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Mechanical Properties of Solids Notes 2024 (1)

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22 views8 pages

Mechanical Properties of Solids Notes 2024 (1)

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Hariharan Natarajan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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AL AHRAM EDUCATIONAL CENTRE, AL WAKRA

Notes 2024- 2025

Class &Div. : XI Subject: Physics


Lesson / Topic: Mechanical Properties of Solids
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Mechanical Properties of Solids


Introduction
Matter is a substance, which has certain mass and occupies some volume. Matter exists in three states
namely solid, liquid and gas. A fourth state of matter consisting of ionised matter of bare nuclei is called
plasma. However, in our forth coming discussions, we restrict ourselves to the first three states of matter.
Each state of matter has some distinct properties. For example, a solid has both volume and shape. It
has elastic properties. A gas has the volume of the closed container in which it is kept. A liquid has a
fixed volume at a given temperature, but no shape.
Elasticity
When an external force is applied on a body, which is not free to move, there will be a relative
displacement of the particles. Due to the property of elasticity, the particles tend to regain their original
position. The external forces may produce change in length, volume and shape of the body. This external
force which produces these changes in the body is called deforming force. A body which experiences
such a force is called deformed body. When the deforming force is removed, the body regains its original
state due to the force developed within the body. This force is called restoring force.
The property of a material to regain its original state when the deforming force is removed is called
elasticity. The bodies which possess this property are called elastic bodies. Bodies which do not exhibit
the property of elasticity are called plastic. The study of mechanical properties helps us to select the
material for specific purposes. For example, springs are made of steel because steel is highly elastic.
Deforming Force
The force which changes the shape and size of the body.
Restoring Force
The internal force which tries to bring the body back to its initial shape and size.
Perfectly elastic body
If a body regains its original shape and size immediately and perfectly when the deforming force is
removed, it is said to be perfectly elastic body.
Examples: steel, quartz, glass etc.
Perfectly Plastic Body
A body which does not show even a tendency to regain its original shape and size when the deforming

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020 1


force is removed is called perfectly plastic body.
Stress and Strain
In a deformed body, restoring force is set up within the body which tends to bring the body back to the
normal position. The magnitude of these restoring force depends upon the deformation caused. This
restoring force per unit area of a deformed body is known as stress.
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
Stress = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
S.I unit: Nm-2 or pascal (Pa)
Dimension of stress: [ ML-1T-2]
Due to the application of deforming force, length, volume or shape of a body changes. In other words,
the body is said to be strained. Thus, strain produced in a body is defined as the ratio of change in
dimension of a body to the original dimension.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
∴ Strain =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Strain is the ratio of two similar quantities. Therefore it has no unit.


Elastic Limit
It is maximum stress up to which a body exhibits the property of elasticity.
Hooke’s law
English Physicist Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703) in the year 1676 put forward the relation between the
extension produced in a wire and the restoring force developed in it. The law formulated on the basis of
this study is known as Hooke’s law.

According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit, strain produced in a body is directly proportional
to the stress that produces it.
(i.e) Stress α Strain
Stress
= a constant, known as modulus of elasticity.
Strain

Modulus of elasticity
It is defined as ratio of stress to strain within elastic limit.
S.I unit: Nm-2 (or) pascal
Dimension of modulus of elasticity: [ML-1T-2]

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Three moduli of elasticity

Depending upon the type of strain in the body there are three different types of modulus of elasticity.
They are (i) Young’s modulus (ii) Bulk modulus (iii) Rigidity modulus.

