately, to be a reactionary in all this woman’s
progress movement. I’m sorry. But there is a loyalty one has to women,
Gage, beside the loyalty one has to a husband and I really cannot share your
prejudice against progress, as it applies to women.”
The unexpressed things in Gage’s mind fairly tore at him.
“If you really had one sensible objection, Gage—”
“There’s just one objection,” he said, doggedly, “you desecrate yourself.
Not by entering politics particularly. But by using yourself that way. You
mutilate your sex.”
She did not get angry. But she put one hand on his shoulder and they
looked at each other helplessly.
“Don’t you see,” said Helen, “that I want, like these other women, to
once in a while do something that’s clean of sex? That’s just me—without
sex?”
His eyes grew very hard. She struck almost mortally at the very thing he
loved most. And he moved away, as if to remove himself definitely.
“I’m sorry you feel so. It’s a pleasant remark for a man’s wife to fling at
him.”
Irony was so unusual in Gage that Helen stood looking after him after he
went out of the room. Her mind ached with the struggle, ached from the
assertion of this new determination of hers. Never had she wanted so to
give him comfort and be comforted herself. She saw the weeks ahead—
weeks of estrangement—possibly a permanent estrangement. Yet she knew
she would go on. It wasn’t just wanting to go on. She had to go on. There
was a principle involved even if he could not see it. Clearer and clearer she
had seen her necessity in these past two weeks. She had to waken her own
individuality. She had to live to herself alone for a little. She had to begin to
build defences against sex.
Gage was right. Margaret had sown the seed in his wife. Helen had not
watched her for nothing. She had seen the way that Margaret made no
concessions to herself as a woman, fiercely as she was working for the
establishment of woman’s position. It seemed paradoxical but there it was.
If you were truly to work for woman’s welfare you had to abandon all the
cushions of woman’s protected position, thought Helen—you couldn’t rest
back on either wifehood or motherhood. You couldn’t be lazy. You had to
make yourself fully yourself.
Here was her chance. She hadn’t wanted it but they had insisted. The
women wanted her to go to Chicago—not because she was Mrs. Flandon
but because she was Helen Flandon, herself. A little quiver of delight ran
through Helen as she thought of it. She would see it through. Gage would
surely not persist in his feeling. Surely he would change. He would be glad
when she proved more than just his wife.
She had a strange feeling of having doffed all the years which had
passed since she had left college, a feeling of youth and energy which had
often dominated her then but which had changed in the seven years of her
marriage. Since her marriage she had walked only with Gage and the
children—shared life with them very completely. Now it was not that she
cared less for them (she kept making that very clear to herself) but there
was none the less a new independence and new vigor about her. She felt
with them but she felt without them too.
It hurt her that Gage should feel so injured. But her exhilaration was
greater even than the hurt, because she could not sound the depths of her
husband’s suffering.
Gage went out of the house with no more words. He managed to focus
his mind on the work of the day which was before him but the basic feeling
of pain and anger persisted.
In the middle of the morning Helen called him, reminding him of his
promise to see if Freda Thorstad could be placed. She ignored, as she had a
way of doing, any difference between them.
“Are you going to drag that child in too?” he asked, ungraciously, and
then conscious of his unfairness for he knew quite well that the object was
to place Freda so she could earn her own living, he capitulated.
“Drummond gets back this afternoon. Send Miss Thorstad in about four
and I’ll take her to see him.”
“You’re a dear, Gage,” Helen rang off.
Gage tried to figure out whether something had been put over him or
not. There he let it go and sat in at the club with a chosen crowd before
lunch. It pleased him immensely to see Harry Harris stuck for the lunch. He
kidded him, his great laugh rising and falling.

