Foundations of Functional English: Comprehensive Notes for Bachelor Level Students

The study of Functional English focuses on practical language skills used in day-to-day
communication, with an emphasis on proficiency in speaking, writing, and understanding
English. Below are detailed notes on the key topics related to Functional English for bachelor
level students:

A) Vocabulary Building

Vocabulary development is crucial for effective communication, and it involves learning words
in various contexts and understanding their nuances. Vocabulary building can be achieved
through:

1. Contextual Visage

Understanding vocabulary in context involves discerning how words behave in different

situations. Words often take on different meanings depending on the sentence or situation in
which they are used. For example:

 "He is a bright student." Here, bright refers to intellectual ability.

 "The bright sun hurt my eyes." Here, bright refers to intensity or brightness.

In this way, contextual meaning is important for understanding vocabulary accurately.

2. Synonyms and Antonyms

 Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. They can help avoid repetition in
speech and writing.
o Example: Happy – joyful, content, cheerful.
 Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, which help to contrast ideas effectively.
o Example: Happy – sad, unhappy, miserable.

3. Idiomatic Expressions

Idioms are phrases whose meanings cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of the words
used. Understanding idioms is vital for fluency in English.

 Break the ice – To start a conversation in a social setting.

 Bite the bullet – To do something painful or unpleasant that is unavoidable.
 Hit the nail on the head – To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem.

Learning idioms helps students sound more natural and fluent.

B) Communicative Grammar

Grammar provides the rules for structuring language effectively, and communicative grammar
refers to the correct application of these rules in real communication.

1. Subject-Verb Agreement

 The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number and person.
o Singular subject takes a singular verb.
 The dog barks loudly.
o Plural subject takes a plural verb.
 The dogs bark loudly.

2. Verb Tenses

Tenses express time in the language. English has three main tenses: present, past, and future,
each of which has different forms:

 Present:
o Simple: She plays.
o Continuous: She is playing.
o Perfect: She has played.
o Perfect Continuous: She has been playing.
 Past:
o Simple: She played.
o Continuous: She was playing.
o Perfect: She had played.
o Perfect Continuous: She had been playing.
 Future:
o Simple: She will play.
o Continuous: She will be playing.
o Perfect: She will have played.
o Perfect Continuous: She will have been playing.

3. Fragments and Run-ons

 Fragments are incomplete sentences that lack a subject or a verb, making them
grammatically incorrect.
o Incorrect: After the meeting.
o Correct: We left after the meeting.
 Run-ons occur when two or more independent clauses are incorrectly joined together
without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
o Incorrect: She went to the store, she bought milk.
o Correct: She went to the store and bought milk.
4. Modifiers

Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide more information about other elements in
a sentence. They must be placed correctly to avoid confusion:

 Correct: She wore a blue dress to the party.

 Misplaced Modifier: She wore a dress to the party that was blue.

5. Articles

Articles (a, an, the) are used to indicate whether a noun is specific or unspecific.

 Indefinite articles: a (used before consonant sounds) and an (used before vowel sounds)
are used when the noun is general.
o I saw a dog in the park.
 Definite article: the is used when referring to a specific noun.
o The dog I saw in the park was brown.

6. Word Classes

 Nouns: People, places, things, or ideas (e.g., book, happiness).

 Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., he, she, they).
 Verbs: Action or state of being (e.g., run, think, is).
 Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., tall, beautiful).
 Adverbs: Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
 Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
 Conjunctions: Join words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, because).
 Interjections: Express emotions or reactions (e.g., wow, ouch).

C) Word Formation

Word formation refers to the process of creating new words by modifying existing ones.

1. Affixation

Affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to a root word to create a new word.

 Prefix: Added at the beginning of a word (e.g., un- in unlock).

 Suffix: Added at the end of a word (e.g., -ness in happiness).

2. Compounding

Compounding is the process of combining two or more words to create a new word.
  Example: Notebook, toothbrush, football.

3. Clipping

Clipping is the process of shortening a word without changing its meaning.

 Example: telephone → phone, refrigerator → fridge.

4. Backformation

Backformation is the creation of a new word by removing a suffix or part of an existing word.

 Example: editor → edit, donation → donate.

D) Sentence Structure

Understanding sentence structure is essential for writing and speaking clearly and correctly.

1. Simple Sentences

A simple sentence contains only one independent clause.

 Example: She runs every morning.

2. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating

conjunction (e.g., and, but, or).

 Example: She runs every morning, and he swims in the pool.

3. Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

 Example: She runs every morning because she likes to stay fit.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.

 Example: She runs every morning, and he swims in the pool because he enjoys
swimming.
 E) Sound Production and Pronunciation

Clear pronunciation and correct sound production are essential for effective communication.

1. Consonant and Vowel Sounds

English has a wide range of consonant and vowel sounds, many of which do not have direct
equivalents in other languages. Mastering the following is important:

 Consonants: Sounds like p, b, t, d, k, g.

 Vowels: Short vowels (cat, dog), long vowels (cake, bee), and diphthongs (coin, how).

2. Stress and Intonation

Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words, while intonation refers to the
rise and fall of the voice during speech.

 Word stress: In 'banana, the stress is on the second syllable: ba-NA-na.

 Sentence stress: Content words like nouns and verbs are stressed, while function words
like articles and prepositions are usually unstressed.
 Intonation patterns: Rising intonation is often used for questions, while falling
intonation is used for statements.

3. Connected Speech

In fluent speech, words are often connected, and sounds may be omitted or altered.

 Elision: Omitting a sound for smoother speech (e.g., I am becomes I’m).

 Linking: Connecting the ending sound of one word with the beginning sound of the next
(e.g., go on sounds like gwan).

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1. Vocabulary Building

Contextual Visage

Understanding the meaning of a word based on its context is essential for effective
communication. Here's how you can build your vocabulary using context:

 Context Clues: Look for hints within the sentence or surrounding sentences to infer the
meaning of a word.
o Example: The arid climate made the desert plants thrive. (The word "arid" means
dry.)
 Types of Context Clues:
o Definition Clues: The word's meaning is explained in the sentence.
 Example: The equestrian, or horse rider, was very skilled.
o Synonym Clues: A similar word is used to help understand the unknown word.
 Example: The task was arduous, demanding and tiring.
o Antonym Clues: An opposite word is used to provide contrast.
 Example: Unlike his serene demeanor, she was agitated.

