ST.

XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA

TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: ENGLISH
POEM: THE INCHCAPE ROCK
• Name of the poem- The Inchcape Rock
• Name of the poet- Robert Southey
• Rhyming Scheme- aabbb
• Poetic device/Figure of Speech- Personification, Alliteration, Repetition, Simile( discussed each literary
device in each and every stanza of the poem and made the students underline )
• Gist of the poem-runs around the proverb “As you sow, so shall you reap” (The personal consequences of
one’s actions are in proportion to the good or bad intentions towards others.)
• About the poem-The Inchcape Rock by Robert Southey is a ballad that tells us about the legends of the
Inchcape Rock, a reef in the North Sea about 18 km off the east coast of Angus, Scotland. The story is
about the good Abbot of Aberbrothok and the devilish Sir Ralph, the Rover. The Abbot achieved the great
feat of installing a bell on the dangerous Inchcape Rock that had previously caused many shipwrecks. His
bell rang during the storms and issued an alert for the passing ships. So, the seamen knew where the rock
is and could avoid the danger of an accident. They blessed the Abbot for his good work.

EXPLANATION OF THE STANZA

1. No stir in the air ............ in the ocean.
Meaning 1. stir=motion 2. still=calm 3. keel=bottom of a ship 4. steady=firmly fixed /not
shaking or moving
In the first stanza of the poem, the poet Robert Southey, describes the calmness of the sea.
The air, the sea, the ship-all were still. The sails of the ship were getting no motion from the
wind. Its keel was steady in the ocean.
2. Without either sign…. the Inchcape Bell.
Meaning 1. move=strike
The second stanza describes the mild sea waves. The waves were rising and falling so little
that they did not make any sign or sound. The waves were gently flowing over the Inchcape
Rock without moving or ringing the bell.
3. The Abbot of Aberbrothok ............. its warning rung.
Meaning 1. Abbot=monk 2. buoy=a floating boat/raft
In this stanza, the poet reveals that it was a monk the Abbot of Aberbrothok who had installed
the bell at Inchcape on a buoy. In storm and high tide, this buoy would move violently
causing the bell to ring as a warning to all sailors and to alert everyone that the dangerous
rock was there.
4. When the rock was hid…. Abbot of Aberbrothok.
Meaning 1.hid=keep secret 2. surge’s=sudden powerful forward or upward movement 3.
swell=a slow regular movement of the sea 4. mariner’s=dangerous sailors 5.
perilous=dangerous 6. blest=thanked
In the next four lines, the poet tells us how the bell guided the mariners in the bad weather.
The seamen could not see the rock, as it stayed hidden under the high waves during the
storms. But they could hear the ringing bell and went away from the perilous (dangerous)
rock. So, the bell saved their lives. Then the seafarers blessed the Abbot for his good job.
5. The Sun in heaven……. joyaunce in their sound.
Meaning 1.gay=pleasantly 2. wheel’d round=circled round 3. joyaunce=merry making
The fifth stanza delivers a cheerful atmosphere, as it generally happens before every disaster.
On a particular bright day everything looked joyful. The sea-birds were whirling over the sea
and screaming in joy.
6. The buoy of the…. on the darker speck.
Meaning 1. speck= a tiny spot 2. fixed his eye=looked attentively
In the sixth stanza of the poem, Sir Ralph introduced for the first time. On that fine day, the
buoy (an anchored floating sign to show the reef) on the Inchcape Rock was clearly visible,
as it was a blackish spot in the green ocean. Sir Ralph the Rover went on to the deck of his
vessel and gazed at dark spot of the buoy.
7. He felt the cheering……. was wickedness.
Meaning 1. cheering=inspiring 2. mirthful=glad
The next stanza deals with Ralph’s feelings and thoughts. He was delighted at the good
spring atmosphere. He was making whistling sounds and singing in joy. He was actually
overjoyed. But no one knew that a sinful thought in his mind was behind this happiness.
8. His eye was………Aberbrothok.
Meaning 1. quoth=said 2. plague=kill or destroy
In the eighth stanza, the Rover himself speaks and reveals his desire. His eyes were fixed on
the floating buoy on the Inchcape Rock. Sir Ralph, the Rover ordered his crew to take the
boat to the Inchcape Rock. Then he says that he is going to plague (kill or destroy) the good
work of the Abbot of Aberbrothok.
HOMEWORK
1. Write the meaning of the given words and frame it in a sentence: -
a) Joyaunce b) knell c) mariners d) perilous e) surge
2. a) What picture of the sea does the poet describe in the first eight lines of the poem?
Why does he do this?
b) What was the legend upon which the poet based this poem?
c) In what way was the Inchcape Bell important to mariners?
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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)

