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NUMERICAL METHODS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IX
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL METHODS IN
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (NUMGE 2018), 25–27 JUNE 2018, PORTO, PORTUGAL

Numerical Methods in Geotechnical

Engineering IX

Editors
António S. Cardoso, José L. Borges, Pedro A. Costa,
António T. Gomes, José C. Marques & Castorina S. Vieira
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

VOLUMES 1 & 2
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

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ISBN: 978-1-138-54446-8 (set of 2 volumes)

ISBN: 978-1-138-33198-3 (Vol 1)
ISBN: 978-1-138-33203-4 (Vol 2)
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ISBN: 978-0-429-44693-1 (eBook, Vol 1)
ISBN: 978-0-429-44692-4 (eBook, Vol 2)
 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Table of contents

Preface xvii
Committees xix
Institutional support xxi
Sponsors xxiii

VOLUME 1

Keynote lectures
Numerical modelling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problems: Challenges and pitfalls 3
D.M. Potts, W. Cui, K.A. Gawecka, D.M.G. Taborda & L. Zdravković
Rock failure analysis with discrete elements 13
J.V. Lemos

Constitutive modelling and numerical implementation

The dilatancy conditions at critical state and its implications on constitutive modelling 25
E.J. Fern & K. Soga
An innovative FE approach using soil hyperbolic model for predicting the response of
monopiles supporting OWTs in sands 33
Dj. Amar Bouzid
Numerical modeling of the creep behavior of a stabilized soft soil 41
P.J. Venda Oliveira, A.A.S. Correia & L.J.L. Lemos
On the use of NURBS plasticity for geomaterials 47
W.M. Coombs & Y. Ghaffari Motlagh
Numerical simulation of the behavior of collapsible loess 53
R. Schiava
The influence of non-coaxial plasticity in numerical modelling of soil-pipe interaction 59
H.E. Mallikarachchi & K. Soga
Hypoplastic model and inverse analysis for simulation of triaxial tests 69
S. Cuomo, P. Ghasemi, M. Calvello & V. Hosseinezhad
Application of a generalized continuous Mohr–Coulomb criterion 77
G. Grimstad, J.A. Rønningen & S. Nordal
Enhanced plasticity modelling of high-cyclic ratcheting and pore pressure accumulation in sands 87
H.Y. Liu, F. Zygounas, A. Diambra & F. Pisanò
A generalized plasticity model adapted for shearing interface problems 97
B. Kullolli, H.H. Stutz, P. Cuéllar, M. Baeßler & F. Rackwitz
Comparative investigation of constitutive models for shotcrete based on numerical
simulations of deep tunnel advance 103
M. Neuner, M. Schreter & G. Hofstetter

v
On modelling of anisotropic undrained strength for non-horizontal terrain 111
S. Nordal, G. Grimstad, T. Jordbakke, K. Rabstad & M. Isachsen
Elastic and plastic anisotropy in soft clays: A constitutive model 117
J. Castro, J. Justo & N. Sivasithamparam
Fe-analysis of anchor pull out tests using advanced constitutive models 125
C. Fabris, H.F. Schweiger & F. Tschuchnigg
On the convexity of yield and potential surfaces in rotational hardening critical state
models 133
J.A. Rønningen, G. Grimstad & S. Nordal
On constitutive modelling of anisotropic viscous and non-viscous soft soils 139
M. Tafili & Th. Triantafyllidis
Measurement and analysis of ground contacts during rockfall events 149
W. Gerber & A. Caviezel
The role of evolutionary algorithms in soil constitutive models 155
C. Pereira & J.R. Maranha
Estimation and calibration of input parameters for Lake Texcoco Clays, Mexico City 163
N. O’Riordan, S. Kumar, F. Ciruela-Ochoa & A. Canavate-Grimal
A comparison of the series and parallel Masing-Iwan model in 2D 173
W.J.A.P. Beuckelaers, G.T. Houlsby & H.J. Burd
Effective stress based model for natural soft clays incorporating restructuration 179
J. Bjerre, J.A. Rønningen, G. Grimstad & S. Nordal
Interpretation of the cyclic behaviour of a saturated dense sand within an elasto-plastic framework 187
B.M. Dahl, M.S. Løyland & H.P. Jostad
Numerical implementation of hardening soil model 195
L.J. Cocco & M.E. Ruiz
A hypoplastic model for soft clays incorporating strength anisotropy 205
J. Jerman & D. Mašín
A modified bounding surface plasticity model for sand 213
A. Amorosi, F. Rollo & D. Boldini
Evaluating the effects of noise on full field displacement data used for the identification
of soil stress-strain response 221
J.A. Charles, C.C. Smith & J.A. Black
Analysis of the bearing capacity of strip footing on crushable soil 227
V.P. Quang Nguyen, M. Kikumoto & K. Nakamura
Numerical simulations of the dynamic soil behaviour in true triaxial conditions 237
C. Ferreira, A.R. Silva & J. Rio
The role of soil fabric anisotropy for reaching and maintaining critical state 247
A.I. Theocharis, E. Vairaktaris, Y.F. Dafalias & A.G. Papadimitriou
A method to consider the electrical/chemical interaction of clay crystal in general constitutive model 255
H. Kyokawa, S. Ohno & I. Kobayashi
Extended bounding surface model for general stress paths in practical applications 265
K. Bergholz
A time dependent constitutive model for soft clay based on
nonstationary flow surface theory 273
M. Rezania, M. Mousavi Nezhad & H. Nguyen
Simple constitutive models to represent the effect of mechanical damage and abrasion
on the short-term load-strain response of geosynthetics 279
A.M. Paula & M. Pinho-Lopes

vi
Modelling the small strain behaviour of a cemented silty sand with bounding plasticity 289
F. Panico, A. Viana da Fonseca & J. Vaunat
Incorporation of creep into an elasto-plastic soil model for time-dependent analysis
of a high rockfill dam 299
P. Pramthawee & P. Jongpradist
Numerical simulation of a SHTB system for a constant-resistance large-deformation bolt 307
H. Manchao, G. Weili, L. Chen & L.R. Sousa
SHANSEP approach for slope stability assessments of river dikes in The Netherlands 317
T.D.Y.F. Simanjuntak, D.G. Goeman, M. de Koning & J.K. Haasnoot
Incorporating the state parameter into a simple constitutive model for sand 327
D.M.G. Taborda, D.M. Potts, L. Zdravkovic & A.M.G. Pedro
Governing parameter method for numerical integration of constitutive models for clays 335
M. Vukićević & S. Jocković

Finite element, discrete element and other numerical methods. Coupling of diverse methods
DEM simulation of the mechanism of particle dissolution on the behavior of
collapsible soils 345
H. Bayesteh, T. Ghasempour & M.R. Nabizadeh Shahrbabak
Modelling soil-water interaction with the material point method. Evaluation of
single-point and double-point formulations 351
F. Ceccato, A. Yerro & M. Martinelli
Non-Euclidian discrete geometric modeling of granular soils 359
Y. Larom & S. Pinkert
Numerical investigations on the liquid-solid transition of a soil bed with coupled CFD-DEM 367
M. Kanitz, E. Denecke & J. Grabe
Free vibration analysis of piled raft foundation by FE-BE coupling method 375
J. Jyoti Mandal & S. Ganguly
An iterative sequential Monte Carlo filter for Bayesian calibration of DEM models 381
H. Cheng, S. Luding, V. Magnanimo, T. Shuku, K. Thoeni & P. Tempone
Particle-based modelling of cortical meshes for soil retaining applications 391
F. Gabrieli, A. Pol, K. Thoeni & N. Mazzon
Usability of piezocone test for finite element modelling of long-term
deformations in soft soils 399
M. D’Ignazio, N. Sivasithamparam & H.P. Jostad
Study of the validity of a rectangular strip track/soil coupling in railway semi-analytical
prediction models 407
D. Ghangale, J. Romeu, R. Arcos, B. Noori, A. Clot & J. Cayero
DEM modelling of dynamic penetration in granular material 415
N. Zhang, M. Arroyo, A. Gens & M. Ciantia
A methodology for the 3D analysis of foundations for marine structures 419
P. Mira, J.A. Fernández-Merodo, M. Pastor, D. Manzanal, M.M. Stickle, A. Yagüe,
I. Rodríguez, J.D. López, A. Tomás, G. Barajas & J. López-Lara
Axisymmetric formulation of the material point method for geotechnical engineering applications 427
V. Galavi, F.S. Tehrani, M. Martinelli, A.S. Elkadi & D. Luger
Finite element modeling of innovative energy geo-structure behaviour 435
F. Ronchi, D. Salciarini & C. Tamagnini
Effects of sandy soils permeability variation on the pore pressure accumulation due
to cyclic and dynamic loading 443
H. Bayraktaroglu & H.E. Taşan

vii
Numerical study of pile setup for displacement piles in cohesive soils 451
Y.X. Lim, S.A. Tan & K.K. Phoon
A relook into numerical simulations of the pressuremeter test for the calibration
of advanced soil models 457
Q.J. Ong & S.A. Tan
Direct infinite element for soil structure interaction in time domain 465
Y. Bakhtaoui & A. Chelghoum
A robust numerical technique for analysis of coupled problems in elasto-plastic porous media 473
O. Ghaffaripour & A. Khoshghalb
Soil-structure interaction in coupled models 479
B. Martínez-Bacas, D. Simic, M. Pérez-Escacho, C.J. Bajo-Pavía

Reliability and probability analysis

Impact of considering oriented rock variability on tunnel excavation 487
D. Ferreira, A.M.G. Pedro, P.A.L.F. Coelho, J. Almeida e Sousa & D.M.G. Taborda
Conditional random field simulation for analysis of deep excavations in soft soils 497
C.J. Sainea-Vargas, M.C. Torres-Suárez & G. Auvinet
Stability assessment of the unsaturated slope under rainfall condition considering random
rainfall patterns 507
G. Tang, J. Huang, D. Sheng & S. Sloan
Numerical evaluation of fragility curves for earthquake liquefaction induced settlements
of a levee using Gaussian Processes 515
F. Lopez-Caballero
Reliability analysis of constant total stress foundations subjected to
water table fluctuations 523
J.A. Alonso-Pollán, L.M. Muñoz & R. Jimenez
A practical case study of slope stability analysis using the random finite element method 531
T. de Gast, A.P. van den Eijnden, P.J. Vardon & M.A. Hicks
Modes of improbable slope failure in spatially variable cohesive soils 535
A.P. van den Eijnden & M.A. Hicks
3D slope stability analysis with spatially variable and cross-correlated shear
strength parameters 543
D. Varkey, M.A. Hicks & P.J. Vardon
Variability in offshore soils and effects on probabilistic bearing capacity 551
E.A. Oguz, N. Huvaj & C.E. Uyeturk
Stochastic study of stability of unsaturated heterogeneous slopes destabilised by rainfall 559
T.M.H. Le