Synonyms and Antonyms

Building a strong vocabulary involves understanding synonyms and antonyms.

 Synonyms: Words with similar meanings.

o Example:
 Happy: Joyful, Content, Elated
 Quick: Fast, Speedy, Rapid
 Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings.
o Example:
 Happy: Sad, Unhappy, Miserable
 Quick: Slow, Delayed, Leisurely

Idiomatic Expressions

Idioms are phrases with meanings that aren't literal.

 Common Idioms:
o Break the ice: To start a conversation in a social setting.
o Hit the sack: To go to bed.
o Under the weather: Feeling ill.

2. Communicative Grammar
Subject-Verb Agreement

Ensuring the subject and verb agree in number is crucial for grammatical accuracy.

 Rules:
o Singular subjects take singular verbs.
 Example: She runs every morning.
o Plural subjects take plural verbs.
 Example: They run every morning.

Verb Tenses

Verb tenses indicate the time of an action or state.

 Present Tense:
o Simple: I eat.
o Continuous: I am eating.
 Past Tense:
o Simple: I ate.
o Continuous: I was eating.
 Future Tense:
o Simple: I will eat.
o Continuous: I will be eating.

Fragments and Run-ons

Understanding and correcting fragments and run-ons improves writing clarity.

 Fragments: Incomplete sentences missing a subject or verb.

o Example: Running down the street.
o Correction: She was running down the street.
 Run-ons: Two or more complete sentences joined incorrectly.
o Example: I went to the store I bought milk.
o Correction: I went to the store, and I bought milk.

Modifiers

Modifiers add detail to sentences but must be placed correctly to avoid confusion.

 Example: Quickly running athletes finished first.

o Misplaced Modifier: Running athletes quickly finished first.
o Corrected: The quickly running athletes finished first.

Articles

Articles define the specificity of a noun.

  Definite (the): Refers to specific items.
o Example: The book on the table.
 Indefinite (a, an): Refers to non-specific items.
o Example: A book on a table.

Word Classes

Understanding word classes aids in sentence construction.

 Nouns: People, places, things (dog, school).

 Verbs: Actions or states (run, is).
 Adjectives: Describe nouns (quick, happy).
 Adverbs: Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (quickly, very).

3. Word Formation

Affixation

Creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.

 Prefixes: Added to the beginning of words.

o Example: Un- (unhappy), Re- (rewrite)
 Suffixes: Added to the end of words.
o Example: -ly (quickly), -ness (happiness)

Compounding

Combining two or more words to form a new word.

 Example: Toothbrush (tooth + brush), Notebook (note + book)

Clipping

Shortening a longer word without changing its meaning.

 Example: Advertisement -> Ad, Telephone -> Phone

Back Formation

Creating a new word by removing a supposed affix.

 Example: Editor -> Edit, Donation -> Donate

4. Sentence Structure
Simple Sentences

A sentence consisting of a single independent clause.

 Example: She runs.

Compound Sentences

A sentence consisting of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.

 Example: She runs, and she swims.

Complex Sentences

A sentence consisting of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

 Example: She runs because she enjoys it.

Compound-Complex Sentences

A sentence consisting of two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

 Example: She runs because she enjoys it, and she swims for exercise.

5. Sound Production and Pronunciation

Phonetics

The study of speech sounds and their production.

 Sounds: /p/ in "pat", /b/ in "bat"

 Articulation: How speech sounds are made using the mouth, lips, and tongue.

Phonology

The study of how sounds function within a particular language.

 Phonemes: The smallest units of sound that can distinguish words.

o Example: /k/ in "cat" vs. /b/ in "bat"

Pronunciation

 Stress: Emphasis placed on certain syllables or words.

o Example: REcord (noun) vs. reCORD (verb)
 Intonation: The rise and fall of voice pitch during speech.
o Example: Rising intonation often indicates a question.
 Practice Questions

Vocabulary Building

1. What is the contextual meaning of the word "bark" in the sentence: "The dog's bark was
loud"?
o a) Tree covering
o b) A sound made by a dog
o c) A type of boat
o d) A command
2. Choose the correct synonym for "happy".
o a) Sad
o b) Elated
o c) Angry
o d) Anxious
3. Choose the correct antonym for "ancient".
o a) Modern
o b) Old
o c) Historic
o d) Antique
4. Which of the following words is a synonym for "beautiful"?
o a) Ugly
o b) Attractive
o c) Horrible
o d) Scary
5. Select the antonym of "increase".
 o a) Reduce
o b) Rise
o c) Grow
o d) Expand
6. What does the idiom "kick the bucket" mean?
o a) To start something new
o b) To die
o c) To get angry
o d) To travel
7. Identify the idiomatic expression meaning "to start a conversation".
o a) Break the ice
o b) Blow off steam
o c) Hit the hay
o d) Under the weather
8. Choose the correct synonym for "wealthy".
o a) Poor
o b) Rich
o c) Miserable
o d) Unhappy
9. What does the idiom "piece of cake" mean?
o a) Something difficult
o b) Something easy
o c) A small portion
o d) A reward
10.Select the antonym of "diligent".
o a) Lazy
o b) Hardworking
o c) Industrious
o d) Busy
11.Choose the correct synonym for "rapid".
o a) Slow
o b) Fast
o c) Late
o d) Delayed
12.What does the idiom "under the weather" mean?
o a) Feeling sick
o b) Enjoying nature
o c) Watching the weather
o d) Being lazy
13.Choose the antonym for "expand".
o a) Contract
o b) Extend
o c) Inflate
o d) Increase
 14.Which word is a synonym for "brave"?
o a) Cowardly
o b) Timid
o c) Courageous
o d) Afraid
15.What does the idiom "hit the books" mean?
o a) To start reading
o b) To study hard
o c) To enjoy a book
o d) To hit someone with a book
16.Choose the correct synonym for "difficult".
o a) Hard
o b) Easy
o c) Simple
o d) Effortless
17.Select the antonym of "joyful".
o a) Happy
o b) Sad
o c) Excited
o d) Pleased
18.What does the idiom "let the cat out of the bag" mean?
o a) To release a cat
o b) To reveal a secret
o c) To hide something
o d) To be surprised
19.Choose the synonym for "generous".
o a) Stingy
o b) Kind
o c) Greedy
o d) Selfish
20.Select the antonym of "frequently".
o a) Often
o b) Rarely
o c) Usually
o d) Commonly