CLASS : 8 WORKSHEET : 1
SUBJECT : HINDI

CHAPTER / TOPIC : पाठ - 9 ( बूढ़ी काकी ) & विलोम शब्द

पाठ-9 " बढ
ू ़ी काकी " ( पष्ृ ठ 56 ) ध्यानपूिवक पढ़ें तथा ननम्नललखित शब्दों के अथव ढूूँढने का प्रयास
कीजिए :-

शब्द :- मकसद , जायदाद , चहल – पहल , वातावरण

*ननम्नललखित शब्दों के विलोम शब्द ढूूँढने का प्रयास कीजिए :-

• अनुकूल * मान
• अर्थ * कुछ
• अनुज * आलस्य
• अनुराग * याचक
• आग * रुदन
• आदान * पूणथ
• आज्ञा * आलोक
• आय * इष्ट
• आकाश * ईश्वर
• आशा * उत्तीणथ

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 ST.XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL ,PANCHKULA

TERM -2

(SESSION – 2021 – 2022)

CLASS-8 SUBJECT – PUNJABI WORKSHEET-1

ਵਿਸ਼ਾ – ਕਾਲ

ਕਾਲ ਦੀ ਪਵਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ -ਕਾਲ ਉਹ ਸਮਾਂ ਹੁੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ ਵਿਸ ਵਿਿੱ ਚ ਸਾਨੁੰ ਪਤਾ ਚਿੱ ਲਦਾ ਹੈ ਵਕ ਕੋਈ ਕੁੰ ਮ ਕਦੋਂ ਹੋਇਆ । ਇਸ

ਦਾ ਅਿਥ ਇਹ ਵਕ ਸਾਨੁੰ ਵਕਸੇ ਕੁੰ ਮ ਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਤੋਂ ਹੀ ਪਤਾ ਲਿੱਗਦਾ ਹੈ ਵਕ ਇਹ ਕੁੰ ਮ ਕਦੋਂ ਹੋਇਆ । ਕਾਲ ਮਿੱ ਖ ਿਪ ਵਿਿੱ ਚ

ਵਤੁੰ ਨ ਤਿਹਾਂ ਦਾ ਹੁੰ ਦਾ ਹੈ ਮਤਲਬ ਅਸੀਂ ਕਾਲ ਨੁੰ ਵਤੁੰ ਨ ਭਾਗਾਂ ਵਿਿੱ ਚ ਿੁੰ ਡ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ I ਕਾਲ ਵਤੁੰ ਨ ਹੁੰ ਦੇ ਹਨ ।

1.ਿਿਤਮਾਨ ਕਾਲ

2. ਭਤ ਕਾਲ

3.ਭਵਿਿੱ ਖ ਕਾਲ

ਹੇਠਾਂ ਕਝ ਕਾਲ ਵਦਿੱ ਤੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ ਵਿਸ ਨੁੰ ਤਸੀਂ ਉਨਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਿਿੱ ਪਾਂ ਅਨਸਾਿ ਬਦਲਣਾ ਹੈ ।

1 .ਸੀਤਾ ਪਾਠ ਯਾਦ ਕਿ ਿਹੀ ਸੀ (ਿਿਤਮਾਨ)

2. ਚਾਚਾ ਿੀ ਵਦਿੱ ਲੀ ਗਏ ਸਨ (ਿਿਤਮਾਨ )