II

At four Freda came and at her, “You’re sure I’m not too early, Mr.
Flandon?” Gage felt further ashamed of his ungraciousness. Freda was a
little pale, after her difficult night, and it made her rather more attractive
than ever to Gage. He thought she might be worrying over the chance of
getting the new work and was eager to make it easy for her.
“So you want to get into politics like all the rest?” he asked, but
smilingly.
“I want some work to do,” said Freda, “I’d just as soon do anything else.
But I really will have to work or go back to Mohawk and there isn’t
anything for me to do in Mohawk. I don’t much care what I do, to tell you
the truth, Mr. Flandon, so it is work. And I’ve a theory that I might be better
at washing windows than doing anything else.”
“This isn’t much of a job, you know.”
“Probably it’s all I could handle. I’m really a little nervous. Will they ask
for all kinds of qualifications?”
“There’s no ‘they’ There’s only one man and I think all he is looking for
is some one who is discreet and pleasant and can do ordinary secretarial
work.”
“I’m going to learn typewriting evenings,” said Freda.
It was so pleasant to be free from controversial conversation, or from
conversation which glossed over controversy that Gage found himself
feeling much warmer and more cheerful than he had for days. Together they
walked over to the office of the man who had the district chairmanship. Mr.
Drummond was embarrassed. Clearly he was embarrassed by the necessity
of refusing a favor Flandon asked. But he was put to it.
They left the office and at the street corner Freda stopped and held out
her hand.
“Pretty lucky for them that young Whitelaw got there first, I fancy.”
“Have you something else in mind?”
“I’ll try to find something. Maybe I can get a place as somebody’s
companion. Or maybe Miss Duffield will know—”
A tight little line came around Gage’s mouth. He didn’t want Margaret
Duffield running this girl. His dislike was becoming an obsession.
“I wonder,” he said slowly, “if you’d like to come into my office. I could
use another clerk, as a matter of fact. I’m away a great deal and I find that
since my assistant has been handling more law work he is too busy to do
things around the office—handling clients, sorting correspondence and such
things. The ordinary stenographer just messes up everything except a sheet
of carbon paper, and the last good one I had got married, of course. There
wouldn’t be much in it—maybe sixty a month, say—but if you’d like to try
—”
Freda looked at him straightly.
“If you’re just trying to find a job for me, I’d rather not, Mr. Flandon.”
He liked that, and gave her back honesty.
“Of course I would like to see you fixed. I thought this other thing would
work out better. But in all seriousness I could use another clerk in my office
and I’ve been wondering whom I could get. What do you say to trying it for
a month—”
“Let me try it for two weeks and then if I fail, fire me then. Only you’ll
surely fire me if I don’t earn my money?”
“Surely.”

III

Gage went home that night more cheerful than he had been for some
time. He had a mischievous sensation of having rescued a brand from
Margaret Duffield. At dinner Helen asked him if he had attended to Freda’s
case.
 “Drummond had other arrangements already.”
“What a shame,” she said, “I wonder where we can place that girl. She is
too good to go back and do nothing in Mohawk. And she really wants to
earn money badly.”
“I placed her,” said Gage, hugging his mischief to himself.
“You did? Where?”
“I took her into my office.”
Helen looked at him in surprise.
“You know that she can’t typewrite?”
“I know. But I can use her. She has a good head and—a nice influence. I
think I’ll like to have her around. Since she has to work she’d be better
there than grubbing in politics.”
“As if your office wasn’t full of politics!”
“Well they’re not Duffield-politics.”
“Whatever you mean by that is obscure,” said Helen, “but don’t eat the
child’s head off, will you?”
 CHAPTER X