Communicative Grammar

21.Which sentence demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement?

o a) The dogs barks.
o b) The dog bark.
o c) The dogs bark.
o d) The dog barks.
22.Identify the correct past tense form of the verb "run".
 o a) Runs
o b) Running
o c) Ran
o d) Run
23.Which sentence is a fragment?
o a) He went to the store.
o b) Running down the street.
o c) She finished her homework.
o d) They are playing outside.
24.Choose the correctly punctuated sentence.
o a) I went to the store, I bought milk.
o b) I went to the store; I bought milk.
o c) I went to the store and I bought milk.
o d) I went to the store. I bought milk.
25.Which sentence is a run-on sentence?
o a) She likes to run, and she swims.
o b) The dog barked loudly.
o c) I finished my homework I watched TV.
o d) The cat sleeps on the couch.
26.Identify the correct subject-verb agreement.
o a) The team win the match.
o b) The teams wins the match.
o c) The team wins the match.
o d) The team winning the match.
27.Choose the correct sentence with a modifier.
o a) She nearly drove her kids to school every day.
o b) She drove her kids nearly to school every day.
o c) Nearly, she drove her kids to school every day.
o d) She drove nearly her kids to school every day.
28.Which of the following sentences uses the correct article?
o a) She adopted a dog.
o b) She adopted an dog.
o c) She adopted the dog.
o d) She adopted dog.
29.Identify the sentence with a misplaced modifier.
o a) The man in the car is my uncle.
o b) The man is my uncle in the car.
o c) In the car, the man is my uncle.
o d) My uncle, the man in the car.
30.Choose the correct sentence with subject-verb agreement.
o a) Neither of the boys is going.
o b) Neither of the boys are going.
o c) Neither of the boys be going.
o d) Neither of the boys been going.
31.Which sentence contains a fragment?
o a) He went home after school.
o b) Walking to the park.
o c) She wrote a letter to her friend.
o d) They studied for the test.
32.Identify the correct use of the present perfect tense.
o a) She has wrote a letter.
o b) She have written a letter.
o c) She has written a letter.
o d) She have wrote a letter.
33.Choose the sentence with the correct verb tense.
o a) He will goes to school.
o b) He going to school.
o c) He went to school.
o d) He go to school.
34.Which sentence uses the correct article?
o a) He found a umbrella.
o b) He found an umbrella.
o c) He found the umbrella.
o d) He found umbrella.
35.Identify the sentence with correct subject-verb agreement.
o a) She walk to school every day.
o b) She walks to school every day.
o c) She walking to school every day.
o d) She walked to school every day.
36.Which sentence is a run-on?
o a) I like to read books and play games.
o b) I finished my homework, I went to bed.
o c) She enjoys painting and drawing.
o d) He goes to the gym every morning.
37.Choose the correct use of the past perfect tense.
o a) She had went to the store.
o b) She had gone to the store.
o c) She has went to the store.
o d) She have gone to the store.
38.Which sentence contains a fragment?
o a) The flowers in the garden are beautiful.
o b) Beautiful flowers in the garden.
o c) She enjoys gardening.
o d) They planted new flowers.
39.Identify the correct subject-verb agreement.
o a) The cats eats their food.
o b) The cat eat their food.
o c) The cats eat their food.
 od) The cats eating their food.
40.Which sentence uses a modifier correctly?
o a) She almost watched the entire movie.
o b) She watched almost the entire movie.
o c) She almost the entire movie watched.
o d) She watched the almost entire movie.

Word Formation

41.What is the prefix in the word "unhappy"?

o a) un
o b) happy
o c) appy
o d) none
42.Identify the suffix in the word "friendship".
o a) ship
o b) friend
o c) end
o d) none
43.Which word is a compound word?
o a) Playground
o b) Happy
o c) Sadness
o d) Quickly

44.What does the word "biohazard" mean?

 a) A hazard to the environment

 b) A hazard to life
 c) A hazard to society
 d) A hazard to health

45.Which word is an example of clipping?

 a) Advertisement -> Ad
 b) Wonderful -> Wonder
 c) Happy -> Unhappy
 d) School -> Schooling

46.What is the prefix in the word "rewrite"?

 a) re
 b) write
 c) wri
 d) rite
47.What is the base word in "unhappiness"?

 a) happy
 b) unhappiness
 c) ness
 d) unh

48.Which of the following is an example of back formation?

 a) Editor -> Edit

 b) Happy -> Happiness
 c) Act -> Action
 d) Joy -> Enjoy

49.Identify the suffix in "carefully".

 a) fully
 b) care
 c) fully
 d) ly

50.What does "compound" mean in word formation?

 a) Combining two words

 b) Removing a suffix
 c) Adding a prefix
 d) Changing a root word

51.Which of the following is a compound word?

 a) Basketball
 b) Quickly
 c) Unhappily
 d) Players

52.Choose the word that is formed by clipping.

 a) Examination -> Exam

 b) Beautiful -> Beauty
 c) Paint -> Painter
 d) Music -> Musical

53.What is the root word in "discover"?

 a) cover
 b) disc
  c) discover
 d) dis

54.Identify the prefix in "misunderstand".

 a) mis
 b) understand
 c) stand
 d) der

55.Which word is formed by back formation from "babysitter"?

 a) Babysit
 b) Sitter
 c) Baby
 d) Babysitting

Sentence Structure

56.Identify the simple sentence.

 a) She ran quickly.

 b) She ran quickly, and she won the race.
 c) Although she ran quickly, she didn't win.
 d) She ran quickly, and she won the race because she trained hard.