3. ਭਾਿਤ ਮੈਚ ਖੇਡ ਵਿਹਾ ਹੈ । (ਭਤਕਾਲ )

4. ਮਾਤਾ ਿੀ ਖੀਿ ਬਣਾ ਿਹੇ ਹਨ । (ਭਤਕਾਲ )

5. ਿਾਧਾ ਸਿੇਿ ਤੋਂ ਸਿੈਟਿ ਬਣ ਿਹੀ ਹੈ । (ਭਵਿਿੱ ਖਤ ਕਾਲ )

6. ਗੀਤਾ ਸਕਲ ਗਈ । ( ਭਵਿਿੱ ਖਤ ਕਾਲ)

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 सट ज़े िवयर हाई ू ल पंचकूला
ि तीय– स
(स ः2021-2022)
क ा8 वकशीट 1
िवषय– सं ृ त
ाकरण िनब पु कालयः
पु कानाम् आलयः पु कालयः क ते । त भुतािन पु कािन स । पु कालये िविवधानां पु कािन स ।
त छा ाः ितिदनम् ातः सायं आग पु कािन पठ च । त छा ाः छा े ः आस काः स ते
त सीद पु कािन पठ च । वाचनालये छा ाः समाचार प ािण, पाि क प ािण, मािसक प ािण च पठ ।
पु कािन न केवलं ानं य अिपतु मनोरं जन अिप कुव । मम िव ालये एकः सु रः पु कालयः
अिप अ । य पु कालयः न भवित त छा ाः ान सागरात् वि ता: भव ।

रच् धातु प लोट् लकार म

पु ष एकवचन ि वचन ब वचन

थम पु षः रचयतु रचयताम् रचय ु

म म पु षः रचय रचयतम् रचयत

उ म पु षः रचयािन रचयाव रचयाम

पत् धातु प लोट् लकार

पु ष एकवचन ि वचन ब वचन

थम पु षः पततु पतताम् पत ु
म म पु षः पत पततम् पतत
उ म पु षः पतािन पताव पताम

चार श द प तीन लग म

िवभ पु ंग ीिलं ग नपुं सकिलंग

थमा च ार: चत : च ार
ि तीया चतु र: चत : च ार
तृतीया चतु िभः चतसृ िभ: चतुिभः
चतुथ चतु : चतसृ : चतु ः
पंचमी चतु : चतसृ : चतु ः
ष ी चतु रणाम् चतसृ णाम् चतुणाम्
स मी चतु षु चतसृ षु चतु षु

नोट-िलखो और समझो यथा समय पर काय क िजए।

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII SUBJECT: HISTORY WORKSHEET-1
CHAPTER – 5 ‘TRADERS TO RULERS’