THE CLEAN WIND

F REDA felt that night that all her dreams, all her vague anticipations of
doing were suddenly translated into activity and reality. In the strangest
way in the world, it seemed to her, so naïve was she about the obscure
ways of most things, she had a room of her own and a job in St. Pierre.
Margaret Duffield had smiled a little at the news of her job but at Freda’s
quick challenge as to whether she were really imposing on Mr. Flandon,
Margaret insisted that she merely found Gage himself humorous. She did
not say why that was so. Together she and Freda went to see the landlady
about a room for Freda. There was one, it appeared, in an apartment on the
third floor. Freda could have it, if she took it at once, and so it was
arranged.
It was a plain little room with one window, long and thin like the shape
of the room, furnished sparsely and without grace, but Freda stood in the
midst of it with her head high and a look of wondering delight in her eyes,
fingering her door key.
Later she went down to Margaret’s apartment to carry up her suitcase.
She found Gregory there. He had not come for lunch as Margaret had
warned her. Seeing him now more clearly than she had the night before,
Freda saw how cadaverous his face was, how little color there was in his
cheeks. She thought he looked almost ill.
They did not hear her come in. Gregory was sitting with his eyes on
Margaret, telling her something and she was listening in a protesting way. It
occurred to Freda that of course they were in love. She had suspected it
vaguely from their attitude. Now she was sure.
She coughed and they looked up.
“It’s my damsel in distress,” said Gregory, rising, “did everything clear
up? Is the ogress destroyed?”
“If she is, poor Miss Duffield had to do it.”
“She wouldn’t mind. She likes cruelties. She’s the most cruel person—”
“Hush, Gregory, don’t reveal all my soul on the spot.”
 “Cruel—and over modest. As if a soul isn’t always better revealed—”
“You can go as far as you like later. Just now you might carry Freda’s
suitcase upstairs.”
He took the suitcase and followed them, entering Freda’s little room
which he seemed to fill and crowd.
“So this is where you take refuge from the ogress?”
“It’s more than a refuge—it’s a tower of independence.”
He looked at her appreciatively.
“We’ll agree on many things.”
Margaret asked Freda to come down with them and she went, a little
reluctantly wondering if she were not crowding their kindness. But Gregory
insisted as well as Margaret.
Margaret sat beside a vase of roses on her table and Gregory and Freda
faced her, sitting on the couch-bed. The roses were yellow, pink—delicate,
aloof, like Margaret herself and she made a lovely picture. Gregory’s eyes
rested on her a little wearily as if he had failed to find what he sought for in
the picture. He was silent at first—then, deftly, Margaret drew him out little
by little about the Irish Republic, and he became different, a man on fire
with an idea. Fascinated, stirred, Freda watched him, broke into eager
questioning here and there and was answered as eagerly. They were hot in
discussion when Walter Carpenter came.
There was a moment of embarrassment as if each of the men studied the
other to find out his purpose. Then Margaret spoke lightly.
“Do you want to hear about the Irish question from an expert, Walter?”
“Is Mr. Macmillan an expert?”
“He’s to lecture about it on Friday night.”
“It’s a dangerous subject for a lecture.”
“It’s a dangerous subject to live with,” answered Gregory a little
defiantly.
“Are you a Sinn Feiner, Macmillan?”
“I’m an Irish Republican.”
There was a dignity in his tone which made Walter feel his half-
bantering tone ill judged. He changed at once.
 “We’re very ignorant of the whole question over here,” he said, “all we
have to judge from is partisan literature. We never get both sides.”
“There is only one side fit to be heard.”
Freda gave a little gasp of joy at that statement. It brushed away all the
conventions of polite discussion in its unequivocal clearness of conviction.
“I was sure of it,” she said.
Gregory turned and smiled at her. The four of them stood, as they had
stood to greet Walter, Margaret by the side of her last guest, looking
somehow fitting there, Gregory and Freda together as if in alliance against
the others. Then conversation, civilities enveloped them all again. But the
alliances remained. Freda made no secret of her admiration for Gregory.
The openness of his mind, the way his convictions flashed through the talk
seemed to her to demand an answer as fair. Her mind leapt to meet his.
Gregory Macmillan was Irish born, of a stock which was not pure Irish
for his mother was an Englishwoman. It had been her people who were
responsible for Gregory’s education, his public school and early Oxford
life. But in his later years at Oxford his restlessness and discontents had
become extreme. Ireland with its tangle of desires, its heating patriotism,
heating on the old altars already holy with martyrs, had captured his
imagination and ambition. He had gone to Ireland and interested himself
entirely in the study of Celtic literature and the Celtic language, living in
Connacht and helping edit a Gaelic Weekly. Then had come the war, and