57.What is a compound sentence?

 a) A sentence with one independent clause.

 b) A sentence with two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
 c) A sentence with a dependent and an independent clause.
 d) A sentence with a subject and a predicate.

58.Choose the correct example of a compound sentence.

 a) She went to the store, but it was closed.

 b) She went to the store because she needed milk.
 c) If she went to the store, she would buy milk.
 d) She went to the store after she finished her homework.

59.Identify the complex sentence.

 a) She loves to read and write.

 b) Although she was tired, she finished her homework.
 c) She was tired, and she went to bed.
 d) She loves to read, write, and paint.
 60.What is a complex sentence?

 a) A sentence with one independent clause.

 b) A sentence with two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
 c) A sentence with an independent and at least one dependent clause.
 d) A sentence with two subjects and predicates.

61.Which sentence is compound-complex?

 a) She read the book because she was interested, and she wrote a summary.
 b) She read the book, and she wrote a summary.
 c) If she read the book, she would write a summary.
 d) She read the book, but she didn't write a summary because she was busy.

62.Identify the dependent clause in the sentence: "When he arrived, the meeting had already
started."

 a) When he arrived
 b) The meeting had already started
 c) He arrived
 d) Had already started

63.Choose the correct sentence structure: "He studies hard so that he can pass the exam."

 a) Simple
 b) Compound
 c) Complex
 d) Compound-complex

64.Identify the simple sentence.

 a) He enjoys reading books, and he writes stories.

 b) He enjoys reading books.
 c) Because he enjoys reading books, he writes stories.
 d) He enjoys reading books and writes stories.

65.What is the main clause in the sentence: "Although he was tired, he finished his
homework."

 a) He finished his homework

 b) Although he was tired
 c) He was tired
 d) Finished his homework

Sound Production and Pronunciation

66.What is phonetics?

 a) The study of language structure

 b) The study of speech sounds
 c) The study of word meanings
 d) The study of grammar rules

67.Which of the following is a phoneme in English?

 a) /k/
 b) ck
 c) kn
 d) ch

68.Identify the stressed syllable in the word "information".

 a) In
 b) For
 c) Ma
 d) Tion

69.What does intonation refer to in speech?

 a) The rise and fall of voice pitch

 b) The clarity of pronunciation
 c) The speed of speaking
 d) The volume of speaking

70.Choose the word with the correct stress pattern: "photograph".

 a) PHO-to-graph
 b) pho-TO-graph
 c) pho-to-GRAPH
 d) pho-TO-GRAPH

71.What is a vowel sound?

 a) A sound produced without any obstruction of airflow

 b) A sound produced with complete closure of airflow
 c) A sound produced with partial closure of airflow
 d) A sound produced with obstruction in the nasal cavity

72.Which word contains a diphthong?

 a) Out
 b) Cat
 c) Bet
 d) Dog

73.Identify the consonant cluster in the word "street".

 a) Str
 b) Re
 c) Tr
 d) St

74.What is the IPA symbol for the sound in "cat"?

 a) /kæt/
 b) /kat/
 c) /kɒt/
 d) /kat/

75.Which of the following words has a silent letter?

 a) Knee
 b) Cat
 c) Hat
 d) Net

76.What is a syllable?

 a) A unit of sound with one vowel sound

 b) A unit of meaning in a word
 c) A unit of grammar in a sentence
 d) A unit of pitch in a sentence

77.Identify the stressed syllable in the word "beginning".

 a) Be
 b) Gin
 c) Ning
 d) All syllables are stressed equally

78.Choose the correct pronunciation of the word "tough".

 a) /tʌf/
 b) /taʊ/
 c) /tuːf/
 d) /təʊ/

79.What is the function of stress in English?

 a) To distinguish word meaning
 b) To create sentence structure
 c) To indicate question or statement
 d) To show word order

80.Identify the correct intonation pattern for a yes/no question.

 a) Rising intonation
 b) Falling intonation
 c) Flat intonation
 d) Mixed intonation

81.Which word contains a triphthong?

 a) Fire
 b) Cat
 c) Bet
 d) Dog

82.What is the role of a consonant in speech?

 a) To create distinct sounds by obstructing airflow

 b) To produce continuous airflow
 c) To indicate stress patterns
 d) To mark the end of a sentence

83.Choose the word with the correct vowel sound: "seat".

 a) /i:/
 b) /e/
 c) /æ/
 d) /aɪ/

84.Identify the unstressed syllable in the word "banana".

 a) Ba
 b) Na
 c) Na
 d) All syllables are equally stressed

85.Which word has a voiced consonant sound?

 a) Buzz
 b) Pat
 c) Kick
 d) Stop
86.What is the IPA symbol for the sound in "ship"?

 a) /ʃɪp/
 b) /sɪp/
 c) /ʃɪb/
 d) /ʃɪf/

87.Which word contains a nasal sound?

 a) Sing
 b) Sip
 c) Sat
 d) Sit

88.Identify the correct stress pattern for the word "computer".

 a) com-PU-ter
 b) com-pu-TER
 c) COM-pu-ter
 d) com-pu-ter

89.What is a diphthong?

 a) A complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel and glides to another
 b) A consonant cluster at the beginning of a word
 c) A sound produced without any obstruction of airflow
 d) A unit of pitch in a sentence

90.Which word contains a diphthong?

 a) Coin
 b) Cat
 c) Bet
 d) Dog

91.Identify the syllable division in the word "syllable".

 a) syl-la-ble
 b) syll-a-ble
 c) syll-able
 d) sy-lla-ble

92.Choose the word with a silent 't'.

 a) Castle
 b) Cat
 c) Bet
 d) Hat

93.What is intonation in speech?

 a) The rise and fall of pitch during speech

 b) The length of vowels in words
 c) The speed of speech
 d) The volume of speech