Europeans carried on trade along the overland route to the East until the mid-fifteenth century,
when the Turks blocked this trade route. The Europeans then discovered new sea routes to the
East. In 1498, Vasco da Gama of Portugal sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and landed at
Calicut on the Malabar Coast in South India. Portugal’s profitable Eastern trade attracted other
European to overseas trade with the East.
TRADING COMPANIES
By the end of the sixteenth century, Europe’s overseas trade with the East began to fetch
enormous profits. The rulers of some European countries allowed groups of merchants to start
trading companies with monopoly to trade with the East. This meant that no other merchants in
these countries could participate in the Eastern trade. In return, the rulers took a share of the
profits.
The English East India Company was established on 31st December 1600 when Queen Elizabeth
I of England issued a royal charter granting its founders monopoly to trade with the East. Similar
East India companies were founded by the Dutch in 1602 and the French in 1664. These
companies set up Trade settlements in the East. They purchased goods in the bulk at the cheapest
possible prices with the gold and silver they brought from Europe.
ENGLISH TRADE SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA
The English East India Company received permission to establish trade settlements in India
through a farman (royal order) issued by the Mughal ruler Jahangir. The English trade
settlements were run by the Company’s recruits called factors, and hence called ‘factories’. A
factory was not a place of manufacture. It consisted of a godown for goods, an office for
maintaining records and residential quarters for the company’s servants. The Company traded in
Indian textiles, indigo, saltpetere and spices such as pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and cloves.
CONQUEST OF BENGAL
The first step towards British political supremacy was their conquest of Bengal.
FOUNDATION OF CALCUTTA: In Bengal, the English East India Company established its
first trade settlement at Hugli around 1651. Its trade flourished here. But, when it violated trade
rules, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb turned hostile, declared war on the Company and defeated its
forces. Later, Aurangzeb permitted the Company to trade duty- free in return for an annual
payment. In 1690, Job Charnock established an English factory at a place called Sutanuti. The
factory was later fortified to protect it from local revolts and attacks, and named Fort William.
Soon after this the Company was granted the zamindari (right to collect revenue) of Sutanuti and
two other villages, settlement of Fort William along, with these three villages later came to be
called Calcutta.
C0NFLICT BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND THE NAWAB OF BENGAL
Trade in Bengal fetched enormous profits for the company, as goods from Bengal formed much
of the English imports from Asia. The Company had the right to duty – free trade, but the
Company’s servants misused this right. They carried on illegal private trade, and did not pay the
trade duties payable by individual merchants. This caused a heavy loss of revenue to the Nawab
of Bengal, who grew hostile to the Company.
Till the mid-eighteenth century, Nawab MURSHID QULI KHAN and NAWAB ALIVARDI
KHAN of Bengal kept strict control over the European traders and resisted the fortification of
European trade settlements. Siraj-ud-daulah succeeded Alivardi Khan as Nawab in 1756. He
drove the English out of Calcutta for expanding fortifications against his orders and misusing
trading rights. But, Robert Clive soon took charge of the Company’s forces in Bengal and
restored the Company’s earlier position and trade privileges by treacherous means.