Large deformation—large strain analysis

Optimizing the MPM model of a reduced scale granular flow by inverse analysis 569
M. Calvello, P. Ghasemi, S. Cuomo & M. Martinelli
Modelling rockfall dynamics using (convex) non-smooth mechanics 575
G. Lu, A. Caviezel, M. Christen, Y. Bühler & P. Bartelt
On the use of the material point method to model problems involving large rotational deformation 585
L. Wang, W.M. Coombs, C.E. Augarde, M. Brown, J. Knappett, A. Brennan,
C. Davidson, D. Richards & A. Blake
Issues with the material point method for geotechnical modelling, and how to address them 593
C.E. Augarde, Y. Bing, T.J. Charlton, W.M. Coombs, M. Cortis, M.J.Z. Brown,
A. Brennan & S. Robinson

viii
LDFEM analysis of FDP auger installation in cohesive soil 603
J. Konkol, L. Bałachowski & J. Linowiecki
Large deformation finite element analyses for the assessment of CPT behaviour at
shallow depths in NC and OC sands 611
H.K. Engin, H.D.V. Khoa, H.P. Jostad, D.A. Kort, R. Bøgelund Pedersen & L. Krogh
Pipe-seabed interaction under lateral motion 621
H. Sabetamal, J.P. Carter & S.W. Sloan
Validation of Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method by means of large scale
foundation testing 629
D. Heinrich, T. Quiroz & A. Schenk
A coupled constitutive model for modelling small strain behaviour of soils 637
S. Seyedan & W.T. Sołowski
Three-dimensional analysis of penetration problems using G-PFEM 643
L. Monforte, M. Arroyo, A. Gens & J.M. Carbonell
The use of MPM to estimate the behaviour of rigid structures during landslides 651
L. González Acosta, I. Pantev, P.J. Vardon & M.A. Hicks
Assessment of dike safety within the framework of large deformation analysis with
the material point method 657
B. Zuada Coelho, A. Rohe, A. Aboufirass, J.D. Nuttall & M. Bolognin
Numerical simulation of pile installation in saturated soil using CPDI 665
C. Moormann, S. Gowda & S. Giridharan
Multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian and coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian
methods for large deformation geotechnical problems 673
M. Bakroon, R. Daryaei, D. Aubram & F. Rackwitz

Artificial intelligence and neural networks

Use of artificial neural networks to analyse tunnelling-induced ground movements
obtained from geotechnical centrifuge testing 685
A. Franza, P.G. Benardos & A.M. Marshall
Construction of bedrock topography from airborne-EM data by artificial neural network 691
A.K. Lysdahl, L. Andresen & M. Vöge
Artificial neural networks in the analysis of compressibility of marine clays of Grande
Vitória, ES, Brazil 697
A.G. Oliveira Filho, K.V. Bicalho, W.H. Hisatugu & C. Romanel
Rock and soil cutting slopes stability condition identification based on soft
computing algorithms 705
J. Tinoco, A. Gomes Correia, P. Cortez & D. Toll
Estimating spatial correlations from CPT data using neural networks and random fields 713
J.D. Nuttall
Human-driven machine-automation of engineering research 719
M.D.L. Millen, A. Viana Da Fonseca & X. Romão

Ground flow, thermal and coupled analysis

Heat transfer process in a thermo-active diaphragm wall from monitoring data and
numerical modelling 731
D. Sterpi, A. Angelotti, O. Habibzadeh Bigdarvish & D. Jalili
Stress dependency of the thermal conductivity of a regular arrangement of spheres
in a vacuum 737
J.R. Maranha & A. Vieira

ix
Factors affecting the thermo-mechanical response of a retaining wall under
non-isothermal conditions 741
E. Sailer, D.M.G. Taborda, L. Zdravković & D.M. Potts
Energy efficiency evaluation in thermoactive geostuctures: A case study 751
J. Sequeira, A. Vieira & R. Cardoso
Hydro-mechanical modelling of an unsaturated seal structure 757
D.F. Ruiz, J. Vaunat, A. Gens & M.A. Mánica
Finite element modelling of excess pore fluid pressure around a heat source buried
in saturated soils 765
W. Cui, A. Tsiampousi, D.M. Potts, K.A. Gawecka, L. Zdravković & D.M.G. Taborda
Numerical investigation of the effects of thermal loading on the mechanical behaviour
of energy piles in sand 773
I. Kamas, E. Comodromos, D. Skordas & K. Georgiadis
Finite-element modelling of thermo-mechanical soil-structure interaction in a
thermo-active cement column buried in London Clay 781
Y. Ouyang, L. Pelecanos & K. Soga

Earthquake engineering, soil dynamics and soil-structure interaction

Numerical noise effects and filtering in liquefiable site response analyses 789
Y.Z. Tsiapas & G.D. Bouckovalas
Influence of water table fluctuation on soil-structure interaction 797
M.P. Santisi d’Avila, L. Lenti & S. Martino
Numerical simulation on the ground response in saturated sand 805
M. Morigi, G.M.B. Viggiani, R. Conti & C. Tamagnini
Simulating the seismic response of laterally spreading ground after its passive stabilization
against liquefaction 815
A.G. Papadimitriou, Y.K. Chaloulos, G.I. Agapoulaki, K.I. Andrianopoulos & Y.F. Dafalias
Artificial neural networks for the evaluation of impedance functions of inclined
pile groups 823
A. Franza, M.J. DeJong, M. Morici, S. Carbonari & F. Dezi
3-D source-to-site numerical investigation on the earthquake ground motion coherency
in heterogeneous soil deposits 829
F. Gatti, S. Touhami, F. Lopez-Caballero & D. Pitilakis
Analysis of observed liquefaction during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake 837
B. Ismael & D. Lombardi
Potential mechanism for recurrent mid-span failure of pile supported river bridges
in liquefied soil 843
P. Mohanty & S. Bhattacharya
Effect of earthquake characteristics on permanent displacement of a cantilever retaining wall 849
J. Bakr & S. Mohd Ahmad

Rock mechanics
Arching of granular flow under loading in silos 857
P. To & N. Sivakugan
Boundary stress distribution in silos filled with granular material 863
P. To & N. Sivakugan
Numerical simulation of the advance of a deep tunnel using a damage plasticity model
for rock mass 869
M. Schreter, M. Neuner & G. Hofstetter

x
Experimental validation of numerical rockfall trajectory models 875
A. Caviezel, Y. Bühler, G. Lu, M. Christen & P. Bartelt
Providing perfect numerical simulations of flexible rockfall protection systems 885
A. Volkwein
Time-lapse crosshole seismic tomography for characterisation and treatment evaluation
of the Ribeiradio dam rock mass foundation 893
M.J. Coelho, R. Mota, A. Morgado & J. Neves
Opening effect on mechanical behaviour of rock brick 901
Y.L. Gui

Author index 907

VOLUME 2

Application of numerical methods in the context of the Eurocodes

Ultimate limit state design of retaining wall using finite element method and advanced soil models 913
H.C. Yeow
Numerical analysis of a foundation of a cooling tower in difficult geotechnical conditions 919
W. Bogusz & M. Kociniak
Consideration of numerical methods in next generation Eurocode 7 (EN 1997)—current
state of the amendment 927
A.S. Lees & H. Walter

Shallow and deep foundations

Analysis of piled foundations partially embedded in rock 937
J.R. Garcia, P.J.R. Albuquerque & R.A.A. Melo
The bearing capacity of shallow foundations on slopes 943
S. Van Baars
The failure mechanism of pile foundations in non-cohesive soils 951
S. Van Baars
Long-term settlements induced by a large mat foundation 957
A. Sanzeni, F. Colleselli & V. Cortellini
Design simulation of deformations during short-term loading of soft clay 965
A. Berglin, A.B. Lundberg & S. Addensten
An elastoplastic 1D Winkler model for suction caisson foundations under combined loading 973
S.K. Suryasentana, B.W. Byrne, H.J. Burd & A. Shonberg
Analysis of friction piles in consolidating soils 981
N. O’Riordan, A. Canavate-Grimal, S. Kumar & F. Ciruela-Ochoa
Soil-foundation contact models in finite element analysis of tunnelling-induced building damage 989
W.N. Yiu, H.J. Burd & C.M. Martin
Finite element modelling of extent of failure zone in c-φ soil at the cutting edge of
open caisson 999
J.T. Chavda & G.R. Dodagoudar
Numerical 3D analysis of masonry arch bridge cracks using jointed rock model 1009
B. Penzes, H.-C. Yeow, P. Harris & C. Heap
Finite element analysis of soft boundary effects on the behaviour of shallow foundations 1015
C.X. Azúa-González, C. Pozo & A. Askarinejad

xi
Development of load-transfer curves for axially-loaded piles using fibre-optic strain
data, finite element analysis and optimisation 1025
L. Pelecanos & K. Soga
Numerical analysis of concrete piles driving in saturated dense and loose sand deposits 1031
M. Aghayarzadeh, H. Khabbaz & B. Fatahi

Slopes and cuts

MPM modelling of static liquefaction in reduced-scale slope 1041
P. Ghasemi, M. Martinelli, S. Cuomo & M. Calvello
Thermomechanical modelling of rock avalanches with debris, ice and snow entrainment 1047
P. Bartelt, M. Christen, Y. Bühler & O. Buser
Effect of failure criterion on slope stability analysis 1055
F. Tschuchnigg, H.F. Schweiger & M. Sallinger
2D and 3D rock slope stability analysis in an open-pit mine 1063
J.G. Soto & C. Romanel
Increased efficiency of finite element slope stability analysis by critical failure path detection 1071
R. Farnsworth, A. Arora & D.V. Griffiths
Stabilisation of excavated slopes with piles in soils with distinctly different strain
softening behaviour 1075
S. Kontoe, D.M. Potts, F. Summersgill & Y. Lee
Groundwater flow modelling for the design of a dry dock 1083
R. Ramos, L. Caldeira & E. Maranha das Neves
Influence of periodical rainfall on shallow slope failures based on finite element analysis 1091
A. Chinkulkijniwat, S. Horpibulsuk & S. Yubonchit
Slope instabilities triggered by creep induced strength degradation 1097
A. Kalos & M. Kavvadas