Three moduli of Elasticity

Young’s modulus Bulk Modulus Rigidity Modulus

Young’s modulus(Y)

Consider a wire of length l and cross-sectional area A stretched by a force F acting along its length.
Let dl be the extension produced.
Force 𝐹
∴ Longitudinal stress = =
Area 𝐴
Longitudinal strain = change in length /original length
= dl / l
Young’s modulus of the material of the wire is defined as the ratio of longitudinal stress to
longitudinal strain within elastic limit. It is denoted by Y.

longitudinal stress
Young’s modulus =
longitudinal strain

𝐹/𝐴
(i.e) Y =
𝑑𝑙/𝑙

𝐹𝑙
Y=
𝐴𝑑𝑙

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Bulk Modulus(B)

Suppose equal forces act perpendicular to the six faces of a cube of volume V as shown in Fig. Due to
the action of these forces, let the decrease in volume be dV.
Now, Bulk stress = Force (F) / Area (A )
Bulk Strain = change in volume /original volume
= −dV/ V (the negative sign indicates that volume decreases.)
Bulk modulus of the material of the object is defined as the ratio bulk stress to bulk strain within
elastic limit.
Bulk Stress
⸫ Bulk modulus =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹/𝐴
B =
dV/V
𝑑𝑃
B = where dP is the increase in pressure.
−dV/V

Note: Reciprocal of Bulk modulus is known as compressibility of the substance.


1
i.e Compressibility =
𝐵

S.I unit : m2N-1

Rigidity modulus (G)

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Let us apply a force F tangential to the top surface of a block whose bottom AB is fixed, as shown in
Fig. Under the action of this tangential force, the body suffers a slight change in shape, its volume
remaining unchanged. The side AD of the block is sheared through an angle θ to the position AD’. If
the area of the top surface is A, then shear stress = F/A.
Shear modulus or rigidity modulus of the material of the object is defined as the ratio of shear stress
to shear strain within elastic limit. It is denoted by G.
shear stress
Rigidity modulus =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹/𝐴
G=
𝜃
𝐹
G=
𝐴𝜃
Relation between Y,B and G

9 = 1 + 3
Y B G

Poisson’s ratio:

It is defined as the ratio of relative contraction (lateral strain) to relative expansion (longitudinal strain).
It is denoted by the symbol μ.

Consider a wire of length L with diameter D. Due to applied force, wire stretches and let the increase in
length be l and decrease in diameter be d. Then

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020 5


Negative sign indicates the elongation is along longitudinal and the contraction along lateral dimension.
Further, notice that it is the ratio between quantities of the same dimension. So, Poisson’s ratio has no
unit and no dimension.
Elastic Energy:
When a body is stretched, work is done against the restoring force (internal force). This work done is
stored in the body in the form of elastic energy.
Consider a wire whose un-stretch length is L and area of cross section is A. Let a force produce an
extension l.
Then, the work done by force F is equal to the energy gained by the wire.
The work done in stretching the wire by dl, dW = F dl
The total work done in stretching the wire from 0 to l is

(1)
From Young’s modulus of elasticity,

(2)
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get

The energy per unit volume is called energy density, which is given by,

Important Formulae:
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
1. Stress = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
2. Strain =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑙
3. Young’s modulus, Y =
𝐴𝑑𝑙

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020 6


𝑑𝑃
4. Bulk Modulus, B =
−dV/V
𝐹
5. Rigidity modulus, G =
𝐴𝜃
Numerical Problems:
1. A steel wire of length 4.7 m and cross-sectional area 3.0 x 10-5 m2 stretches by the same amount as a
copper wire of length 3.5 m and cross-sectional area of 4.0 x 10-5 m2 under a given load. What is the
ratio of the Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper?
Answer:

2. Two wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one made of steel and other made of brass are loaded as shown in
figure. The unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is 1.0 m.Young’s modulus of
elasticity for steel and Brass are 2.0 x 1011 Pa and 0.91x10-11Pa respectively.Compute the elongations
of steel and brass wires. (1 Pa = 1 N m2).

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020 7


Answer:

3. A rigid bar of mass 15 kg is supported symmetrically by three wires each 2.0 m long. Those at each
end are of copper and the middle one is of iron. Determine the ratios of their diameters if each is to
have the same tension.Young’s modulus of elasticity for copper and steel are 110x109Nm-2 and
190x109 Nm-2 respectively.

Answer:

Since each wire is to have same tension therefore, each wire has same extension. Moreover, each wire
has the same initial length. So, strain is same for each wire.

****** THE END******

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