conflict for Gregory. The fight for Irish freedom, try as he did to make it his
only end, had become smaller beside the great world confusion and,
conquering his revulsion at fighting with English forces he had enlisted.
Before the war Gregory’s verse had had much favorable comment. He
came out of the war to find himself notable among the younger poets,
acclaimed even in the United States. It seemed preposterous to him. The
machinations of the Irish Republican party absorbed him. Intrigue, plotting,
all the melodrama, all the tragedy of the Sinn Fein policy was known to
him, fostered by him. He had been in prison and after his release had fallen
ill. They had sent him to convalesce in Wales. It was while he was there that
there had come an offer from an American lecture bureau to go on tour in
the States telling of Irish literature and reading his own verse. He laughed at
the idea but others who heard the offer had not laughed. He was to come to
the States, lecture on poetry and incidentally see and talk to various
important Americans who might have Irish sympathies. The Republic
needed friends.
He came reluctantly and yet, once in New York, he had found so many
young literati to welcome him, to give him sympathy and hearing if not
counsel that his spirits had risen. And he had met Margaret Duffield and
drawn by her mental beauty, her curious cold virginity, he had fallen in love
with her and told her he loved her. For a few ardent weeks he wooed her,
she explaining away his love, denying it. Then she had come West and he
had sought his lecture bureau, making them include a lecture in this city
which held her. He had come and found her colder, more aloof than ever,
and now sitting in this room of hers he found a quiet, controlled, cultivated,
middle-aged man who seemed to be on terms of easy and intimate
friendship such as he had not attained.
After a little they divided their conversation. Margaret wanted to talk to
Walter about some complication in local politics—something affecting
Helen’s election. And Freda wanted to hear Gregory talk.
He told her about Ireland, of the men and women who plotted secretly
and constantly to throw off every yoke of sovereignty. He told of the beauty
of the Gaelic tongue, translating a phrase or two for her—talked of the Irish
poets and his friends and she responded, finding use now for all the
thoughts that had filled her mind, the poems she had read and loved. The
light in his deep set eyes grew brighter as he looked at the face turned to
his, meeting his own enthusiasm so unquestioningly. Once he looked at
Margaret curiously. She was deep in her discussion and with a glimmer of a
smile in his eyes he turned again to Freda.
At eleven he took her to her room. They went up the stairs to the door of
her apartment.
“Shall I see you between now and Friday night?”
“I’m going to work to-morrow.” Freda came back to that thought with a
jolt. “I don’t know.”
“To-morrow night? Just remember that I’m alone here—I don’t know
any one but you and Miss Duffield and I don’t want the people in charge of
my lecture to lay hands on me until it’s necessary. You’ve no idea what they
do to visiting lecturers in the provinces?”
“But hasn’t Miss Duffield plans for you?”
 “I hoped she might have. But she’s busy, as you see.” His tone had many
implications. “So I really am lonely and you made me feel warm and
welcome to-night. You aren’t full of foolish ideas about friendships that
progress like flights of stairs—step by step, are you?”
“Friendships are—or they aren’t,” said Freda.
“And this one is, I hope?”
They heard a sigh within the apartment as if a weary soul on the other
side of the partition were at the end of its patience. Gregory held out his
hand and turned to go.
But Freda could not let him go. She was swept by a sense of the cruel
loneliness of this strange beautiful soul, in a country he did not know,
pursuing a woman he did not win. She felt unbearably pent up.
Catching his hand in both of hers, she held it against her breast, lifted her
face to his and suddenly surprisingly kissed him. And, turning, she marched
into her room with her cheeks aflame and her head held high. Groping for
the unfamiliar switch she turned on her light and began mechanically to
undress. It seemed to her that she was walking in one of her own storied
imaginings. So many things had happened in the last twenty-four hours
which she had often dreamed would happen to her. Adventures, romantic
moments, meetings of strange intimate congeniality like this with Gregory
Macmillan. She thought of him as Gregory.
Gregory went down the stairs quickly, pausing at Margaret’s door to say
good night. The other man was leaving too and they walked together as far
as Gregory’s hotel. They were a little constrained and kept their
conversation on the most general of subjects. Gregory was absent minded in
his comments but as he entered the hotel lobby he was smiling a little, the
immensely cheered smile of the person who has found what he thought was
lost.
Freda reported for work at the office of Sable and Flandon at half past
eight the next morning. She had not been sure at what time a lawyer’s office
began operations and thought it best to be early so she had to wait a full