Supported excavations and retaining walls

Numerical analyses of a pile wall at the toe of a natural slope 1107
J. Castro, J. Cañizal, A. Da Costa, M. Miranda, C. Sagaseta & J. Casanueva
Inverse analysis of horizontal coefficient of subgrade reaction modulus for embedded
retaining structures 1113
P. He, W. Wang, Z. Xu, J. Li & Z. Li
Performance based design for propped excavation support systems in Qom, Iran 1119
E. Ghorbani, M. Khodaparast & A. Moezy
Three-dimensional effects of nail arrangement on soil-nailed convex corners 1129
M. Sabermahani, M.R. Nabizadeh Shahrbabak & M. Mohammadi Bagheri
Design of anchored sheet pile walls in cohesionless soil 1137
S. Krabbenhoft & R. Christensen
Back-analysis of Crossrail deep excavations using 3D FE modelling—development
of BRICK parameters for London Clay 1145
Y. Chen, G. Biscontin, A.K. Pillai & D.P. Nicholson
Numerical analysis of an unsymmetrical railcar unloading pit and connection trench 1155
G. Pisco, C. Fartaria, R. Tomásio, J. Costa & J. Azevedo
Numerical analysis of a tied-back wall in saturated cohesive soils 1163
K. Ninanya, J.C. Huertas, H. Ninanya & C. Romanel
A parametric study of efficiency of buttress walls in reducing the excavation-induced
tunnel movement 1173
K.H. Law

xii
Soil parameter identification for excavations: A falsification approach 1181
W. Ze-Zhou, G. Siang Huat, K. Chan Ghee & I.F.C. Smith
Numerically derived P-Y curves for rigid walls under active conditions 1189
I. El-Chiti, G. Saad, S.S. Najjar & S. Alzoer
Two dimensional upper and lower-bound numerical analysis of the basal stability of
deep excavations in clay 1197
T. Santana, M. Vicente da Silva, A.N. Antão & N.G. Guerra
A method to consider the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete in flexible
earth-retaining walls: Preliminary results 1203
J. Cândido Freitas, M. Matos Fernandes, M.A.C. Ferraz & J.C. Grazina

Embankments and dams

A simplified finite element implementation of the Sellmeijer model for backward erosion piping 1213
B.A. Robbins & D.V. Griffiths
Modelling a sand boil reactivation in the middle-lower portion of the Po river banks 1219
M.F. García Martínez, G. Gottardi, M. Marchi & L. Tonni
Finite element analysis of the monitored long-term settlement behaviour of Kouris
earth dam in Cyprus 1227
L. Pelecanos, D. Skarlatos & G. Pantazis
Hydromechanical analysis of gravity dam foundations 1233
N. Monteiro Azevedo, M.L.B. Farinha, G. Mendonça & I. Cismasiu
3D coupled hydromechanical analysis of dam foundations 1241
M.L.B. Farinha, N. Monteiro Azevedo, N.S. Leitão, E. Castilho & R. Câmara
An in-house VBA program to model the settlement and consolidation of
thickened mine tailings 1249
N. Raposo, R. Bahia & A. Topa Gomes
Deep foundations and ground improvement for the slope stability of the Disueri dam (Italy) 1259
F. Castelli & M. Greco
Discrete element modelling of the failure mechanisms of Foz Tua arch dam foundation 1265
M. Espada, J. Muralha, J.V. Lemos, N. Plasencia, J.N. Figueiredo,
D. Silva Matos & J.C. Marques

Tunnels and caverns (and pipelines)

Linear models for the evaluation of the response of beams and frames to tunnelling 1275
A. Franza, S. Acikgoz & M.J. DeJong
Numerical modelling within a risk assessment process for excavations over a brick arch
tunnel at Earls Court, London 1285
B. Gilson, F. Mirada, C. Deplanche, M. Devriendt, M. Scotter & H. Jayawardena
Numerical modelling strategy to accurately assess lining stresses in mechanized tunneling 1295
A. de Lillis, V. De Gori & S. Miliziano
Tunnelling induced settlements—finite element predictions, soil model complexity and
the empirical inverse Gaussian settlement curve 1303
G. Marketos
Stress redistribution in the central pillar between twin tunnels 1309
A.M.G. Pedro, J.C.D. Grazina & J. Almeida e Sousa
Numerical analysis of interaction behavior of yielding supports in squeezing ground 1319
A.-L. Hammer, R. Hasanpour, C. Hoffmann & M. Thewes
A practical tool for the preliminary estimation of stability of underground quarries
excavated in jointed chalk layers of North France 1329
F. Rafeh, H. Mroueh & S. Burlon

xiii
Numerical analysis of old masonry vaults of the Paris subway tunnels 1337
E. Bourgeois, O. Moreno Regan, A.S. Colas, P. Chatellier, J.F. Douroux & A. Desbordes
Investigation of the response of bored tunnels to seismic fault movement 1345
K. Tsiripidou & K. Georgiadis
Numerical study on water-jet cutting technique applied in underground coal mines 1353
W.L. Gong, Y.X. Sun, X. Gao, J.L. Feng, Z.H. Li, L.R. Sousa & G.X. Xie

Ground improvement and reinforcement

A new method for finite element modelling of prefabricated vertical drains 1363
A.M. Lester, G.P. Kouretzis & S.W. Sloan
Finite element modelling of reinforced road pavements with geogrids 1371
J. Neves & M. Gonçalves
Optimal design of reinforced slopes 1377
J. Gonzalez-Castejon & C. Smith
Simulation of a jet injection into an elastic perfectly-plastic soil using uGIMP 1383
D. Ribeiro, J.R. Maranha & R. Cardoso
Numerical modelling of limit load increase due to shear band enhancement 1391
K.-F. Seitz & J. Grabe
Finite element modelling of rigid inclusion ground improvement 1399
K. Lődör & B. Móczár
Stone column-supported embankments on soft soils: Three-dimensional analysis
through the finite element method 1407
D.O. Marques & J.L. Borges
Three-dimensional parametric study of stone column-supported
embankments on soft soils 1415
D.O. Marques & J.L. Borges
Finite element analysis of performance of bearing reinforcement earth wall 1423
S. Horpibulsuk, P. Witchayaphong, C. Suksiripattanapong, A. Arulrajah & R. Rachan
Numerical studies on the influence of column reinforcements with
soil-binders on railway tracks 1431
A. Paixão, A. Francisco, E. Fortunato & J.N. Varandas
Finite element analysis of soil-structure interaction in soil anchor pull-out tests 1439
H.J. Seo & L. Pelecanos
The effect of non-linear soil behavior on mixed traffic railway lines 1445
K. Dong, O. Laghrouche, D.P. Connolly, P.K. Woodward & P. Alves Costa

Offshore geotechnical engineering

The dynamics of an offshore wind turbine using a FE semi-analytical analysis considering
the interaction with three soil profiles 1453
Dj. Amar Bouzid, R. Bakhti & S. Bhattacharya
Numerical method for evaluation of excess pore pressure build-up at cyclically loaded
offshore foundations 1461
M. Achmus, J.-E. Saathoff & K. Thieken
Stiffness of monopile foundations under un- and reloading conditions 1469
K. Thieken, M. Achmus, J.-E. Saathoff, J. Albiker & M. Terceros
3D FE dynamic modelling of offshore wind turbines in sand: Natural
frequency evolution in the pre-to after-storm transition 1477
E. Kementzetzidis, W.G. Versteijlen, A. Nernheim & F. Pisanò

xiv
Multiscale investigations on the failure mechanism of submarine sand slopes with
coupled CFD-DEM 1485
M. Kanitz & J. Grabe
One-dimensional finite element analysis of the soil plug in open-ended piles under axial load 1493
T.M. Joseph, H.J. Burd, G.T. Houlsby & P. Taylor
Spudcan installation and post installation behaviour in soft clay: The press-replace method 1503
W. Ze-Zhou & G.S. Huat
Behaviour of laterally loaded pile 1511
S. Ahayan, B. Cerfontaine, F. Collin & P. Kotronis
Modelling of the lateral loading of bucket foundations in sand using hydro-mechanical
interface elements 1519
B. Cerfontaine, R. Charlier & F. Collin
Effect of scour on the behavior of a combined loaded monopile in sand 1529
Q. Li, L.J. Prendergast, A. Askarinejad & K. Gavin
Nonlinear finite-element analysis of soil-pipe interaction for laterally-loaded buried offshore pipelines 1535
H.E.M. Mallikarachchi, L. Pelecanos & K. Soga
Development and validation of a numerically derived scheme to assess the cyclic
performance of offshore monopile foundations 1541
J. Albiker & M. Achmus

Propagation of vibrations and mitigation measures

Dynamic soil excitation from railway tunnels 1551
P. Bucinskas & L.V. Andersen
Efficient finite-element analysis of the influence of structural modifications on
traffic-induced building vibrations 1557
P. Persson & L.V. Andersen
Assessment of measures to mitigate traffic induced vibrations by means of advanced
validated 3D-Finite Element Analyses 1565
T. Meier & F. Walther
Experimental validation of a 3D FEM numerical model for railway vibrations 1569
J. Fernández Ruiz & P. Alves Costa
Probabilistic assessment of ground-vibration transfer in layered soil 1577
L.V. Andersen, P. Bucinskas & P. Persson
Determining the railway critical speed by using static FEM calculations 1587
J. Estaire & I. Crespo-Chacón
Stress path evolution in the ground due to railway traffic. Comparison between ballasted
and ballastless track systems 1597
A. Ramos, A.G. Correia, R. Calçada & P. Alves Costa
Geotechnical challenges in very high speed railway tracks. The numerical modelling
of critical speed issues 1605
A. Colaço & P. Alves Costa
Numerical modelling of vibration mitigation due to subway railway traffic 1613
P. Lopes, P. Alves Costa, A. Silva Cardoso, R. Calçada & J. Fernández
Mitigation of vibration induced by railway traffic through soil buried inclusions:
A numerical study 1623
A. Castanheira-Pinto, P. Alves Costa, L. Godinho & P. Amad-Mendes

Author index 1631

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 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Preface

