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Group 5_MR(B)_Report

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11 views13 pages

Group 5_MR(B)_Report

Uploaded by

Muskan Aneja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SEQUENCES

MUSKAN ANEJA, ANURAG, SIYA, SHOURYAMAAN, YAZAD


1.SEQUENCES THROUGH NATURE 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.FIBONACCI SEQUENCES 4
3.LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE 5
4.DEFINING LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE 6
5.BOUNDED SEQUENCES 8
6.THEOREM 1 EVERY CONVERGENT
SEQUENCE IS BOUNDED. 9
7.SUBSEQUENCES 10
8.MONOTONIC SEQUENCES 11
9.MONOTONIC CONVERGENCE
THEOREM(MCT) 12
10.MONOTONIC SUBSEQUENCE
THEOREM (MST) 12
11.BOLZANO-WEIERSTRASS
THEOREM 13
Sequences
through
nature

There are countless patterns in nature that never cease to astonish


us. If you look around you, you will see things like leaves and
flowers with similar structures, lake ripples, starfish symmetry, and
many other things. Mathematicians were motivated by nature to
develop mathematical models, try to explain these patterns in
nature, and grasp the fundamentals of geometric structures and
shapes.

A sequence can be
defined as a function
from a set of Natural
Numbers to Real
Numbers
f: ℕ → ℝ
No particular formula required
FIBONACCI
SEQUENCES

The sunflower seed pattern used by the National


Museum of Mathematics contains many spirals.
If you count the spirals in a consistent manner,
you will always find a Fibonacci number (0, 1, 1,
2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, …).

The Sequence analysis:

F1 = 1
F2 = 2
Fn = Fn-1 +Fn-2 (where Fn is > 2)
LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE
WHAT IS A LIMIT, WHAT IS A LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE

WHAT IS CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE

Divergence sequence behaves more like


acceleration while convergence sequence enjoys
A limit is similar to ascending a hill where the
deceleration.
summit is off limits.

The infinite term of the convergence sequence


A limit is therefore our estimation of a point that
would approach one particular value, as shown
is invisible to us. But if we approach the hill from
by the schematic of the convergence sequence.
various angles, we will finally comprehend what
No matter whether an object is travelling in a
is at the summit as we get closer and closer to it.
positive or negative direction, deceleration
describes a steady slowing down.
DEFINING
LIMIT OF A
SEQUENCE
LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE

Now that the basic terms a clear, The limit of a


sequence is formally defined through the
following

A sequence { an} has the limit L and we write


an=L or an →L as n→0
if for every ε>0 there exists and integer N such
that if n>N then |an -L|<ε

42 | TASTY
DEFINING
LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE
LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE
ε= arbitrary fixed small positive value [in this
context]
N= Point in the sequence
For all n> N, every value after the point is within a
distance ε from its limit L
the smaller the ε is, the closer it is to 0, and the
greater the value of n
N is a positive integer. It isn’t a point in the
sequence; it does not have a corresponding n th
term in the series.
Bounded Sequences
A sequence { an} is bounded if and only if there
exists and l, u ∈ R so that
l ≤ an ≤ u for all n ∈ N
where l = Lower boundary
U= Upper Boundary
an = sequence

A sequence { an} is bounded if and only if there


exists M ∈R so that |an|≤M
for all n ∈ N
where M = absolute value which is distance from
the limit
Theorem 1 Every convergent
sequence is bounded.
Proof. Let (sn) be a sequence that converges to s ∈R
Applying the definition to ε = 1, we see that there is N ∈ N such that for any n > N,
|sn−s| < 1,
which then implies that |sn| ≤ |s|+ 1.
Let M = max{|s1|, |s2|, . . . , |sN |, |s| + 1}.
The maximum exists since the set is finite.
Then for any n ∈ N, |sn| ≤ M (consider the case n ≤ N and n > N separately)
, i.e., −M ≤ sn ≤ M. So {sn : n ∈ N} is bounded
Subsequences
Sequence of terms from an where each term in an moves further along the original
sequence

(a2 , a4 , a6 , ... ) is a subsequence of (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , ... ). So is (a1 , a10 , a100 , a1000 , ... ).

Because all the terms of a subsequence are also terms of the original sequence, the
properties of the subsequence are closely tied to the properties of the sequence, and so a
great deal of information about one can be determined by studying the other. Sequences
are objects of central importance in analysis, but they can be difficult to work with, and
their simpler subsequences provide a useful tool for understanding them.

SUBSEQUENCE BOUNDARY

IN A SEUENCE OF TERMS FR OM AN, WHERE EAC H TER M I N


(AN) MOVES FURTHER ALONG THE OR IGINAL SEQUENCE IS
CALLED SUBSEQUENCE
Monotonic
sequences
Increasing sequence : A sequence {sn} is said to be increasing or
strictly increasing sequence if
sn < sn +1 for all n ∈N,
That is
s2<s2<s3......sn<sn+1

A MONOTONICALLY DECREASING SEQUENCE


A sequence {sn} is said to be decreasing or strictly decreasing
sequence if
sn > sn + 1 for all n ∈N
that is
s1>s2>s3.....>sn>sn+1

Let r 6= 0. Consider the geometric sequence sn = r n : 1, r, r 2, r 3, r 4, ....


If r > 1, then sn is increasing: 1 < r < r 2 < r 3 < r 4 < ...
If r = 1, the sn is a constant sequence 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
If 0 < r < 1, then sn is decreasing: 1 > r > r 2 > r 3 > r 4 > ...
If r < 1, then sn is alternately positive and negative, but it is increasing in magnitude:
1 < |r| < |r2| < |r3| < |r4| < ...
If r = 1, then sn is the sequence 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ....
If 1 < r < 0, then sn is alternately positive and negative, and it is decreasing in magnitude:
1 > |r| > |r2| > |r3| > ...
Monotonic
Convergence
theorem(MCT)
the monotone convergence theorem states that if a sequence increases and is bounded
above by a supremum, it will converge to the supremum; similarly, if a sequence decreases
and is bounded below by an infimum, it will converge to the infimum.

Monotonic
Subsequence
Theorem (MST)
the monotone convergence theorem states that every series of real numbers has a monotonic
subsequence.
Bolzano-
Weierstrass
Theorem

Every bounded sequence in R has a convergent subsequence

1. A subsequence is ultimately a sequence


2. Every sequence has at least 1 monotone subsequence (MST)
3. If the sequence is bounded, then it’s subsequence is also bounded
4. Let us take the monotone sequence in any given bounded sequence
5. We know that a bounded monotone sequence is convergent (MCT)
6. hence proved that every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence
.

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