Siraj-ud-daulah
BATTLE OF PLASSEY (1757): Clive bribed some of the important members of Siraj’s court,
including the general Mir Jafar. Clive’s intrigues ultimately led to a battle at Plassey(Palashi) in
1757. Mir Jafar withdrew his troops from the battlefield. Siraj was defeated and killed.
The Company made Mir Jafar the new ruler in return for a large sum of money, the zamindari of
Twenty- four Parganas in Bengal and rights to free trade. The victory at plassey transformed the
company from a mere trading institution to a political force in Bengal. It also exposed the
weakness of the Indian political system and began the process of British colonization of India.
Mir Jafar failed to meet the Company’s heavy monetary demands. So, in 1760, the Company
deposed Mir Jafar and made son-in-law Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal. In return, Mir Qasim
gave to the Company the zamindari of Burdwan, Midnapore and Chittagong.
BATTLE OF BUXAR (1764) Mir Qasim placed limits on the trade privileges of the
Company. The Company declared war on him and defeated him in 1763. Mir Jafar was restored
as the Nawab of Bengal. Mir Qasim entered into an alliance with Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of
Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who was then living in Awadh. The British defeated
the combined forces at Buxar in 1764. By this victory, the British established unquestioned
authority over Bengal, and considerable influence over the ruler of Awadh and the Mughal
Emperor.
Results of the Battle of Buxar After Mir Jafar’s death in 1765, the new Nawab of Bengal
handed over the powers of military and criminal jurisdiction to the Company.
In the same year, Clive restored Awadh to Shuja-ud-daulah. In return, Shuja-ud-daulah paid a
sum of money and ceded the districts of Kora and Allahbad to the Company. Awadh became a
buffer state(neutral zone), which would save Bengal from the direct impact of an invasion from
the north-west. Through a farman in 1765, Shah Alam II granted the Company the diwani(office
of revenue collector) of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha on a permanent basis. In return, the Company
gave him Kora and Allahabad, and an annual tribute. Shah Alam II began to live in Allahabad
under the Company’s protection.
The Company became the virtual ruler of Bengal, with full control over revenue collection and
military and criminal jurisdiction. It used part of revenue from Bengal to purchase Indian goods,
meet administrative costs and maintain troops. The Nawab’s office was reduced to a position of
responsibility without any control over the resources. The Company enjoyed power without any
responsibility. This was the system of dual government, which lasted till 1772. Bengal suffered
under this system. Increasing oppression by the Company’s servants forced many people to
abandon their lands and flee into jungles. This continued even when a severe famine struck
Bengal in 1770. While Bengal suffered, the Company’s servants grew prosperous. Most of them
came from very humble backgrounds and received low salaries. But, many of them acquired
enormous wealth from illegal private trade in Bengal. When they returned to England, their
wealth drew the attention and envy of the English society, which called them ‘nabobs’(an
adaptation of the Indian word ‘nawab’). In 1772, Warren Hastings became the governor of
Bengal. He ended the system of dual government and brought Bengal under the direct control of
the Company.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks:
i) The fortified settlement of the English East India Company at the site of Calcutta was called
_________.
ii) _______ succeeded Siraj-ud-daulah as the Nawab of Bengal.
iii) Governor _______ ended the system of dual government in Bengal.
2. Short Questions:
i) What route did Vasco da Gama of potugal take to reach India? When and where did he land?
ii) What exclusive rights did the trading companies of Europe get from their rulers? What did it
mean?
iii) Mention any three Indian goods in which the English East India Company traded?
iv) What did the East India Company’s ‘factory’ consist of ?
v) What is a buffer state? Which territory became a buffer state for Bengal after the Battle of
Buxar?
3. Long Questions:
i) With reference to the Battle of Plassey, explain the following:
a) Why did Siraj-ud-daulah drive the English out of Calcutta?
b) What methods did Robert Clive use to isolate and defeat Siraj-ud-daulah?
ii) In the context of the subjugation of Bengal, write about
a) the significance of the the Battle of Plassey
b) the results of the Battle of Buxar; and
c) the system of dual governance in Bengal and its effect.
4. Choose the correct option :
i) At which of the following places did the British not have a settlement?
a) Surat b) Bombay c) Madras d) None of these
ii) In 1764 the British established unquestionable authority over Bengal by winning the
a) Battle of Plassey b) Battle of Buxar c) Battle of Panipat d) Third Carnatic War
iii) The English Company got the diwani of Bengal through a farman granted by
a) Shah Alam II b) Mir Jafar c) Mir Qasim d) Shuja-ud-daulah
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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER-6, ASIA- THE LARGEST CONTINENT
Asia is the world’s largest and the most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and
northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the Earth’s total surface area and with approximately 4.73
billion people (2011), it hosts 60% of the world’s current human population. Asia consists of 48
countries, four dependent and seven unrecognized regions. Asia is broadly divided into six sub
regions.
LOCATION OF ASIA-
➢ LATITUDE- Asia is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, except fa few islands of
Indonesia which lie in the Southern Hemisphere. Asia lies between latitudes from 10°S to
80°N.
➢ LONGITUDE- Asia lies almost entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere. Only a small part of Russia extends
into the Western Hemisphere. Asia lies between longitudes 25°E to about 170°W.
➢ BOUNDARIES- Asia is surrounded by THREE oceans –
I. North- Arctic Ocean
II. East- Pacific Ocean
III. South – Indian Ocean
In the west, the continent of Asia is separated from Europe by the low Ural Mountains, the Ural River
and the Caspian Sea.
➢ COASTLINE- Asia has a relatively smooth coastline with few indentations. Along the east coast
is the China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. In the north-east is the Sea of Okhotsk and
the Bering Sea. In the south there are two big bays – the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
➢ ISLANDS- There are many groups of islands in south-east and east Asia. Many of them form
island countries, two southeast Asian nations, Indonesia and the Philippines have more than 20000
islands between them. Sumatra and Java are large islands of Indonesia.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF ASIA