The European Regional Technical Committee (ERTC7) of the International Society for Soil Mechanics
and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) and the Organizing Committee welcome all participants of the
9th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering (NUMGE2018), held at
the Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto (FEUP), in Porto, Portugal, from 25th to 27th June
2018.
This conference is the ninth in a series of conferences on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical
Engineering organized by the ERTC7 under the auspices of the ISSMGE. The first conference was
held in 1986 in Stuttgart, Germany, and the series continued every four years (1990 Santander, Spain;
1994 Manchester, United Kingdom; 1998 Udine, Italy; 2002 Paris, France; 2006 Graz, Austria; 2010
Trondheim, Norway; 2014 Delft, The Netherlands).
The conference provides a forum for exchange of ideas and discussion on topics related to numerical
modelling in geotechnical engineering. Both senior and young researchers, as well as scientists and
engineers from Europe and overseas, attend this conference to share and exchange their knowledge
and experiences. Geotechnical engineering researchers and practical engineers submit their papers on
scientific achievements, innovations and engineering applications related to or employing numerical
methods.
The papers for NUMGE2018 cover topics from emerging research to engineering practice. For the
proceedings the contributions are grouped under the following themes:
› Constitutive modelling and numerical implementation
› Finite element, discrete element and other numerical methods. Coupling of diverse methods
› Reliability and probability analysis
› Large deformation – large strain analysis
› Artificial intelligence and neural networks
› Ground flow, thermal and coupled analysis
› Earthquake engineering, soil dynamics and soil-structure interactions
› Rock mechanics
› Application of numerical methods in the context of the Eurocodes
› Shallow and deep foundations
› Slopes and cuts
› Supported excavations and retaining walls
› Embankments and dams
› Tunnels and caverns (and pipelines)
› Ground improvement and reinforcement
› Offshore geotechnical engineering
› Propagation of vibrations
Around 400 abstracts were submitted and the Authors of the approved abstracts were invited to submit
full papers for peer review. A total of 204 papers were accepted for inclusion in the conference proceedings.
The Editors would like to thank the Scientific and Reviewing Committees for their assistance in the review
process.
The Editors are grateful for the support of the Chairman, Core Members and National Representatives
of ERTC7, namely for promoting the conference on their respective home countries.
NUMGE2018 is jointly organized by SPG (Portuguese Geotechnical Society) and FEUP. These
institutions and conference sponsors are gratefully acknowledged for their generous support.
The Editors want to express their particular thanks to the Authors, for their fundamental contribution
to the success of the conference, and to the Participants, wishing that the 3 days of presentations and
discussions would be fruitful for their future research and technical work.

xvii
 On behalf of the Organising Committee and ERTC7, we welcome you to Porto hoping that
you enjoy the scientific and technical aspects of the conference, as well as its social programme and the
city of Porto.

ERTC7 (ISSMGE) –
Helmut Schweiger (Chairman) &
César Sagaseta (Past-Chairman)
NUMGE 2018 Organizing Committee –
António S. Cardoso, José L. Borges, Pedro A. Costa,
António T. Gomes, José C. Marques & Castorina S. Vieira
April 2018

xviii
 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Committees

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE (ERTC7) REVIEWING COMMITTEE

Core Members Armando Antão, Portugal

Imre Bojtár, Hungary
Helmut Schweiger, Austria (Chairman)
Albert Bolle, Belgium
César Sagaseta, Spain (Past-Chairman)
José Leitão Borges, Portugal
Philip Mestat, France
Harvey Burd, United Kingdom
Steinar Nordal, Norway
António Silva Cardoso, Portugal
Manuel Pastor, Spain
Annamaria Cividini, Italy
Juan Pestana, USA
David Connolly, United Kingdom
David Potts, United Kingdom
Pedro Alves Costa, Portugal
Scott Sloan, Australia
Teresa Bodas Freitas, Portugal
António Topa Gomes, Portugal
National Representatives Nuno Guerra, Portugal
Kianoosh Hatami, USA
Sergey Aleynikov, Russia
José Vieira de Lemos, Portugal
Katalin Bagi, Hungary
Fernando Lopez-Caballero, France
Ronald Brinkgreve, The Netherlands
José Couto Marques, Portugal
Imre Bojtár, Hungary
Arézou Modaressi, France
Albert Bolle, Belgium
Paulo da Venda Oliveira, Portugal
Harvey Burd, United Kingdom
Manuel Pastor, Spain
Annamaria Cividini, Italy
António Pedro, Portugal
Pedro Alves Costa, Portugal
David Potts, United Kingdom
George Dounias, Greece
César Sagaseta, Spain
Torbjörn Edstam, Sweden
Helmut Schweiger, Austria
Pit (Peter) Fritz, Switzerland
Jorge Almeida e Sousa, Portugal
Maciej Gryczmański, Poland
David Taborda, United Kingdom
Frands Haahr, Denmark
Yiannis Tsompanakis, Greece
Ivo Herle, Czech Republic
Ana Vieira, Portugal
Fritz Kopf, Austria
Castorina Silva Vieira, Portugal
Tim Länsivaara, Finland
Helbert Walter, Austria
Tom Schanz, Germany
Lidija Zdravković, United Kingdom
Herbert Walter, Austria

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

António Silva Cardoso

José Leitão Borges
Pedro Alves Costa
António Topa Gomes
José Couto Marques
Castorina Vieira

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 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Institutional support

xxi
 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Sponsors

xxiii
Keynote lectures
 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX – Cardoso et al. (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-33198-3

Numerical modelling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problems:

Challenges and pitfalls

D.M. Potts, W. Cui, K.A. Gawecka, D.M.G. Taborda & L. Zdravković

Imperial College London, London, UK

ABSTRACT: Temperature effects in geotechnical engineering are complex as they involve interaction
of the soil’s constituent phases, such as the soil skeleton and the pore fluid. Accounting for such interac-
tion in the design of geo-thermal infrastructure requires numerical algorithms capable of reproducing
thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling of soil behaviour. However, numerical modelling of transient
coupled THM problems may produce erroneous solutions if either the adopted time-step size is too small
or highly advective flows are involved. This paper summarises the time-step constraints in both 1D and
2D transient coupled finite element (FE) analysis which prevent the numerical ‘shock’ problem. Moreover,
a coupled thermo-hydraulic boundary condition, as well as a new Petrov-Galerkin finite element method,
which are necessary for simulating highly advective flows, are presented and their capabilities are demon-
strated in a series of numerical examples.

1 INTRODUCTION although various approaches can be employed for

deriving the coupled THM formulation. However,
Significant temperature effects have been found in the adoption of different assumptions during the
a range of geotechnical engineering problems, such derivation procedure may result in differences in
as oil & gas pipelines, pavements, buried power the final formulation, especially in the off-diagonal
cables, ground energy systems, and the storage of terms representing the couplings. These differ-
high-level radioactive waste (Gens, 2010). These ences in the coupling terms may significantly influ-
problems, where mechanical, hydraulic and thermal ence the results when modelling THM coupled
systems in soils interact with each other, with the problems.
independent solution of any one system being impos- In an FE analysis of a transient coupled THM
sible without simultaneous solution of the others, problem, it is generally believed that reducing the
are defined as coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical size of the time-step improves the accuracy of the
(THM) problems, while the interaction between solutions. However, a lower bound to the time-step
the systems is referred to as the THM coupling size exists, below which the solution may exhibit
(Zienkiewicz 1984). spatial oscillations at the initial stages of the analy-
To simulate adequately a coupled THM prob- sis in the regions where the gradient of the solution
lem, it is necessary to first develop the coupled is steep. This type of problem is known as a numer-
equations based on the governing law of each ical ‘shock’ problem and may lead to accumulated
physical system. A number of studies have been errors in coupled analyses.
carried out to model the coupled THM behaviour Attention should also be paid in the FE analy-
of soils, and the most extensively used numeri- sis of coupled THM problems involving advective
cal tool has been the finite element (FE) method. flows, such as those involved in ground source
Most of the exiting coupled FE THM formula- energy systems which depend on a fast flow-
tions (e.g. Aboustit et al. 1985, Noorishad et al. ing fluid to provide heating and cooling. Firstly,
1984, Britto et al. 1992, Seneviratne et al. 1994, accurate solutions may only be obtained if correct
Thomas & He 1997, Olivella et al. 1996, Vaziri boundary conditions are adopted. Secondly, when
1996, Gatmiri & Delage 1997, Lewis & Schrefler the conventional Galerkin FE method is applied
1998), are expressed in a full matrix form, in which to simulate flows where advection is the dominant
the diagonal terms govern the main feature of the heat transfer mechanism compared to conduc-
corresponding system, while the off-diagonal terms tion, spatial oscillations of the nodal solution may
describe the coupling effects. As the adopted gov- occur. Although this type of oscillations can be
erning laws are mostly similar, the same diagonal eliminated by refining the finite element mesh, in
terms have always been obtained in the literature, problems such as those involving heat exchanger

