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Web Optics New Syllabus

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Web Optics New Syllabus

Uploaded by

Tina Star88
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wave Front : It is the continuous locus of all such particles of the medium which are vibrating in the same

phase of oscillation
at any instant.
Depending upon the shape of the source wave front are of different types.
(i) Plane wave front
(ii) Spherical wave front
(iii) Cylindrical wave front

Huygens’ Principle:
• According to Huygens’ each point on the given wave front
(called primary wave front) acts as an independent source of
light called secondary source.
• Wave front of this secondary source is called secondary
wavelet, which travels in all directions with the velocity of light
in the given medium.
• A surface touching these secondary wavelets, tangentially in
the forward direction at any instant gives the new wave front
at that instant.

Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens’ Principle


The law of reflection (i = r) can be derived using the wave theory.

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷


𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑣𝑡
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐶𝐷𝐵 = 90°
𝑆𝑜, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐶𝐷𝐵
[𝒊=𝒓]

Refraction of Plane Waves Using Huygens’ Principle


The Snell’s law of refraction can be derived using the wave theory. Here v1 and v2 are the speed of light in media 1 and 2 with
refractive index 𝝁𝟏 and 𝝁𝟐 respectively.

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 =
𝐴𝐶
𝑣1 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = − − − (1)
𝐴𝐶

𝐼𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 =
𝐴𝐶
𝑣2 𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 = − − − (2)
𝐴𝐶

𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞 (1) ÷ (2)

sin 𝑖 𝑣1
=
sin 𝑟 𝑣2
sin 𝑖 𝑐 𝑣1
=
sin 𝑟 𝑐 𝑣2
sin 𝑖 𝑛2
=
sin 𝑟 𝑛1
[ 𝒏𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 = 𝒏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓 ]

Wave front after reflection or refraction through mirror, lens and prism
Doppler Effect
Whenever there is a relative motion between the source and observer then the apparent frequency of light received by the
observer is different from the actual frequency emitted by the source. This effect is called Doppler’s effect. The effect can be
used to measure the speed of an approaching or receding object.
Change in Frequency for the source moving away from the observer.
∆𝑓 𝑣
= −
𝑓 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
0 = 𝑓Δ𝜆 + 𝜆Δ𝑓
∆𝝀 ∆𝒇
[ = − ]
𝝀 𝒇

Coherent sources:- Two sources of light which continuously emit light waves of same frequency (or wavelength) with a zero
or constant phase difference between them, are called coherent sources.

Incoherent sources:- Two sources of light which do not emit light waves with a constant phase difference are called
incoherent sources.

Relation between path difference and phase difference


2𝜋
ϕ= Δ𝑥
𝜆
Interference of wave
Let 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 are the intensity of point source travel's 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 to reach at the point P.
𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 Δ𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝜙.
𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
𝐴2 = 𝐴21 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑜,
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2√𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

✓ If Intensity of both wave is same then,


𝐼 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼0 + 2√𝐼0 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝐼 = 2𝐼0 + 2𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝐼 = 2𝐼0 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙)
𝝋
𝑰 = 𝟒𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐
𝟐

✓ For constructive interference Intensity will be maximum and it will be when


➢ 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜙 = 2𝑛𝜋( 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜋)
𝜆
➢ 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛥𝑥 = 2𝑛 (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜆/2)
2
2
➢ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√𝐼1 + √𝐼2 )
✓ For destructive interference Intensity will be maximum and it will be when
➢ 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜙 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋 ( 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜋)
𝜆
➢ 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛥𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜆/2)
2
2
➢ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√𝐼1 − √𝐼2 )

Young’s Double slit experiment ( YDSE )


Two parallel and very close slits S1 and S2 (illuminated by another narrow slit) behave like two coherent sources and produce a
pattern of dark and bright bands on a screen known as interference fringes.

For a point P on the screen, the path difference ∆𝑦 = 𝑆2 𝑃 − 𝑆1 𝑃


∆𝑦 = √𝐷2 + (𝑦 + 𝑑/2)2 − √𝐷2 + (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2
1 1
(𝑦 + 𝑑/2)2 2 (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2 2
∆𝑦 = 𝐷 (1 + 2 ) − 𝐷 (1 + )
𝐷 𝐷2
(𝑦 + 𝑑/2)2 (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2
∆𝑦 = 𝐷 (1 + ) − 𝐷 (1 + )
2𝐷 2 2𝐷 2
(𝑦 + 𝑑/2)2 (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2
∆𝑦 = 𝐷 + − 𝐷 −
2𝐷 2𝐷
(𝑦 + 𝑑/2)2 (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2
∆𝑦 = 𝐷 + − 𝐷 −
2𝐷 2𝐷
(𝑦 + 𝑑/2) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑑/2)2
∆𝑦 = −
2𝐷 2𝐷
𝑦𝑑
∆𝑦 =
𝐷
Where,
➢ d is the separation between two slits
➢ D is the distance between the slits and the screen
➢ y is the distance of the point of P from the central fringe.

Position of Constructive interference , the path difference must be an even multiple of 𝜆/2 ,
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜆/2
𝑦𝑑
= 𝑛𝜆
𝐷
𝜆𝐷
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛
𝑑
Position of Destructive interference , the path difference must be an odd multiple of 𝜆/2 ,
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜆/2
𝑦𝑑
= 𝑛𝜆
𝐷
𝜆𝐷
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛
𝑑
Fringe width: It is the distance between two consecutive maxima or minima.
𝑤 = 𝑦𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛−1
𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷
𝑤= 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)
𝑑 𝑑
𝝀𝑫
[𝒘= ]
𝒅
Interference fringes with white light : When the slits are illuminated with white light, the interference pattern consist of a
central white fringe having on both sides a few coloured fringes and then a general illumination.
Conditions for sustained interference:-
(i) Two sources of light must be coherent.
(ii) The frequencies (or wavelength) of the two waves should be equal.
(iii) The light must be monochromatic.
(iv) The amplitudes of the interfering waves must be equal or nearly equal.
(v) The two sources must be narrow.

Diffraction: The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of an obstacle is called the diffraction of light.
Diffraction due to Single Slit
➢ The single-slit diffraction pattern shows the central maximum 𝜃 = 0.
1 𝜆
➢ Minima occurs at angular separation 𝜃 = (𝑛 + )
2 𝑎
𝜆
➢ Minima occurs at angular separation 𝜃 = 𝑛
𝑎
𝜆
➢ Angular spread of the central maxima 𝜃 = 2
𝑎

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