94.Which word contains a voiced consonant?

 a) Bat
 b) Pat
 c) Cat
 d) Sat

95.Identify the unstressed vowel in the word "banana".

 a) Ba
 b) Na
 c) Na
 d) All syllables are equally stressed

96.What does the schwa sound represent?

 a) The most common vowel sound in English

 b) A consonant sound
 c) A silent letter
 d) A diphthong

97.Which of the following words contains a triphthong?

 a) Fire
 b) Cat
 c) Sit
 d) Book

98.What is a syllable?

 a) A unit of pronunciation with one vowel sound

 b) A unit of meaning in a word
 c) A unit of grammar in a sentence
 d) A unit of pitch in a sentence

99.Identify the correct stress pattern for the word "understand".

  a) un-der-STAND
 b) UN-der-stand
 c) un-DER-stand
 d) un-der-stand

100. Which word has a silent 'k'?

 a) Knife
 b) Kite
 c) Knight
 d) Knit

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Vocabulary Building

1. b) A sound made by a dog

2. b) Elated
3. a) Modern
4. b) Attractive
5. a) Reduce
6. b) To die
7. a) Break the ice
8. b) Rich
9. b) Something easy
10.a) Lazy
11.b) Fast
12.a) Feeling sick
13.a) Contract
14.c) Courageous
15.b) To study hard
16.a) Hard
17.b) Sad
18.b) To reveal a secret
19.b) Kind
20.b) Rarely

Communicative Grammar

21.d) The dog barks.

22.c) Ran
23.b) Running down the street.
24.d) I went to the store. I bought milk.
25.c) I finished my homework I watched TV.
26.c) The team wins the match.
 27.a) She nearly drove her kids to school every day.
28.a) She adopted a dog.
29.b) The man is my uncle in the car.
30.a) Neither of the boys is going.
31.b) Walking to the park.
32.c) She has written a letter.
33.c) He went to school.
34.b) He found an umbrella.
35.b) She walks to school every day.
36.b) I finished my homework, I went to bed.
37.b) She had gone to the store.
38.b) Beautiful flowers in the garden.
39.c) The cats eat their food.
40.b) She watched almost the entire movie.

Word Formation

41.a) un
42.a) ship
43.a) Playground
44.b) A hazard to life
45.a) Advertisement -> Ad
46.a) re
47.a) happy
48.a) Editor -> Edit
49.d) ly
50.a) Combining two words

Word Formation

51.a) Basketball
52.a) Examination -> Exam
53.a) cover
54.a) mis
55.a) Babysit

Sentence Structure

56.a) She ran quickly.

57.b) A sentence with two independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
58.a) She went to the store, but it was closed.
59.b) Although she was tired, she finished her homework.
60.c) A sentence with an independent and at least one dependent clause.
61.d) She read the book, but she didn't write a summary because she was busy.
62.a) When he arrived
 63.c) Complex
64.b) He enjoys reading books.
65.a) He finished his homework

Sound Production and Pronunciation

66.b) The study of speech sounds

67.a) /k/
68.c) Ma
69.a) The rise and fall of voice pitch
70.a) PHO-to-graph
71.a) A sound produced without any obstruction of airflow
72.a) Out
73.a) Str
74.a) /kæt/
75.a) Knee
76.a) A unit of sound with one vowel sound
77.b) Gin
78.a) /tʌf/
79.a) To distinguish word meaning
80.a) Rising intonation
81.a) Fire
82.a) To create distinct sounds by obstructing airflow
83.a) /i:/
84.b) Na
85.a) Buzz
86.a) /ʃɪp/
87.a) Sing
88.a) com-PU-ter
89.a) A complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel and glides to another
90.a) Coin
91.a) syl-la-ble
92.a) Castle
93.a) The rise and fall of pitch during speech
94.a) Bat
95.b) Na
96.a) The most common vowel sound in English
97.a) Fire
98.a) A unit of pronunciation with one vowel sound
99.a) un-der-STAND
100. a) Knife

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Vocabulary Building (Contextual Visage, Synonyms, Antonyms, and Idiomatic
Expressions)

1. What does the word “vivid” mean in the context “Her description was vivid”?
o A) Dull
o B) Detailed
o C) Confusing
o D) Brief
Answer: B) Detailed

2. Which of the following is the synonym of "happy"?

o A) Sad
o B) Joyful
o C) Angry
o D) Lonely
Answer: B) Joyful

3. Which is the antonym of "generous"?

o A) Selfish
o B) Kind
o C) Greedy
o D) Compassionate
Answer: A) Selfish

4. What does the idiom “under the weather” mean?

o A) Being sick
o B) Being overwhelmed
o C) Being happy
o D) Working hard
Answer: A) Being sick

5. Which of the following is an example of an idiomatic expression?

 o A) Kick the bucket
o B) Go to the store
o C) She plays tennis
o D) Write a letter
Answer: A) Kick the bucket

6. Which word is closest in meaning to "beautiful"?

o A) Unattractive
o B) Pretty
o C) Plain
o D) Ordinary
Answer: B) Pretty

7. What does the phrase "a dime a dozen" mean?

o A) Something rare
o B) Something valuable
o C) Something very common
o D) Something expensive
Answer: C) Something very common

8. What is the meaning of “bite the bullet”?

o A) To avoid doing something unpleasant
o B) To face something difficult or painful
o C) To succeed in a difficult situation
o D) To take something literally
Answer: B) To face something difficult or painful

9. The synonym of “enormous” is:

o A) Tiny
o B) Small
o C) Huge
o D) Insignificant
Answer: C) Huge

10.What does “the ball is in your court” mean?

o A) It's time to make a decision
o B) It’s a sports reference
o C) It’s someone else's turn
o D) You’re winning
Answer: A) It’s time to make a decision

II. Communicative Grammar

Subject-Verb Agreement

11.Which of the following sentences has correct subject-verb agreement?

o A) The team have won the match.
o B) The team wins the match.
o C) The team winning the match.
o D) The teams wins the match.
Answer: B) The team wins the match.