hour before Mr. Flandon came in. The offices were a large, well-furnished
suite of rooms. There were three young lawyers in the office, associated
with Mr. Sable and Mr. Flandon, and three stenographers, in addition to a
young woman, with an air of attainment, who had a desk in Mr. Sable’s
office and was known as Mr. Sable’s personal secretary. Freda got some
idea of the organization, watching the girls come in and take up their work.
She became a little dubious as to where she could fit into this extremely
well-oiled machinery and wondering more and more as to the quixotic
whim which had made Mr. Flandon employ her, was almost ready to get up
and go out when Gage came in.
He saw her in a minute and showed no surprise. Instead he seemed to be
anxious to cover up any ambiguity in the position by making it very clear
what her duties were to be. He introduced her to the rest of the office force
as my “personal secretary” at which the Miss Brewster who held a like
position in Mr. Sable’s employ lifted her eyebrows a little. She was given a
desk in a little ante-room outside of Gage’s own office and Gage, with a
stenographer who had done most of his work, went over her duties. She was
to relieve the stenographer of all the sorting of his correspondence, take all
his telephone messages, familiarize herself with all of his affairs and
interests in so far as she could do so by consulting current files and be ready
to relieve him of any routine business she could, correcting and signing his
letters as soon as possible.
At five o’clock she hurried back to her little room to find a letter in her
mail box. It was from her father and at the sight of it she was saddened by
the sense of separation between them. Every word in it, counsel, affection,
humor breathed his love and thought for her. She was still poring over it
when Gregory came to take her to dinner, and forgot to be embarrassed
about the night before.
Gregory had never intended to be embarrassed evidently. He considered
that they were on a footing of delightful intimacy. His voice had more
exuberance in it to-night than she had previously heard. As they went past
Margaret’s door they looked up at her transom. It was dark.
“I hoped she was coming with us,” said Freda.
“She doesn’t want to come with me,” answered Gregory, “and that has
hurt me for a long time, it seems to me, although perhaps it is only weeks.
But it may be just as well. For I could never make her happy.”
“Would it be so hard?”
“I could never make any woman happy,” said Gregory with
extraordinary violence. “Happiness is a state of sloth. But I could live
through ecstasy and through pain with some one who was not afraid. For
this serene stagnancy which seems to be the end-all of most people, I’m no
good. I couldn’t do it, that’s all.”
His head was in the air and he looked, thought Freda, as if he would be
extremely likely to forget about any woman or anything else and go sailing
off in some fantasy of his own, at any time. She remembered him as he had
been, despondent, when she had first met him, last night full of blazing
enthusiasms, to-night blithely independent. It delighted her. She had never
before met a person who adjusted to no routine.
“Let’s walk in peace and watch the clouds and I’ll tell you what an old
Irish poet said of them.”
He could see her chin lift as she listened.
“To have in your mind such a wealth of beauty—what it must mean—to
feel that things do not starve within you for lack of utterance—” Her voice
was blurred into appreciations.
“Why let them starve?” asked Gregory.
“Perhaps because practical meat-and-drink body needs always claim the
nourishment the things of your mind need—and you let the mind go
hungry.”
“That’s it—that’s what people do—but you won’t. I hear it in your voice
—see it in your face. The things in you are too vital to be starved. You can
cripple them but you can’t kill them.”
“I do not know.”
“You must set yourself free.”
Freda smiled ruefully.
“That’s what women are always talking about and what they mean is a
washing machine.”
“That’s no freedom—that’s just being given the run of the prison. Don’t
you see that what I mean is to keep yourself free from all the petty desires
—the little peeping conventions—free for the great desires and pains that
will rush through you some day? You have to be strong to do that. You can
put up wind breaks for emotion so easily. And you don’t want them.”
“It means being very fearless.”
“I have never yet met anything worth fearing except cowardice.”
 He stopped. They were in the middle of some sidewalk, neither of them
noticed where.
“Why did you kiss me last night?”
“I wanted to. I’ve not been sorry,” answered Freda. “By all the rules I’ve
learned I ought to be abashed, but you don’t live by rules, so why waste
them on you?”
Her smile was faintly tremulous. His strange, unfamiliar eyes looked
into hers and rested there.
“And we won’t have to spend time talking about love,” he said, half to
himself, “we shan’t wear it threadbare with trying to test its fabric. It comes
like the wind—like God.”
Again they breasted the wind and her hand was fast in his. It was a clean,
cool clasp. Freda felt oddly that she had saved her soul, that she had met an
ultimate.
 CHAPTER XI