ASIA – POLITICAL MAP

Asia is divided into 48 political countries.
✓ EAST- ASIA- It is made up of the countries of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China
and Taiwan. This region is often referred to as the Far East.
✓ SOUTH-EAST Asia – It comprises the countries of Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand,
Singapore, Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia and
Philippines.
✓ SOUTH-ASIA - It includes the countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Nepal and Bhutan. This region is also known as the Indian sub-continent. Recently a
political cum regional name SAARC has been given to this area.
✓ SOUTH-WEST ASIA – It includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab
Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Syria, Israel. Lebanon and Turkey.
✓ RUSSIA- It spreads over two continents- Europe and Asia.
✓ In 1991, USSR disintegrated and broke into 15 independent republics. In Asia, the
republics are Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
PHYSICAL FEATURES

ASIA – PHYSICAL MAP

 ASIA- PHYSICAL
Asia is a great variety of landforms and climate. Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world and
Mt. Everest, (8848m) the highest peak in the world, both are in Asia. Physically the continent may
be divided into five major physical divisions. They are-
1. THE NORTHERN LOWLANDS
2. THE CENTRAL MOUNTAINOUS REGION
3. THE SOUTHERN PLATEAUS
4. THE GREAT RIVER VALLEYS
5. THE ISLAND GROUPS OF SOUTHEST AND EAST ASIA
EXERCISE
Ex -A – Answer the following questions briefly –
1. What is location of Asia?
2. Name the three oceans which surround Asia.
3. Name the major island groups of Asia.
Ex G- Mark the following on an outline map of Asia,
i. The Himalayas
ii. The Tibetan Plateau
iii. River Indus
iv. The Hindu Kush
v. River Mekong
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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2

(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE:-

TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE:-

If a force is applied on a body which is pivoted at a point, the force can turn the body about
the point. This is called the turning effect of force.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TURNING OF A BODY:-

(i) The magnitude of force – Greater the magnitude of force, more is the turning effect

(ii) The perpendicular distance from the pivoted point – Greater the perpendicular distance of
force from the pivoted point, more is the turning effect.
MOMENT OF FORCE

The product of magnitude of force and perpendicular distance of force from the pivoted point is
called moment of force about the pivoted point

 S.I UNIT of the moment of force is Newton meter (Nm)

 It’s a vector and thus has both magnitude and direction.
 Its direction can be clockwise and anticlockwise.
 For producing maximum turning effect on a body by a given force, the force is applied on
the body at a point for which the perpendicular distance of the force from the pivoted
point is maximum so that the given force may provide the maximum torque to turn the
body

Answer the following questions

1. Define the term moment of force

2. State the S.I unit of moment of force.

3. State two factors which affect moment of force.

4. Write the expression for the moment of force about a given axis of rotation.

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER :- CARBON

Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant
element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its
unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the
temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common
element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass
(about 18.5%) after oxygen.
Allotropes of carbon
Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes (structurally different forms of the same element)
due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent
decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such
as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon
include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high
temperatures or extreme pressures.

Diamond
Diamond is a well known allotrope of carbon. The hardness and high dispersion of light of
diamond make it useful for both industrial applications and jewelry. Diamond is the hardest
known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive and makes it hold polish and luster
extremely well. No known naturally occurring substance can cut (or even scratch) a diamond,
except another diamond.

Graphite
Graphite, named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, is one of the most common allotropes of
carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor. Thus, it can be used in, for instance,
electrical arc lamp electrodes. Likewise, under standard conditions, graphite is the most stable
form of carbon.
Graphene
A single layer of graphite is called graphene and has extraordinary electrical, thermal, and
physical properties. It can be produced by epitaxy on an insulating or conducting substrate or by
mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) from graphite. Its applications may include
replacing silicon in high-performance electronic devices. With two layers stacked, bilayer
graphene results with different properties.
Amorphous carbon
Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As
with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range
pattern of atomic positions. While entirely amorphous carbon can be produced, most amorphous
carbon actually contains microscopic crystals of graphite-like, or even diamond-like carbon.[8]
Buckminsterfullerenes
The buckminsterfullerenes, or usually just fullerenes or buckyballs for short, were discovered in
1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex, three of whom
were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are named for the resemblance to the
geodesic structures devised by Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller. Fullerenes are positively
curved molecules of varying sizes composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow
sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes, also called buckytubes, are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel
properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-
electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength,
unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also
been synthesized. A nanotube is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also
includes buckyballs. There are two main types of nanotubes: single-walled nanotubes and multi-
walled nanotubes .
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

Q.1. Name the different allotropes of carbon.