3
pipes, this approach results in an extremely large of the excess pore fluid is not sufficiently quick, a
number of elements, thus becoming computation- variation in the pore fluid pressure is induced.
ally expensive. In Equation (1), the effect of temperature
This paper firstly demonstrates the poten- change on the volume change of the pore fluid
tial significance of the off-diagonal terms in the is represented by the matrix [ZG], which can be
coupled FE THM formulation for modelling the expressed as (Cui et al. 2017):
thermally induced excess pore water pressure,
the behaviour of which is governed by the pore N
⎛ ⎞
pressure-temperature coupling. Subsequently, the G ] = ∑ ⎜ ∫ 3[ ( T, f T ) T ][ p ]T [ NT ]dVol ⎟
behaviour of two types of numerical oscillations i =1 ⎝ Vol ⎠i
related to the chosen time-step size and the exist- (2)
ence of highly advective flows, as well as the corre-
sponding numerical approaches to eliminate these where αT,f and αT are the linear thermal expan-
oscillations, are shown through a series of FE anal- sion coefficients of the pore fluid and soil particles
yses. All the analyses presented in this paper were respectively, and [Np] and [NT] are the matrices of
performed using the authors’ FE software—the pore fluid pressure and temperature interpolation
Imperial College Finite Element Program, ICFEP functions (or shape functions) respectively.
(Potts & Zdravković 1999, 2001), in which the for- Both αT,f and αT are observed to vary with tem-
mulation for modelling a coupled THM problem perature. It is noted that the dependence of the
for saturated soils is expressed as: linear thermal expansion coefficient of the pore
water on temperature is particularly significant
⎡[ G] [ G] −[ G ] ⎤ (i.e. varying between 2.93 10 −5 m/m.K at 10 °C
⎢[ ]T β1Δt[
t[ ΦG ] − [SG ] [ ZG ] ⎥ and 2.51 10 −4 m/m.K at 100°C, Cengel & Ghajar
⎢ G ⎥ 2011). However, the variation in the linear thermal
⎣⎢ [ G ] β t[t[ G ] α 1Δt[ ΓG ] + [ G ] ⎥⎦
(1) expansion coefficient of the soil skeleton has been
⎧ { }nG ⎫ ⎧{ G } ⎫ observed to be substantially smaller, as shown by
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨{ p f }nG ⎬ = ⎨ { G } ⎬ the linear paths in volumetric strain—tempera-
⎪ { } ⎪ ⎪{ΔH }⎪ ture space obtained in drained heating tests on
⎩ nG ⎭ ⎩ G ⎭
overconsolidated clay samples (Abuel-Naga et al.
2007a), and hence can be neglected. In order
Details of the coupled THM formulation can be to model the variation of αT,f with temperature
found in Cui et al (2017). reported by Cengel & Ghajar (2011), a third-order
polynomial function is adopted. If the tempera-
ture, T, is defined in Celsius, this function can be
2 TEMPERATURE-PORE PRESSURE expressed as:
COUPLING
α T f (T ) 1.48 10 10 T 3 − 3.64 × 10 −8T 2 + 4.88 ×
2.1 Numerical formulation
10 −6 T − 2.02 × 10 −5 (3)
Under isothermal conditions, the governing equa-
tions for pore fluid flow through the soil skeleton
can be established by combining the continuity
equation with Darcy’s law (e.g. Potts & Zdravković
2.2 Modelling of thermally induced pore fluid
1999). For a soil saturated with a compressible
pressure in a undrained heating test
pore fluid, the continuity equation can be formu-
lated based on the volume conservation of the pore To demonstrate the importance of the coupling
fluid, which implies that the net volume of the pore term [ZG], numerical analyses were carried out to
fluid flowing into and out of a compressible ele- reproduce the development of thermally induced
ment of fully saturated soil is equivalent to the excess pore water pressures in an undrained triaxial
total volumetric change of the soil skeleton. Under heating test reported by Abuel-Naga et al. (2007b).
non-isothermal conditions, however, the changes A sample of fully saturated Soft Bangkok clay
in volume of the pore fluid due to the temperature was used in the test with an initial temperature of
change need to be taken into account, as its coeffi- 25 °C. The specimen was isotropically consolidated
cient of thermal expansion is different from that of under isothermal conditions to 200 kPa, followed
the soil particles. The difference in the two thermal by unloading which resulted in an overconsolida-
expansion coefficients can generate a volume of tion ratio (OCR) of 4.0. Subsequently, the sam-
pore fluid flowing into or out of the soil element ple was heated under undrained conditions to 90
when there is a temperature change. If dissipation °C with increments of 10 °C, and the thermally

4
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Thus you see, and feel, that the spirit of prayer is your certain
way of returning to God.

*When, therefore, it is the one ruling desire of our hearts, that

God may be the beginning and end, the reason and motive, the rule
and measure, of our doing, or not doing, from morning to night;
then every where, whether speaking or silent, whether inwardly or
outwardly employed, we are equally offered up to the eternal Spirit,
have our life in him, and from him, and are united to him by that
spirit of prayer, which is the comfort, the support, the strength and
security of the soul, travelling by the help of God, through the vanity
of time into the riches of eternity. For this spirit of prayer, let us
willingly give up all that we inherit from our fallen father, to be all
hunger and thirst after God: and to have no thought or care, but
how to be wholly his devoted instruments; every where, and in
every thing, his adoring, joyful, and thankful servants. Have your
eyes shut, and ears stopped to every thing, that is not a step in that
ladder that reaches from earth to heaven.

*Reading is good, hearing is good, conversation and meditation

are good, but then they are only good at proper times and
occasions. But the spirit of prayer is for all times, and all occasions;
it is a lamp that is to be always burning, a light to be ever shining;
every thing calls for it, every thing is to be done in it, and governed
by it; because it is, and means, and wills nothing else but the whole
soul, incessantly given up to God, to be where, and what, and how
he pleases.
 *This state of absolute resignation, naked faith, and pure love of
God is the highest perfection, of those who are born again, and thro’
the divine power become sons of God: and it is neither more nor
less, than what our blessed Redeemer has called us to in these
words: Thy kingdom come; thy will be done on earth, as it is in
heaven. It is to be sought for in the simplicity of a little child,
without being captivated with any mysterious depths or heights of
speculation; without coveting any knowledge, but so far as it brings
us nearer to God, forces us to forget and renounce every thing for
him; to do every thing in him, with him, and for him; and to give
every breathing, moving, intention, and desire of our heart, and life
to him.

Let every creature have your love. Love with its fruits of
meekness, patience, and humility, is all that we can wish for to
ourselves, and our fellow-creatures; for this is to live in God, united
to him, both for ♦time and eternity.

♦ “and time” replaced with “time and”

To desire to communicate good to every creature, in the degree

we can, is a divine temper; for thus God stands unchangeably
disposed towards the whole creation; but let me add my request, as
you value the peace which God has wrought by his Holy Spirit in
you, as you desire to be continually taught by an unction from
above, that you would on no account enter into any dispute with any
one, about the truths of salvation: give them every help, but that of
debating with them; for no man has fitness for the light of the
gospel, till he finds an hunger and thirst, and want of something
better, than that which he has and is by nature. Yet we ought not to
check our inclinations to help others in every way we can. Only do
what you do, as a work of God; and then, whatever may be the
event, you will have reason to be content with the success that God
gives it.
 The next thing that belongs to us, and which is also godlike, is a
true patience and meekness, shewing every kind of good-will and
tender affection towards those that turn a deaf ear to us; looking
upon it to be full as contrary to God’s method, and the good state of
our own heart, to dispute with any one in contentious words, as to
fight with him for the truths of salvation.

We are apt to consider parts and abilities, as the proper

qualifications for the reception of divine truths; and wonder that a
man of a fine understanding should not immediately embrace just
and solid doctrines: but the matter is quite otherwise. Had man kept
possession of his first glorious state, there had been no foundation
for the gospel redemption; and the doctrine of the cross, must have
appeared quite unreasonable: and therefore says our Lord, To the
poor the gospel is preached. It is to them, and none else: that is, to
poor fallen man, that has lost all the riches of his first divine life.
*But if a man knows and feels nothing of this poverty, he is not that
person to whom the gospel belongs: it has no more suitableness to
his state, than it had to man unfallen: and then the greater his
parts, the better is he qualified to shew the folly of that salvation,
whereof he has no want.
 *Such a man, though he may be of an humane, generous nature,
of lively parts and much candour, is nevertheless entirely ignorant of
the depth of the heart of man, and the necessities of human nature.
As yet (though he knows it not) he is only at play, pleasing himself
with supposed deep enquiries after truth, whilst he is only sporting
himself with lively, wandring images of this, and that, just as they
happen to start up in his mind. Could but he see himself in the state
of the poor distressed prodigal son, and find that himself is the very
person there recorded, he would then, see the fitness of that
redemption, which is offered him by the mercy of God in Christ
Jesus. But such an one, alas! is rich; he is sound; light is in his own
power, goodness is in his own possession: he feels no distress or
darkness; but has a crucible of reason and judgment, that on every
occasion separates gold from dross; and, therefore, he must be left
to himself, to his own elysium, till something more than argument
awakens him out of these golden dreams.

All preachers of the true spiritual gospel, of a birth, and life from
above, by Jesus Christ, ever were, and will be, treated by the
reigning fashionable orthodoxy, as enemies to the outward gospel,
and its services, just as the prophets of God were by the then
reigning orthodoxy, condemned and despised, for calling people to a
spiritual meaning of the letter, to a holiness infinitely greater than
that of their outward sacrifices, types, and ceremonies.

The sect of the Pharisees did not cease with the Jewish church: it
only lost its old name; it is still in being, and springs now from the
gospel, as it did then from the law: it has the same place, lives the
same life, does the same work, minds the same things, has the
same religious honour, and claim to piety, in the Christian, as it had
in the Jewish church, and as much mistakes the depths of the
gospel, as that sect mistook the meaning of the law and the
prophets.
 It would be easy to shew how the leaven of that sect works
among us, just as it did among them. Have any of the rulers
believed on him? was the orthodox question of the antient
Pharisees. Now we readily condemn the folly of that question; and
yet who does not see, that, for the most part, both priest and
people, in every Christian country, live and govern themselves by the
folly of the very same spirit which put that question: for when God,
as he has always done from the beginning of the world, rises up
private and illiterate persons, full of light and wisdom from above, so
as to be able to discover the workings of the mystery of iniquity, and
to open the absolute necessity of such an inward spirit and life of
Christ, as carnal wisdom, and worldly policy have departed from;
when this is done, by the weakest instruments in such simplicity and
fulness, as may be justly deemed a miracle: do not clergy and laity
get rid of it all, merely by the strength of the good old question,
“Have any of the rulers believed and taught these things? Hath the
church in council or convocation? Hath Calvin, Luther, Zuinglius, or
any of our renowned system-makers, ever taught or asserted these
matters?”

But hear what our blessed Lord saith, of the place and origin of
truth: he refers us not to the current doctrines of the times: My
sheep, says he, hear my voice. Here the whole matter is determined,
both where truth is, and who they are that can have any knowledge
of it.

Heavenly truth is no where spoke but by the voice of Christ, nor

heard but by a power of Christ in the hearer. As he is the only word
of God, that speaks forth all the wisdom, and wonders of God; so he
alone is the word, that speaks forth all the life, wisdom, and
goodness, that can be in any creature; it can have none but what it
has in him and from him: this is the one unchangeable boundary of
truth, goodness, and every perfection of men on earth, or angels in
heaven.
 Literary learning, from the beginning to the end of time, will have
no more of heavenly wisdom, nor any less of worldly foolishness in
it, at one time than at another; its nature is the same through all
ages; what it was in the Jew, that same it is in the Christian. Its
name, as well as nature, is unalterable, viz. foolishness with God.

*I shall add no more, but the two or three following words.

I. Receive every inward and outward trouble, every

disappointment, pain, uneasiness, temptation, with both thy hands,
as a blessed occasion of dying to thyself, and entering into a fuller
fellowship with thy self-denying, suffering Saviour.

II. Look at no inward or outward trouble, in any other view;

reject every other thought about it; and then every kind of trial and
distress will become the blessed day of thy prosperity.

III. Be afraid of seeking or finding comfort in any thing, but God

alone; for that which gives thee comfort, takes so much of thy heart
from God. “What is a pure heart? One to which God alone is totally,
and purely sufficient; to which nothing relishes, or gives delight, but
God alone.”