12.Select the correct sentence:

o A) She don’t like coffee.
o B) She doesn't like coffee.
o C) She doesn't likes coffee.
o D) She like coffee.
Answer: B) She doesn't like coffee.

Verb Tenses

13.Which of the following is an example of the present perfect tense?

o A) She will write a letter.
o B) She has written a letter.
o C) She is writing a letter.
o D) She wrote a letter.
Answer: B) She has written a letter.

14.Choose the correct sentence in past perfect tense:

o A) He had eaten before I arrived.
o B) He ate before I arrived.
o C) He is eating before I arrived.
o D) He was eating before I arrived.
Answer: A) He had eaten before I arrived.

15.Which sentence is in future continuous tense?

o A) I will be running tomorrow.
o B) I am running tomorrow.
o C) I run tomorrow.
o D) I have run tomorrow.
Answer: A) I will be running tomorrow.

Fragments and Run-ons

16.Which of the following is a fragment?

o A) I will go to the store.
o B) Went to the store yesterday.
o C) She sings beautifully.
 o D) He completed the task.
Answer: B) Went to the store yesterday.

17.Which sentence is a run-on?

o A) I like to read, and I like to write.
o B) I like to read, I like to write.
o C) I like to read.
o D) I like to read books.
Answer: B) I like to read, I like to write.

Modifiers

18.Which sentence contains a misplaced modifier?

o A) She almost drove for ten hours.
o B) She drove for almost ten hours.
o C) Almost, she drove for ten hours.
o D) She drove almost ten hours.
Answer: A) She almost drove for ten hours.

19.In which sentence is the modifier correctly placed?

o A) He found a dog walking in the park blue.
o B) Walking in the park, he found a blue dog.
o C) He found a blue dog walking in the park.
o D) He walking in the park found a blue dog.
Answer: C) He found a blue dog walking in the park.

Articles

20.Choose the correct use of the article:

o A) He is a honest person.
o B) He is an honest person.
o C) He is the honest person.
o D) He is honest person.
Answer: B) He is an honest person.

21.Which sentence uses the correct article?

o A) I saw an elephant at the zoo.
o B) I saw a elephant at the zoo.
o C) I saw elephant at the zoo.
o D) I saw elephant an at the zoo.
Answer: A) I saw an elephant at the zoo.

Word Classes

22.What type of word is "quickly"?

 o A) Noun
o B) Verb
o C) Adjective
o D) Adverb
Answer: D) Adverb

23.Which word is a preposition?

o A) Quickly
o B) Under
o C) Beautiful
o D) Run
Answer: B) Under

24.Which of the following is a conjunction?

o A) Beautiful
o B) Because
o C) Quickly
o D) Jump
Answer: B) Because

III. Word Formation

Affixation

25.Which of the following words uses a prefix?

o A) Unhappy
o B) Happiness
o C) Lovely
o D) Teach
Answer: A) Unhappy

26.What does the suffix "-able" mean in "manageable"?

o A) Ability
o B) Action
o C) State of being
o D) Capability
Answer: D) Capability

Compounding

27.Which of the following is a compound word?

o A) Beautiful
o B) Notebook
 o C) Quickly
o D) Happiness
Answer: B) Notebook

Clipping

28.Which of the following is a clipped word?

o A) Telephone → Phone
o B) Incredible → Incredi
o C) Different → Diff
o D) Absolutely → Absolut
Answer: A) Telephone → Phone

Backformation

29.What is the backformation of "editor"?

o A) Edit
o B) Edition
o C) Editory
o D) Editionary
Answer: A) Edit

IV. Sentence Structure

Simple Sentences

30.Which of the following is a simple sentence?

o A) I ate lunch and went to the park.
o B) While eating lunch, I went to the park.
o C) I ate lunch.
o D) I ate lunch, and then I went to the park.
Answer: C) I ate lunch.

Compound Sentences

31.Which sentence is compound?

o A) I went to the store, but I forgot to buy milk.
o B) I went to the store.
o C) While I went to the store.
o D) I forgot to buy milk.
Answer: A) I went to the store, but I forgot to buy milk.
Complex Sentences

32.Which sentence is complex?

o A) I went to the store after I finished my homework.
o B) I went to the store and I finished my homework.
o C) I went to the store, I finished my homework.
o D) I went to the store.
Answer: A) I went to the store after I finished my homework.

Compound-Complex Sentences

33.Which sentence is compound-complex?

o A) I went to the store, and I bought some apples after I finished my homework.
o B) I went to the store after I finished my homework.
o C) I went to the store and I bought some apples.
o D) I went to the store.
Answer: A) I went to the store, and I bought some apples after I finished my
homework.

V. Sound Production and Pronunciation

34.Which of the following is a diphthong?

o A) /i/
o B) /aɪ/
o C) /e/
o D) /u/
Answer: B) /aɪ/

35.Which word has the stress on the first syllable?

o A) Produce
o B) Record
o C) Progress
o D) Return
Answer: D) Return

36.Which of these words has a silent letter?

o A) Knife
o B) Cat
o C) Dog
o D) Book
Answer: A) Knife

37.What is the correct pronunciation of "thought"?

 o A) /θɔːt/
o B) /θoʊt/
o C) /θɑːt/
o D) /θot/
Answer: A) /θɔːt/

38.Which of the following is an example of connected speech?

o A) I am going to eat.
o B) I’m going to eat.
o C) I will eat.
o D) I eat.
Answer: B) I’m going to eat.