Q.2. What are allotropes?

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM-2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

CHAPTER: -2 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Reproduction is a process by which organisms replicate themselves. Although reproduction is often

considered solely in terms of the production of offspring in animals and plants, the more general meaning
has far greater significance to living organisms.
MODES OF REPRODUCTION
Depending on the number of parents involved, there are different modes of reproduction. Every living
organism reproduces by either of the two modes i.e. sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction.
The different modes of reproduction in animals and plants are explained below:
Sexual Reproduction
It is the mode of reproduction in which gamete cells from two organisms, one male and one female, combine
to form a singular zygote. This zygote shares half of its genetic information with the father and the other half
with the mother. Though the basics of it remain the same, there are many different modes of sexual
reproduction in both plants and animals. The newly formed individual produced by sexual reproduction is
different from parents, both genetically and physically.
Asexual Reproduction
It is the mode of reproduction which involves only one organism. The offspring that is produced is
genetically identical to the mother and almost always has the same number of chromosomes. Hence, they are
called clones. Moreover, they are exact copies of their parent cell. Few asexual methods are budding (e.g.
Hydra), binary fission (e.g. Amoeba, bacteria), spore formation (e.g. ferns), fragmentation (e.g. Planaria),
and vegetative propagation (e.g. Onion).

TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues in an artificial medium separate from the organism. Tissue culture is
very important as it used for growing plant tissue because it contains plant nutrients in the form of jelly.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in the flower.
Floral parts of a flower

Whorls
Along with the vegetative and reproductive parts, a flower is also composed of four whorls, which are
largely responsible for the radial arrangement of a flower. A typical flower has a circular section with a
common centre, which can be clearly observed and distinguished from the top of the flower. There are four
whorls:
Calyx
The calyx is the outermost whorl of a flower. It comprises sepals, tiny leaves present at the base of a flower.
These protect the flower whorls against mechanical injuries and desiccation. Some plants have coloured
sepals the calyx and are called petaloid. In many flowers, the sepals fall off before the flower even opens
fully. In some, the sepals fall off after fertilization. Such sepals are known as deciduous. The persistent
sepals remain up to the fruiting stage.
Corolla
This is the second whorl of a flower. It contains petals which serve two main functions:
1. To attract pollinators.
2. To protect the reproductive parts of a flower. Petals are brightly coloured and scented to attract
animals and insects for pollination. The calyx and corolla are collectively called the perianth.
Androecium/Stamens
Stamen is also known as the third whorl of the flower and is the male reproductive part. It consists of a
filament which is a thread-like structure with a circular structure anther on the top. Pollen is produced by the
anther which contributes to the male reproductive process of the plant. All the stamens do not bear fertile
anthers.
Gynoecium/Carpels
The carpel is the fourth whorl of the flower present in the centre. The carpels contain the pistil, the female
reproductive part of the flower. It comprises the ovary, style, and stigma. The egg or the ovule is present in
the ovary. After fertilization, sometimes the ovary turns into the fruit to keep the seed. At the top of the ovary
is a vertical structure called style that supports the stigma. The dispersed pollens stick to the stigma and
travel down to the ovary through the style.

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Differentiate between:
Calyx and corolla
2. What do you mean by androecium?

*Answer key of worksheet 1 will be uploaded in worksheet 2.

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: MATHS

CHAPTER- 1(RATIONAL NUMBERS)

DEFINITION: A rational number is a number that can be expressed in the

𝒑
form of , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0
𝒒

𝟓 𝟗
For Example: − , 4, -7,
𝟑 𝟓

PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

1. A rational number remains unchanged when a non-zero integer is
multiplied to both numerator and denominator.
2. A rational number remains unchanged when a non-zero integer is
divided to both numerator and denominator.
3. A rational number is said to be in its standard form if its
denominator is a positive integer and numerator and denominator
have no common factor other than 1.
𝒑 𝒑
4. The additive inverse of non-zero rational number is - .
𝒒 𝒒
𝒑 𝒒
5. The multiplicative inverse of non-zero rational number is .
𝒒 𝒑

OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS

1. ADDITION: Two rational numbers with different denominators are

added by first taking L.C.M of both the denominators and then
converting both the rational numbers into their equivalent form
having the L.C.M as the denominator and then add the numerators.
 Example:

2. SUBTRACTION: While subtracting two rational numbers, we add

the additive inverse of the rational number to be subtracted to the
other rational number.