IV. That state is best, which exerciseth the highest faith in, and
fullest resignation to God.

V. What is it you want and seek, but that God may be all in all in
you? But how can this be, unless all worldly good and evil become
as nothing to you?

“O my soul! abstract thyself from every thing. What hast thou to

do with changeable creatures? Waiting and expecting thy
bridegroom, who is the author of all creatures, let it be thy sole
concern, that he may find thy heart free and disengaged, as often as
it shall please him to visit thee.”
 Be assured of this, that sooner or later, we must be brought to
this conviction, that every thing in ourselves by nature is evil, and
must be entirely given up; and that nothing that is created, can
make us better than we are by nature. Happy, therefore, and
blessed are all those inward or outward troubles, that hasten this
conviction in us; that with the whole strength of our souls, we may
be driven to seek all from and in God, without the least thought,
hope, or contrivance after any other relief: then it is, that we are
made truly partakers of the cross of Christ; and from the bottom of
our hearts shall be enabled to say, with St. Paul, God forbid that I
should glory in any thing, save the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ; by
which I am crucified to the world, and the world is crucified to me.

*Give up yourself to God without reserve. This implies such a

state of heart, as does nothing of itself, from its own reason, will or
choice, but stands always in an absolute dependance upon being led
by the Spirit of God into every thing that is according to his will; in
singleness of heart meeting every thing that every day brings forth,
as something that comes from God, and is to be received, and gone
through by you, in such an heavenly use of it, as you would suppose
the holy Jesus would have done, in such occurrences.――This is an
attainable degree of perfection; and by having Christ and his Spirit
always in your eye, and nothing else, you will never be left to
yourself, nor without the full guidance of God.

L E T T E R ♦VIIa.

♦ second letter “VII”, added “a” suffix

To Mr. T. L.
I T matters not my friend, what you are upon, whether you would
save a man from deism, debauchery, or suicide; you must
begin in the same place, from one and the same ground, and this as
unavoidably, as every fruit must have its beginning from the root,
and from the root in its right state.

The amiableness of any virtue, or the horrid nature of any vice,

whilst only considered as in themselves, are but as pictures set
before our eyes, and have no other effect upon us. And this is the
unprofitableness of all moral instructions, whether Heathen or
Christian.

If you can help a man to seek, and find, and know himself, and
his real relation to God; to know that he has neither inward nor
outward evil, but because he has lost his true state, and place in
God; and that therefore nothing can be his peace and happiness, but
his first divine life restored again in him, then you have done all that
you can for him, whatever his malady is.

L E T T E R VIII.

To the same.

My dear Friend,
T HE variety of trials you have lately met with, are but a specimen
of what you are to expect, in some form or other, so long as
you breathe the air of this fallen world.――The longer we are
without them, the more our need of them is increased. And they
never give great smart, but where something is to be torn off that
sticks too close to us.――One reflection upon these sacred words,
“My kingdom is not of this world:――The Son of man hath not
where to lay his head,” are sufficient to take not only the sting out of
every cross that can here befall us, but even to make us afraid and
ashamed of being pleased with any thing, that has the name of
worldly honour and prosperity.

You have no reason to wonder at any thing you see or hear, of

the partiality, selfishness, envy, and enmity, that so soon breaks out
between brothers and sisters of the same blood.――For if blood-
relations, considered as such, could have any true goodness, or
unselfish regard to one another, we should not be under the
necessity of being born again.

Will it do you any good to tell you, that thus says my heart,
without speaking a word, Let nothing live in me, but the redeeming
power of thy Holy Jesus, nothing pray in me but thy Holy
Spirit.――This is my ship, in which I would be always at sea.――All
that I seek, or mean, either for myself or others, by every height
and depth of divine knowledge, is only for this end, that we may be
more willing and glad to become such little children, as our Lord has
told us, are the only heirs of the kingdom of God.

The piercing critic may, and naturally will grow in pride, as fast as
his skill in words discovers itself. And every kind of knowledge that
shews the scholar, the orator, the disputer, the commentator, the
historian, his own powers and abilities, are the same temptation to
him, that Eve had from the serpent; and he will get no more good
by the love and relish of such knowledge, than she got by her love
of the tree, that was so desirable to make one wise.
 But he whose eyes are opened to see into this mystery of all
things, sees nothing but death to himself, and to every thing that he
had called or delighted in as his own. This is the bold depth of his
knowledge. And if you would know its aspiring height, it consists in
learning to know, that which the angels and twenty-four elders
about the throne of God knew, when they cast down their crowns
before him that sat on the throne, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God
Almighty, thou art worthy to receive glory, and honour, and power;
for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and
were created.――It is to know, that the triune majesty of Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit, are the three-fold power, life, glory, and
perfection of every creature that sings praises to God, in heaven and
in earth. This is the proud knowledge of those, who are let into the
holy of holies. Which goes no deeper, than to see the nothingness of
man, ascends no higher, than to know that God is all; which begets
nothing in man, but that which was begotten in Paul, when he cried
out, God forbid that I should glory in any thing, but the cross of our
Lord Jesus Christ.

L E T T E R IX.

To G. W.

T HE large account you have given of yourself, is very affecting,

and I hope God will turn all the variety of your past distress,
into means of a future solid peace, and rest in his divine love.

To be weary and heavy laden, is to have the highest fitness to

receive that rest, that Christ alone can give. These are the persons
that he called to him, when he was upon earth. They who are
content with themselves, are in the utmost danger of never knowing
that happiness, for which they were created.
 *For a while, consider yourself in such a solitude, as if there was
only God and you in the world, free from every thought, but that of
desiring to be wholly and solely his, and looking wholly to his
goodness, to be delivered out of the misery of your fallen state.

Be not too eager about much reading: nor read any thing but
that which nourishes, strengthens, and establishes that faith in you,
of an inward Saviour, who is the life of your soul. To grow up in this
faith, is taking the best means of attaining to knowledge in all divine
matters.

Cast away all reflections about the world. And let all be
swallowed up in this joyful thought, that you had found the Messiah,
the Saviour of the world, not in books, but in your own soul. Give
yourself up to this, expect all from it, let it be the humble, faithful,
longing desire of your heart, and desire no knowledge, but that
which proceeds from it. Stand only in this thirst of knowledge, and
then all that you know will be spirit and life.

With a heart full of good wishes to you,

I am,

Your’s, &c.

L E T T E R X.

To Mr. T. L.

My dear L.
T AMPER with no physicians, but content yourself, to have that
share of health, which a regular and good life can help you to.
—Reflect not upon your predominant complexion, or how long it will
be before you get from under its power. St. Paul wanted to be
delivered from his thorn in the flesh. He had all he prayed for,
though the thorn might continue, when God said to him, My grace is
sufficient for thee; this was better to him, than if his thorn had been
taken from him. This enabled him to say, I will glory in my
infirmities; for when I am weak, then I am strong. *You believe, that
if it was not for earnest and continual prayer, your turn to
melancholy would get the better of you. You cannot believe this too
much, for nothing else can preserve you from being led away by
every other evil temper. But let resignation to God be the
predominant part of your spirit of prayer; it is not so much ardent
desires, as humble resignation to be as God pleases, that keeps the
heart in the highest union with him. Faith and hope and love get
their best strength, when resignation is the salt wherewith they are
seasoned.

You think, if you was to live an hundred years in an abstracted

contemplation, some property of nature, would still be occasionally
breaking forth in you. What occasion had you, my friend, to make
this complaint about such a contemplation?
 *You have no business with it, nor any reason to expect it should
do any thing for you. Had you changed your words, and said, I
believe if I was for a hundred years to be wholly trusting in, and
depending upon God, to do that for me which he has promised to do
for all that trust in him, it would not be done: had you expressed
your complaint in these words, you would have seen, that neither
faith, nor hope, nor love, nor resignation would have allowed you to
make it. Look at yourself, at the power of time, or any thing that this
or that complexion does, and then you may be afraid of every thing;
but look at God, as him that is to do all for you, and in you, and then
you need be afraid of nothing. A thorn, or no thorn, bad or good
blood, with all its effects, loose all their difference, as soon as you
know that you are not your own, nor left to yourself to seek a
physician, that will not leave you unhealed.

We know that all things must work together for good to them
that love God. Now what signifies what the things are, if we are to
have the same good from them, be they what they will? Let
complexion shew itself, let the dead ashes of old sins seem to be
ready to come to life again, what is all this, but helping us to be
more alive unto God? Therefore rejoice evermore, in every thing give
thanks, and call nothing but this, abstracted contemplation.

Farewell.

L E T T E R XI.

To a Clergyman of Westmoreland.

Reverend Sir,
A DAM’s turning from God, to hear the voice of his own reason and
imagination, and the suggestions of a satanical serpent, was
that which created in him a new hardened heart, bold enough to eat
of the forbidden tree. Now this rise of the first sin, demonstrates
how the matter stands between God and every sinner, to the end of
the world. The whole nature of God, his one unalterable will and
work, stands in the same full opposition and contrariety to every
work of sin in every man, as it did to Adam’s first transgression. And
that which God did to prevent the first sin, saying to Adam, Eat not,
that same voice of love, keeps saying, to every son of Adam, Sin
not.

Yet so wise in the ways of God, are some divinity students, as to

teach and preach, that the whole world through its thousands of
years, has been bringing forth its millions of myriads of sinners all
round the globe, who as soon as they have done with the vanity and
misery of this world, are to be roaring in the hottest fire of an
eternal hell. For what? Why, because they have been just as wicked,
as the decrees of God required and forced them to be. And also thro’
every age of the world, there hath always been a little number of
righteous, who were to go to heaven, which number had no
littleness in it, but because God would not suffer it to be greater.

Can a charge like this be brought against Satan? Nay, doth it not
even free Satan from all the evil that is charged upon him, and make
him, though going about as a roaring lion, to be as insignificant a
tool in the work of sin, as the preacher is in the work of godliness,
though with ever so loud a voice, he beseeches the reprobate to be
reconciled to God, or with tears in his eyes, exhorts the elect not to
depart from him?
 You once, I remember, said to me, that you thought I over-did
the matter, in my censure upon learning. Let learning therefore
speak for itself. Let its own works praise it. What has it done? What
has brought forth a multiplicity of churches, but that very same
acuteness of learning, which asserts and proves there is but one?
Whence comes transubstantiation, election, reprobation,
insignificancy of works, socinianism, arianism, but from that
knowledge of history, and critical skill in words, which is the glory of
the learned world.