NEWSPAPER CUTS

T HE State Convention was imminent. In the vast barrenness of the

Auditorium rows upon rows of ticketed chairs were filling up with
delegates, sectional banners waved in the various parts of the big hall,
flags made the background for the speakers, chairs and table.
“The machinery for creating a government is in progress,” said
Margaret, “what do you think of it?”
Helen shook her head.
“Inadequate. When you think why they have come, how they have come,
what destinies they hold in their hands. Would women do it better I wonder,
Margaret?”
“Women are more serious. Perhaps. Anyway we must try it. If we don’t
like that machinery we’ll have to invent another kind.”
“Funny male gathering. Think they all have their women—and their
feeling towards their own women must influence their feeling towards all of
us. Their own women to treat cruelly or kindly—or possessively.”
“They’re on the last lap of their possession,” answered Margaret.
The gallery was filling with women, reporters, spectators with one
interest or another. The men were taking their places, formality settling on
the assembly. The temporary chairman was on the platform, welcoming
them, bowing grandiloquently with a compliment that was inevitable to the
ladies in the gallery. Nominations for a chairman were in order. The
temporary chairman retained his place as he had expected. The committees
on credentials, resolutions, organization, retired and the delegation heard
with some restlessness further exhortation as to the duties which lay before
them and the splendor of opportunity awaiting the party in the immediate
future.
The platform was read. Cheers, a little too well organized and not too
freely spontaneous, punctuated it. The women listened to it attentively,
Margaret frowning now and then at some of its clauses.
It was a long task. On its consummation the convention adjourned for
lunch.
It was mid-afternoon before the business of electing the delegates at
large to the National Convention had been reached. Helen felt her face grow
hot and her heart go a little faster even while she mocked at herself for
those signs of nervousness. Margaret watched as if her finger was on the
pulse of a patient.
Hedley’s name went through nomination as every one had expected.
Then Jensen was on his feet.
He was good. The women admitted that after his first words. He dwelt
upon the fact of suffrage, on the practical differences it made in the
electorate. He spoke of the recognition of women as a privilege. Then with
a reference which Helen had feared must come he spoke of the one woman
whose name is “familiar to us through the fine party loyalty of her husband”
and who is herself “the unspoken choice of hundreds and thousands of
women of this State” as their delegate. Helen heard her name come forth
unfamiliarly, heard the burst of clapping, faced the barricade of glances
with a smile.
There was little doubt about it from the start. What opposition there was
must have decided it unsafe to show its teeth. An hour later a discomfited
man, pushed off the party slate by a woman, edged his way out of the back
of the gallery and the woman was surrounded by a group of men and
women, all anxious to be early in their congratulations, some from sheer
enthusiasm, others from motives more questionable.
“And where is Gage passing the cigars?” asked one man jocularly.
Helen looked around as if in surprise that he was not there.
“He isn’t here, is he?”
She knew he wasn’t. She had known he wouldn’t come, even while she
could not quite kill the hope that he would.
At the door were photographers, even a moving picture man waiting for
the new woman delegates. Margaret dropped Helen’s hand and Helen, on
Mrs. Brownley’s arm, moved past the range of picture-takers with an air of
complete composure. In a moment she was in her car and moving out of
sight. Margaret turned to walk back to her own apartment, complete
satisfaction on her face.

II

Helen entered the house quietly and leaving her gloves and wrap on the
hall bench, went into the kitchen to see how things were going there. There
was a pleasant air of competence about it. The maids were busy and the
dinner in active preparation. Upstairs the nurse had the children. She played
with them a little, a warm sense of satisfaction at her heart. It was so absurd
to choose—to fake a choice. This other work, this other business could be
done without sacrificing anything. Gage was absurd. She was no less a
mother, not a bit less good a housewife because she was a delegate to the
Republican Convention. It took a bit of management, that was all. If she
was treating Gage badly she would feel different.
But there was a guilty feeling which she could not control. He was
unhappy and she the cause. They had been too close for that not to hurt.
At seven o’clock, a little late for dinner, came Gage, a guarded courtesy
in his manner. He asked her pardon for not dressing and handed her a sheaf
of evening papers. She was thankful that they had been issued too early to
contain the news of her triumph. It postponed certain altercations. She
thought suddenly of her barrage of photographers and of what she had
completely forgotten, Gage’s tremendous dislike of having her picture in
the papers.
“I can’t bear the thought of your picture tossed about the country—
looked at casually for an hour and then used as old newspapers are used—to
wrap a package—line a stair-rug—heaven knows what!”
Of course it had appeared occasionally for all of that but Helen had made
the occasions infrequent. She had always liked that prejudice of his. As she
looked at him to-night she thought he looked tired. There were strained
lines around his eyes, and he was very silent.
She said several little things and then, because avoidance of the big topic
seemed impossible, joined him in his silence. He looked at her at last,
smiling a little. It was not the smile of a rancorous man but rather a hurt
smile, a forced smile of one who is going to go through pain wearing it.
“I have been congratulated all the way home on your account, Helen. It
seems to have been a landslide for you.”
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