𝟓 𝟑
Example: 4 - 7
𝟔 𝟒

𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟏
= - (L.C.M of 6 & 4 is 12)
𝟔 𝟒

𝟐𝟗 ×𝟐 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟑
= -
𝟔 ×𝟐 𝟒×𝟑

𝟓𝟖 𝟗𝟑
= -
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

𝟓𝟖 − 𝟗𝟑 − 𝟑𝟓
= = Ans.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

3. MULTIPLICATION:

𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒄
× =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃𝒅

𝟕 −𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏
Example: × =
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐𝟎
 4. DIVISION: While dividing, We multiply the first rational number
by the reciprocal of the other.

Example:

SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q (1) Solve:
𝟖 𝟑
(i) +
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

𝟕 − 𝟏𝟏
(ii) +
𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟐

𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟎
(iii) -
𝟒 𝟕

𝟓 −𝟖
(iv) -
𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔

−𝟒 −𝟓
(v) ×
𝟓 𝟏𝟐

− 𝟔𝟓 𝟖𝟖
(vi) ×
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑

𝟑 𝟐𝟏
(vii) ÷
𝟕 𝟓𝟔

−𝟏
(viii) 1 ÷
𝟐
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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: 8 WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: COMPUTER

TOPIC: ABBREVIATIONS

1 URL Uniform Resource Locator

2 JVM Java Virtual Machine

3 IDE Integrated Development Environment

4 POST Power on Self-Test

5 API Application Programming Interface

6 IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

7 POP Post Office Protocol

8 IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

9 MODEM Modulator/Demodulator

10 GOOGLE Global Organization of oriented group language of earth

11 SEO Search Engine Optimization

12 FTTP Fiber to the premises

13 DNS Domain Name System

14 VRML Virtual Reality Mark-up language

15 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

ASSIGNMENT:-
WRITE FULL FORM FOR THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONS
1. FTTP
2. DNS
3. GOOGLE
4. API
5. JVM

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: G.K

EXERCISE – 20
World’s Most Amazing Natural Phenomena

1 2 3

We can see an We can see heavy This natural

amazing natural rocks which move phenomenon occurs
phenomenon in the many yards on their in extremely cold
Skagen City own without any places. The slow-
(northernmost external force. the moving water of the
point of Denmark) different rocks move river breaks the ice
where two seas at different speeds and twists it around.
meet. The two and in different As the ice-disc rotates,
opposing tides directions. it grinds against the
cannot merge
________________ surrounding ice,
because they have
forming a circular
different densities.
shape.
_____________
_______________
 4 5 6

This rare natural This natural This natural

phenomenon occurs phenomenon happens phenomenon is
when fire under only in places like China caused by the rapid
certain conditions of and Argentina. The tall growth of algae. The
air currents and and thin blades of water appears red
temperature creates hardened snow are due to the presence
a tornado-like effect. formed because of the of huge amount of
_______________ strong winds in Andes algae.
mountains. ______________
_________________

**********************************

ANSWER KEY OF EXERCISE – 20

1. Baltic and North Seas Meet

2. Moving Stones
3. Ice Circles
4. Fire Whirl
5. Penitentes
6. Red Tides

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 ST. XAVIER’S HIGH SCHOOL, PANCHKULA
TERM - 2
(SESSION: 2021-2022)
CLASS: VIII WORKSHEET-1
SUBJECT: ART
TOPIC: - Birds (Brush & Ink)

NOTE : Draw picture of feathers & furs of birds with a brush in your art file.

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