Without me ye can do nothing, saith Christ. That which a man

soweth, that shall he reap, saith the apostle. Truths like these, of
which the scripture is full, would keep all believers in the true
church, attentive to the one thing needful, had not a learning, falsely
so called, filled all eyes with the dust of darkness.

Now, Sir, be as sober as you will about the use and power of
learning, logic, and eloquence, in the doctrines of salvation;
condemn the bad use that heretics, schismatics, arians and socinians
have made of them; yet let me whisper this truth into your ear, that
you will never be delivered from the delusion and cheat of your own
learning, till by a light risen up within you, you come to see, and
know, that you want no more learning, to change you from a sinner
into a saint, than Mary Magdalen did.
 *God said to Abraham, Walk before me, and be thou perfect.
This was the Hebrew school, in which the father of the faithful, was
to learn to be perfect. But here now comes the scholar-critic, and
finds that matters stand not thus now, because the glorious light of
the gospel (he says) has discovered that all lies in an election and
reprobation, and that salvation and damnation come from nothing
else, the apostle expressly saying, It is not of him that willeth, nor of
him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. What a learned
strife has there been about the meaning of these words? And yet
they mean not one jot more or less, than when the apostle saith,
The natural man knoweth not the things of the Spirit, neither can he
know them. All that is in the one text, is in the other; and both of
them say only this one great and good truth, that the creature can
have no divine life, light, goodness, and happiness, but from that,
which the holy triune God is, and operates in it.

Farewell.
 An Extract from Mr. Law’s

Address to the C L E R G Y.
Published a little after his Death.

T HE reason of my addressing this discourse to the clergy, is not,

because it treats of things not of common concern to all
Christians, but chiefly to induce them, as far as I can, to the serious
perusal of it; and because whatever is essential to Christian
salvation, if either neglected, or mistaken by them, is of the saddest
consequence both to themselves, and the churches in which they
minister. I say essential to salvation, for I would not turn my own
thoughts, or call the attention of Christians to any thing, but the one
thing needful, the one thing essential, and only available, to our
rising out of our fallen state, and becoming, as we were at our
creation, an holy offspring of God, and real partakers of ♦ of the
divine nature.

♦ duplicate word “of” removed

If it be asked, What this one thing is? It is the SPIRIT OF GOD

♦ WORKING SPIRITUAL LIFE IN US. Nothing else is wanted by us,
nothing else is intended for us by the law, the prophets, and the
gospel. Nothing else is, or can be effectual, to the making sinful man
become again a godly creature.

♦ “WOKKING” replaced with “WORKING”

 Every thing else, however glorious and divine in outward
appearance, every thing that angels, men, churches or reformations,
can do for us, is dead and helpless, but so far as it is, the immediate
work of the Spirit of God, breathing, and living in it.

All scripture bears full witness to this truth, and the design of all
that is written, is only to call us back from the power of Satan, the
flesh and the world, to be again under full dependance upon, and
obedience to the Spirit of God. When this is done, all is done, that
the scripture can do for us. Read what chapter, or doctrine of
scripture you will, be ever so delighted with it, it will leave you as
poor, as empty, and unreformed, as it found you, unless it be a
delight that has turned you to the Spirit of God, and strengthened
your union with, and dependance upon him. For if it be an
immutable truth, that no man can call Jesus, Lord, but by the Holy
Ghost, it must be a truth equally immutable, that no one can have
any one Christ-like temper, but so far as he is immediately led, and
governed by the Holy Spirit.

The reasons of which are as follow.

All possible goodness was in God from all eternity, and must to
all eternity be inseparable from him. As therefore before God created
any thing, it was certainly true, that there was but one that was
good; so it is just the same truth, after God had created innumerable
hosts of blessed, holy, and heavenly beings, that there is but one
that is good, and that is God.

All that can be called goodness, or holiness, in the creatures, is

no more their own, or the growth of their created powers, than they
were their own, before they were created. But all that is called
goodness in the creature, is nothing else but the one goodness of
God manifesting itself in the creature, according as its created
nature is fitted to receive it. This is the unalterable state between
God and the creature: goodness, for ever and ever, can only belong
to God, as essential to him, and inseparable from him.
 God could not make the creature to be great and glorious in
itself; this is as impossible, as for God to create beings into a state
of independance on himself. The heavens, saith David, declare the
glory of God; and no creature, any more than the heavens can
declare any other glory, but that of God. And as well might it be
said, that the firmament sheweth forth its own handy-work, as that
a holy, divine, or heavenly creature, sheweth forth its own natural
power.

But if all that is great, glorious, and happy, in the spirits,

tempers, and enjoyments of the creature, is only so much of the
greatness, glory, majesty, and blessedness of God, dwelling in it, and
displaying his own triune light, life, and love, in and through the
manifold forms, and capacities of the creature, then we may
infallibly see the true ground and nature of all true religion. For the
creatures true religion is its rendering to God all that is God’s, it is its
continual acknowledging all that which it is, and has, and enjoys, in
and from God. This is the one true religion of all intelligent
creatures, whether in heaven, or on earth; for as they all have the
same relation to God, so though ever so different in their states, or
offices, they all have but one and the same true religion, or right
behaviour towards God. Now the one religion, between God and all
intelligent creatures, is this, a total, unalterable dependance upon
God, an immediate, continual receiving of every kind, and degree of
goodness, blessing, and happiness, that ever was, or can be found
in them, from God alone. The highest angel has nothing of its own,
that it can offer to God, no more light, love, purity, perfection, that
spring from itself, or its own powers, than the poorest creature upon
earth.
 Could the angel see a spark of wisdom, goodness, or excellence,
as coming from, or belonging to itself, its place in heaven would be
lost, as sure as Lucifer lost his. But they are ever abiding flames of
pure love, always ascending up to, and uniting with God, for this
reason, because the wisdom, the power, the glory, the majesty, the
love, and goodness of God alone, is all that they see, and feel, and
know, either within, or without themselves.—Songs of praise to their
heavenly Father, are their ravishing delight, because they see, and
know, and feel, that it is the breath and spirit of their heavenly
Father that sings and rejoices in them.—Their adoration in spirit and
in truth never ceases, because they never cease to acknowledge the
ALL of God;—the ALL of God in themselves, and the ALL of God in
the whole creation. This is the one religion of heaven, and nothing
else is the truth of religion on earth.

The matter plainly comes to this. Nothing can be religion to the

intelligent creature, but the power and presence of God, really and
essentially living and working in it. But if this be the unchangeable
nature of religion, then of necessity the creature must have all its
religious goodness, as wholly and solely from God’s immediate
operation, as it had its first goodness at its creation. And it is the
same impossibility for the creature to help itself to religion, by any
contrivance, reasonings, or workings of its own natural powers, as to
create itself. For the creature after its creation, can no more take any
thing to itself, that belongs to God, than it could take it before it was
created. And as the natural powers of the creature could only come
from the one power of God, so that which comforts, which
enlightens, which blesses, which gives peace, joy, goodness, and
rest to its natural powers, can be had in no other way, nor by any
other thing, but from God’s immediate, holy operation in it.
 All true religion is, an essential union, and communion of the
spirit of the creature, with the Spirit of the Creator: God in it, and it
in God, one life, one light, one love. The Spirit of God first sows the
seed of divine union in the soul of every man; and religion is, that,
by which it is quickened, and brought to a fullness of life in God.—
Take a similitude of this.—The beginning of animal breath, springs in
the creature from the Spirit of this world, and the respiration, keeps
up an essential union of the animal life with the spirit of this world.
In like manner, faith, hope, love, and resignation to God, are in the
religious life, its acts of respiration, which unite God and the
creature, in the same essential manner, as animal respiration, unites
the breath of the animal, with the breath of this world.

*Now as no animal could begin to respire, but because it had its

beginning to breathe, from the air of this world, so no creature,
angel or man, could begin to be religious, or breathe forth faith,
love, and desire towards God, but because these divine affections
were by the Spirit of God begotten in it.—And as a tree or plant can
only grow, and fructify by the same power, that first gave birth to
the seed, so faith, and hope, and love towards God, can only grow,
and fructify by the same power, that begat the first seed of them in
the soul. Therefore divine, immediate inspiration, and religion, are
inseparable in the nature of the thing.

Take away inspiration, or suppose it to cease, and no religious

acts, or affections can remain. For the creature can return nothing to
God, but that, which it has first received from him; therefore, if it is
to offer up to God, affections and aspirations, that are divine and
godly, it must of necessity have the divine nature living, and
breathing in it.—Can any thing reflect light, before it has received it,
or any other light, than that which it has received? Can any creature
breathe forth earthly or diabolical affections, before it is possessed
of an earthly, or diabolical nature? Yet this is as possible, as for any
creature to have divine affections dwelling in it, either before, or any
farther, than it has, the divine nature, dwelling, and operating in it.
 A religious faith, that is uninspired, a hope, or love, that proceeds
not from the immediate working of the divine nature within us, can
no more unite us with God, than an hunger after earthly food, can
feed us with the bread of heaven.—All that the natural, or uninspired
man does, or can do in the church has no more of the truth, or
power of divine worship in it, than that, which he does in the field,
or shop, through a desire of riches.—And the reason is, because all
the acts of the natural man, whether relating to matters of religion,
or the world, must be equally selfish, and there is no possibility of
their being otherwise. For self-love, self-esteem, self-seeking, are as
strictly the whole of all that is, or can be, in the natural man, as in
the natural beast: the one can no more be better, or act above his
nature, than the other. Neither can any creature be in a better, or
higher state than this, till something supernatural is found in it: and
this supernatural something, called in scripture, the WORD, or
SPIRIT, or INSPIRATION of God, is that alone, from which man can
have the first good thought about God, or the least heavenly desire.