39.Which of the following words has a schwa sound?

o A) Father
o B) Banana
o C) Dog
o D) Car
Answer: B) Banana

40.Which of the following words is stressed on the second syllable?

o A) Impressive
o B) Photograph
o C) Computer
o D) Banana
Answer: A) Impressive

I. Vocabulary Building (Continued)

41.Which of the following words is an antonym for “bright”?

o A) Dull
o B) Brilliant
o C) Radiant
o D) Shiny
Answer: A) Dull

42.What does the idiom “spill the beans” mean?

o A) To clean up a mess
o B) To reveal a secret
o C) To cook something
o D) To waste time
Answer: B) To reveal a secret

43.What is the meaning of the idiom “hit the sack”?

o A) To start a task
 o B) To go to sleep
o C) To do hard work
o D) To travel far
Answer: B) To go to sleep

44.Which of the following is a synonym for “generous”?

o A) Stingy
o B) Benevolent
o C) Selfish
o D) Unkind
Answer: B) Benevolent

45.What does the phrase “a penny for your thoughts” mean?

o A) A way of asking someone what they are thinking
o B) A compliment
o C) A way of offering money
o D) A way of offering advice
Answer: A) A way of asking someone what they are thinking

46.Which word is the synonym of “bravery”?

o A) Cowardice
o B) Courage
o C) Timidity
o D) Fear
Answer: B) Courage

47.Which of the following is an antonym of "peaceful"?

o A) Calm
o B) Restful
o C) Disturbing
o D) Tranquil
Answer: C) Disturbing

48.The phrase “burning the midnight oil” means:

o A) Working late into the night
o B) Being careless
o C) Wasting time
o D) Overheating food
Answer: A) Working late into the night

49.What does "to get cold feet" mean?

o A) To become afraid or nervous
o B) To catch a cold
o C) To experience failure
 o D) To walk on ice
Answer: A) To become afraid or nervous

50.Which of the following words is an antonym of “simple”?

o A) Complex
o B) Easy
o C) Plain
o D) Straightforward
Answer: A) Complex

II. Communicative Grammar (Continued)

Subject-Verb Agreement

51.Which sentence follows correct subject-verb agreement?

o A) The books is on the table.
o B) The dogs are barking.
o C) The teacher go to school.
o D) The children was happy.
Answer: B) The dogs are barking.

52.Which of the following sentences is incorrect in subject-verb agreement?

o A) The girl runs fast.
o B) The boys plays football.
o C) The cat sleeps on the chair.
o D) The teacher teaches math.
Answer: B) The boys plays football.

53.Which sentence has the correct subject-verb agreement?

o A) My friend are here.
o B) My friends is here.
o C) My friend is here.
o D) My friends are here.
Answer: D) My friends are here.

Verb Tenses

54.Which sentence is in the present continuous tense?

o A) She eats lunch every day.
o B) She is eating lunch right now.
o C) She ate lunch earlier.
o D) She has eaten lunch already.
Answer: B) She is eating lunch right now.
 55.Which sentence uses the past perfect tense correctly?
o A) She had seen the movie before it started.
o B) She seen the movie before it started.
o C) She had saw the movie before it started.
o D) She sees the movie before it started.
Answer: A) She had seen the movie before it started.

56.Which sentence is in future perfect tense?

o A) By next week, they will have completed the project.
o B) They complete the project next week.
o C) They will complete the project next week.
o D) They have completed the project next week.
Answer: A) By next week, they will have completed the project.

Fragments and Run-ons

57.Which sentence is a fragment?

o A) After the meeting, we went home.
o B) We went home after the meeting.
o C) After the meeting.
o D) We ate dinner after the meeting.
Answer: C) After the meeting.

58.Which sentence is a run-on?

o A) I love swimming, and my brother enjoys running.
o B) I love swimming and my brother enjoys running.
o C) I love swimming. My brother enjoys running.
o D) I love swimming, but my brother enjoys running.
Answer: B) I love swimming and my brother enjoys running.

59.Which sentence is correctly punctuated?

o A) I like pizza, I do not like burgers.
o B) I like pizza but I do not like burgers.
o C) I like pizza but, I do not like burgers.
o D) I like pizza I do not like burgers.
Answer: B) I like pizza but I do not like burgers.

Modifiers

60.Which sentence contains a misplaced modifier?

o A) He almost drove for 10 hours.
o B) He drove almost for 10 hours.
o C) He drove for almost 10 hours.
o D) He drove for 10 hours almost.
Answer: A) He almost drove for 10 hours.
 61.Which of the following sentences has a correctly placed modifier?
o A) She wore a red dress to the party beautiful.
o B) She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.
o C) Beautiful, she wore a red dress to the party.
o D) She beautiful wore a red dress to the party.
Answer: B) She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.

Articles

62.Choose the correct sentence:

o A) She is the honest person.
o B) She is a honest person.
o C) She is an honest person.
o D) She is honest person.
Answer: C) She is an honest person.

63.Which of the following sentences uses the article "the" correctly?

o A) She read the book I gave her.
o B) She read a book I gave her.
o C) She read an book I gave her.
o D) She read book I gave her.
Answer: A) She read the book I gave her.

64.Choose the correct use of the article:

o A) I saw a elephant at the zoo.
o B) I saw an elephant at the zoo.
o C) I saw the elephant at the zoo.
o D) I saw elephant at the zoo.
Answer: B) I saw an elephant at the zoo.

III. Word Formation (Continued)

Affixation

65.What does the prefix “un-” mean in the word “unhappy”?

o A) Below
o B) Not
o C) Before
o D) After
Answer: B) Not

66.What does the suffix “-ly” mean in the word “quickly”?

o A) Time
 o B) Action
o C) Manner
o D) State
Answer: C) Manner

Compounding

67.Which of the following is a compound word?

o A) Bathroom
o B) Sweet
o C) Beautiful
o D) Quickly
Answer: A) Bathroom

68.Which of the following words is formed by compounding?

o A) Baseball
o B) Happiness
o C) Unhappy
o D) Teach
Answer: A) Baseball

Clipping

69.Which word is the clipped form of "refrigerator"?

o A) Fridge
o B) Refri
o C) Eri
o D) Frig
Answer: A) Fridge

Backformation

70.What is the backformation of the word “editor”?

o A) Edit
o B) Edition
o C) Editorize
o D) Editionary
Answer: A) Edit

IV. Sentence Structure (Continued)

Simple Sentences

71.Which sentence is a simple sentence?

o A) She sings and dances.
o B) She sings while dancing.
o C) She sings every day.
o D) She sings, and she dances.
Answer: C) She sings every day.

Compound Sentences

72.Which sentence is compound?

o A) I like coffee, and she likes tea.
o B) I like coffee because she likes tea.
o C) I like coffee, she likes tea.
o D) I like coffee and tea.
Answer: A) I like coffee, and she likes tea.

Complex Sentences

73.Which of the following is a complex sentence?

o A) I went to the park after I finished my homework.
o B) I went to the park, and I finished my homework.
o C) I went to the park, I finished my homework.
o D) I went to the park because I finished my homework.
Answer: A) I went to the park after I finished my homework.

Compound-Complex Sentences

74.Which of the following is a compound-complex sentence?

o A) I will eat pizza after I finish my homework, and my brother will make pasta.
o B) I will eat pizza after I finish my homework.
o C) I will eat pizza, and my brother will make pasta.
o D) I will eat pizza after finishing my homework.
Answer: A) I will eat pizza after I finish my homework, and my brother will
make pasta.

V. Sound Production and Pronunciation (Continued)

75.Which of the following is a voiced sound?

o A) /s/
o B) /f/
o C) /d/
 o D) /t/
Answer: C) /d/

76.Which word contains a vowel sound similar to /æ/?

o A) Bat
o B) Bet
o C) Bit
o D) Bot
Answer: A) Bat

77.What is the IPA symbol for the "sh" sound?

o A) /ʃ/
o B) /ʧ/
o C) /z/
o D) /s/
Answer: A) /ʃ/

78.Which of the following words has the stress on the second syllable?
o A) Record
o B) Desert
o C) Present
o D) Perfect
Answer: C) Present

79.Which word is pronounced differently in terms of stress?

o A) Conduct (noun)
o B) Conduct (verb)
o C) Object (noun)
o D) Object (verb)
Answer: B) Conduct (verb)

80.Which of the following words contains a silent letter?

o A) Knife
o B) Light
o C) King
o D) Lava
Answer: A) Knife

II. Communicative Grammar (Continued)

Word Classes (Continued)

81.Which of the following is an adverb?

o A) Quickly
o B) Run
 o C) Beautiful
o D) Happy
Answer: A) Quickly

82.Which of the following words is an adjective?

o A) Dance
o B) Excited
o C) Beautifully
o D) Swiftly
Answer: B) Excited

83.Which of the following is a pronoun?

o A) Book
o B) Jump
o C) She
o D) Happy
Answer: C) She

84.Which sentence contains a conjunction?

o A) I like apples, but I don't like bananas.
o B) I like apples.
o C) Apples are sweet.
o D) I like fruit.
Answer: A) I like apples, but I don't like bananas.

85.Which word is a preposition?

o A) Slowly
o B) In
o C) Run
o D) Quickly
Answer: B) In

III. Word Formation (Continued)

Affixation (Continued)

86.Which of the following words contains a suffix?

o A) Happiness
o B) Jump
o C) Play
o D) Walk
Answer: A) Happiness
 87.What does the suffix “-ness” mean in the word “kindness”?
o A) State of being
o B) Action
o C) Process
o D) Location
Answer: A) State of being

88.What is the prefix in the word “rebuild”?

o A) Re-
o B) Build
o C) -ed
o D) Rebuilding
Answer: A) Re-

Compounding (Continued)

89.Which of the following is an example of a compound adjective?

o A) Sunflower
o B) Basketball
o C) Old-fashioned
o D) Computer
Answer: C) Old-fashioned

90.Which of the following is a compound noun?

o A) Toothpaste
o B) Jumping
o C) Running
o D) Sing
Answer: A) Toothpaste

Clipping (Continued)

91.Which word is the clipped form of “telephone”?

o A) Tele
o B) Phone
o C) Teleph
o D) Teleo
Answer: B) Phone

Backformation (Continued)

92.What is the backformation of the word “writer”?

o A) Write
o B) Writing
o C) Written
 o D) Writee
Answer: A) Write

IV. Sentence Structure (Continued)

Simple Sentences (Continued)

93.Which sentence is a simple sentence?

o A) The man ran across the street, and the dog followed him.
o B) The man ran across the street.
o C) The man ran across the street, where he saw a dog.
o D) The man ran across the street because it was raining.
Answer: B) The man ran across the street.

Compound Sentences (Continued)

94.Which sentence is a compound sentence?

o A) She went to the store because she needed milk.
o B) She went to the store, and she bought milk.
o C) She went to the store before she bought milk.
o D) She went to the store while buying milk.
Answer: B) She went to the store, and she bought milk.

Complex Sentences (Continued)

95.Which sentence is a complex sentence?

o A) I will go to the park, but I will wait for my friends first.
o B) Although I was tired, I went to the park.
o C) I went to the park, and I played football.
o D) I went to the park because I was tired.
Answer: B) Although I was tired, I went to the park.

Compound-Complex Sentences (Continued)

96.Which sentence is compound-complex?

o A) I went to the park, and my brother stayed home because he was tired.
o B) I went to the park because it was sunny.
o C) I went to the park, but I stayed for only an hour.
o D) I went to the park after school.
Answer: A) I went to the park, and my brother stayed home because he was
tired.
V. Sound Production and Pronunciation (Continued)

Phonetic Symbols

97.Which word contains the sound /ʌ/?

o A) Fun
o B) Good
o C) Book
o D) Bad
Answer: A) Fun

98.What is the IPA symbol for the “th” sound in “this”?

o A) /θ/
o B) /ð/
o C) /s/
o D) /z/
Answer: B) /ð/

Stress and Intonation

99.In the word “banana,” which syllable is stressed?

o A) First
o B) Second
o C) Third
o D) None
Answer: A) First

100. Which of the following is correct about the intonation pattern in English?
A) Rising intonation is typically used in yes/no questions.
B) Falling intonation is used in all questions.
C) Rising intonation is used in commands.
D) Falling intonation is used for positive responses only.
Answer: A) Rising intonation is typically used in yes/no questions.