A religion that is not wholly built upon the supernatural ground,

but stands upon the powers, and reasonings of the natural,
uninspired man, has not so much as the shadow of true religion in it,
but is a mere nothing, in the same sense, as an idol is said to be
nothing, because the idol has nothing of that in it, which is
pretended by it. For the work of religion has no divine good in it, but
as it brings forth, and keeps up essential union of the spirit of man
with the Spirit of God; which essential union cannot be made, but
through love on both sides, nor by love, but where the love that
works on both sides, is of the same nature.
 No man therefore can love God, or have unison with him, but he
who is inspired with the same spirit of love with which God loved
himself from all eternity, and before there was any creature.—Infinite
hosts of new created heavenly beings, can begin no new kind of love
of God, nor have the least power of beginning to love him at all, but
by his own holy Spirit of love. This love that was then in God alone,
is the only love that can draw creatures to God; they can have no
power of cleaving to him, or adoring the divine nature, but by
partaking of that eternal Spirit of love; and therefore the continual,
immediate inspiration, or operation of the Holy Spirit, is the only
possible ground of our continually loving God.—As to the pride
charged upon this enthusiasm, so called; Christ saith, without me ye
can do nothing, the same as if he had said, As to yourselves, ye are
mere helpless sin and misery, and nothing that is good, can come
from you, but by the continual, immediate breathing and inspiration
of another spirit, given by God, to overrule your own. Now is there
any pride, in fully believing and acting in full conformity to it? If so,
then he that confesses, he neither hath, nor can have a single
farthing, but as it is freely given him from charity, thereby declares
himself to be a purse-proud vain boaster of his own wealth. Such is
the spiritual pride of him, who fully acknowledges, that he neither
hath, nor can have the least spark of goodness, but what is freely
breathed into him by the Spirit of God. Again, if it is spiritual pride,
to believe, that nothing we think, or say, or do, can have any
goodness in it, but that which is wrought immediately by the Spirit
of God, then it must be said, that in order to have humility, we must
take some share of our virtues to ourselves, and not allow (as Christ
hath said) that without him, we can do nothing that is good.

Behold a pride, and an humility, the one as good as the other,

and both logically descended from a wisdom, that confesses it
cometh not from above.
 It is in vain to think, that there is a middle way, and that rational
divines have found it out, as Dr. Warburton has done, who though
denying immediate, continual inspiration yet allows, that the Spirit’s
“ordinary influence, occasionally assists the faithful.” ¹

¹ Sermon. Volume I.

*Now this middle way, hath neither scripture, nor sense in it: for
an occasional influence, or concurrence, is as absurd, as an
occasional God. For an occasional influence of the Spirit upon us,
supposes an occasional absence of the spirit from us. For there
could be no such thing, unless God was sometimes with us, and
sometimes not, sometimes doing us good, as the God of our life,
and sometimes doing us no good, but leaving us to be good from
ourselves.—Occasional influence necessarily implies all this
blasphemous absurdity. Again, this middle way of an occasional
influence supposes, that there is something of man’s own that is
good. But if there was any thing good in man, it could not be true,
that there is only one that is good, and that is God. And was there
any goodness in creatures, either in heaven, or on earth, but the
one goodness of the divine nature, living, working, and manifesting
itself in them, as its created instruments, then good creatures, both
in heaven and on earth, would have something else to adore,
besides, or along with God. For goodness, be it where it will, is
adorable for itself; if therefore any degree of it belonged to the
creature, it ought to have a share of that same adoration, that is
paid to the Creator.
 All religion is of divine inspiration, which being interpreted, is
Immanuel, or God with us. Every thing short of this, is short of that
religion, which worships God in Spirit and in truth. And every
religious trust or confidence in any thing else, is but a sort of image-
worship, which though it may deny the form, yet retains the power
thereof in the heart. And he that places any religious safety, in
theological decisions, scholastic points, in particular doctrines and
opinions, about faith, justification, sanctification, or election, so far
departs from the true worship of the living God, and sets up an idol
of notions, to be worshipped, if not instead of, yet along with him.
And I believe, it may be taken for a certain truth, that every society
of Christians, whose religion stands upon this ground, however
ardent and laborious their zeal may be in such matters, yet in spite
of all, sooner or later, it will be found that nature is at the bottom,
and that a selfish, earthly pride in their own definitions and
doctrines, will by degrees creep up to the same height, and do those
very same things, which they exclaim against in Popes, Cardinals,
and Jesuits. Nor can it be otherwise; for a letter-learned zeal has but
one nature, wherever it is; it can only do that for Christians, which it
did for Jews; as it antiently brought forth Scribes, Pharisees,
Hypocrites, and Crucifiers of Christ, as it afterwards brought forth
Popes, Papal decrees, images, anathemas, transubstantiation; so in
Protestant countries, it will be doing the same thing, only with other
materials; images of wood and clay, will only be given up for images
of doctrines; grace and works, imputed sin, and imputed
righteousness, election and reprobation, will have their synods of
Dort, as truly evangelical, as any council of Trent.
 This must be the case of all fallen Christendom, as well Popish as
Protestant, till single men, and churches, know, confess, and firmly
adhere to this truth, viz. That our salvation is in the life of Jesus
Christ in us. Every thing besides this, or that is not leading to it, is
but mere Babel in all sects, and divisions of Christians, living to
themselves, under a seeming holiness of Christian strife, and
contention about scripture words. But this truth of truths, fully
possessed, brings God and man together, puts an end to every Lo
here, and Lo there, and turns the whole faith of man to a Christ,
that can no where be a Saviour to him, but in his inmost soul, nor
there, by any other means, but the immediate inspiration of the Holy
Spirit. To this man, all scripture gives daily edification; the words of
Christ and his apostles fall like a fire into him. And what is it, that
they kindle there? Not notions, not itching ears, not rambling desires
after new and new expounders of them, but a holy flame of love, to
be always attending to Christ, and his Holy Spirit within him, who
alone can make him to be, and do all that which the words of Christ,
and his apostles have taught. For there is no possibility of being like-
minded with Christ, but by the nature and Spirit of Christ, living in
us. Read all our Saviour’s sermon on the mount, consent to every
part of it, yet the time of practising it, will never come, till you have
a new nature from Christ, and are as vitally in him, and he in you, as
the vine in the branch, and the branch in the vine. For no
blessedness can be found either in men or angels, but where the
Spirit, and life of God are within them. And all men, all churches, not
placing all in the life, light, and guidance of the Holy Spirit, but
pretending to act for the glory of God, from opinions which their
logic and learning have collected from scripture words, or from what
a Calvin, an Arminus, or some smaller name, has told them, are but
where the apostles were, when there was a strife amongst them,
who should be the greatest. And how much soever they may say of
their zeal for truth, and the glory of God, yet their behaviour towards
one another, is proof enough, that the great strife among them is,
which shall have the greatest number of followers. Whereas not
numbers of men, or kingdoms professing Christianity, but numbers,
redeemed from the death of Adam, to the life of Christ, are the glory
of the Christian church. And in whatever national Christianity, any
thing else is sought after, by the profession of the gospel, but a new
heavenly life, through the eternal Son of God, wrought in the fallen
soul; there, the spirit of satanic and worldly subtlety, will be church,
and priest, and supreme power, in all that is called religion.

But to return to the doctrine of continual inspiration. The natural

man, educated in Pagan learning, and scholastic theology, seeing the
strength of his genius in the search after knowledge, how easy and
learnedly he can talk, and write, criticise and determine upon all
scripture words and facts, looks at all this, as a full proof of his own
religious wisdom, and calls immediate inspiration, enthusiasm; not
considering, that all the woes denounced by Christ against Scribes,
Pharisees, and Hypocrites, are so many woes, denounced against
every appearance and shew of religion, that the natural man can
practise.

And what is well to be noted, every one, however high in human

literature, is but this very natural man, and can only have the
goodness of a carnal religion, till as empty of all, as a new-born
child, the Spirit of God becomes the inspirer and doer of all that he
wills, does, and aims at, in his whole course of religion.

*But to all this, it must be added, that a religion of worldly glory

and prosperity carried on, under the gospel-state, has more of a
diabolical nature, than that of the Jewish Pharisees. It is the highest,
and last working of the mystery of iniquity, because it lives to Satan
and the world, in and by a daily profession of being crucified with
Christ, of being led by his Spirit, of being risen from the world, and
set with him in heavenly places.
 I would ask all writers against continual, immediate divine
inspiration, how they could more effectually lead men, into an
habitual state of sinning against the Holy Ghost, than by such
doctrine? For how can we possibly avoid the sin of grieving, or
quenching the Spirit, but by continually reverencing his holy
presence in us; by continually waiting for, trusting, and attending to
that, which the Spirit of God, wills, works, and manifests within us?
To turn men from this continual dependance upon the Holy Spirit, is
turning them from all true knowledge of God. For without this, there
is no possibility of any edifying, saving knowledge of God. For tho’
we have ever so many mathematical demonstrations of his being,
we are without all real knowledge of him, till his own Spirit manifests
him, as a power of life, light, and goodness, vitally felt, and adored
in our souls. This is the one knowledge of God, which is eternal life;
this is that knowledge of which Christ saith, no one knoweth the
Father but the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son revealeth him.
And if none belong to God, but those who are led by the spirit of
God, if we are reprobates unless the Spirit of Christ be living in us,
who need be told, that all we have to trust to, as children of God, is
the continual, immediate guidance, unction, and teaching of his Holy
Spirit? Or how can we more profanely sin against this Spirit, or more
expressly call men from the power of God unto Satan, than by
ridiculing a faith and hope, that look wholly to his continual,
immediate operations, for all that can be holy and good in us?
 This is the end of all scripture; for all that is there said, however
learnedly read, or studied by Hebrew or Greek skill, fails of its end,
till it brings us to feel all that the scriptures speak of God and man,
verified in our own souls. For all is within man, that can be either
good or evil to him: God within him, is his divine life; Satan within
him is his life of earthly wisdom, of diabolical falseness, wrath, pride,
and vanity of every kind. There is no middle-way, he that is not
under the power of the one, is under the power of the other; so far
therefore as man loses this life of God, so far he falls under the
power of Satan and worldly wisdom. When St. Peter, full of an
human love to Christ, advised him to avoid his sufferings, Christ
rejected him with Get thee behind me, Satan; and only gave this
reason for it, thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the
things that be of men. A plain proof that whatever is not from the
Holy Spirit of God, however plausible it may seem to men, is yet in
itself, nothing else but the power of Satan in us. *Christians, seeking
any thing else, but to be inspired by the Spirit of God, will bring forth
a Christendom, that in the sight of God will have no other name,
than a spiritual Babylon, a spiritual Egypt, a scarlet whore, a
devouring beast, and red dragon. For all these names belong to all
men, however learned, and to all churches, whether greater or less,
in which the spirit of this world hath any share of power. This was
the fall of the whole church, soon after the apostolic ages; and all
human reformations, begun by ecclesiastical learning, and supported
by civil power, will signify little or nothing, till all churches dying to
their own will, wisdom, and own advancement, seek for no
reforming power, but from that Spirit of God, which converted
Sinners, Publicans, Harlots, Jews and Heathens, into an holy,
apostolical church, a church, which knew they were of God, that
they belonged to God, by that spirit which he had given them, and
which worked in them.
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