CGC-COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING---------B.TECH.(CSE 6th Sem.

)
Notes
Subject: Artificial Intelligence
Subject Code: ((BTCS 602-18))
Unit 1 AI Introduction

What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies,
learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and
adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the
Intelligence comes in multifold −

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak,

recognize, and use
mechanisms of phonology
Linguistic intelligence (speech sounds), syntax Narrators, Orators
(grammar), and semantics
(meaning).

The ability to create,

communicate with, and
understand meanings made Musicians, Singers,
Musical intelligence
of sound, understanding of Composers
pitch, rhythm.

The ability of use and

understand relationships in
the absence of action or Mathematicians,
Logical-mathematical intelligence objects. Understanding Scientists
complex and abstract ideas.

Spatial intelligence The ability to perceive Map readers,

visual or spatial Astronauts, Physicists
information, change it, and
re-create visual images
 without reference to the
objects, construct 3D
images, and to move and
rotate them.

The ability to use complete

or part of the body to solve
problems or fashion
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence products, control over fine Players, Dancers
and coarse motor skills,
and manipulate the objects.

The ability to distinguish

Intra-personal intelligence among one’s own feelings, Gautam Buddhha
intentions, and motivations.

The ability to recognize

and make distinctions
Mass Communicators,
Interpersonal intelligence among other people’s
Interviewers
feelings, beliefs, and
intentions.

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligentwhen it is equipped with

at least one and at most all intelligences in it.

What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
Let us go through all the components briefly −

Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement,
making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement and examines

It conducts specific observations to makes
the possibilities to reach a specific, logical
broad general statements.
conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are true in a If something is true of a class of things in
statement, inductive reasoning allows for the general, it is also true for all members of that
conclusion to be false. class.

Example − "All women of age above 60 years

Example − "Nita is a teacher. All teachers are are grandmothers. Shalini is 65 years.
studious. Therefore, Nita is studious." Therefore, Shalini is a grandmother."

Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising,

being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the
subjects of the study.

The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled

systems. Learning is categorized as −

Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students

listening to recorded audio lectures.
Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.

Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example,

picking objects, Writing, etc.

Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For example,

child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.

Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before.
For example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.

Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on

the basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties. For Example,
Adding ‘little less’ salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time,
when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.

Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps,
etc. For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually following the
road.

Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior when

a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell.

Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a
desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by
known or unknown hurdles.

Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the
best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are
available.

Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing

sensory information.

Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In

the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors
together in a meaningful manner.

Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the
verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules and data.

Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching

algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and recall
as its pattern is simple.

Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

he domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding,

we consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI
−

Speech and Voice Recognition

These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural language
processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are
different.

Speech Recognition Voice Recognition

The speech recognition aims at understanding and The objective of voice recognition is to
comprehending WHAT was spoken. recognize WHO is speaking.

It is used in hand-free computing, map, or menu It is used to identify a person by

navigation. analysing its tone, voice pitch, and
accent, etc.

Machine does not need training for Speech This recognition system needs training
Recognition as it is not speaker dependent. as it is person oriented.

Speaker independent Speech Recognition systems Speaker dependent Speech Recognition

are difficult to develop. systems are comparatively easy to
develop.

Working of Speech and Voice Recognition Systems

The user input spoken at a microphone goes to sound card of the system. The
converter turns the analog signal into equivalent digital signal for the speech
processing. The database is used to compare the sound patterns to recognize the
words. Finally, a reverse feedback is given to the database.

This source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it
to the target language text. They are supported with interactive GUI, large database
of vocabulary, etc.

Real Life Applications of AI Research Areas

There is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people in their
day-to-day lives –
Sr.No. Research Areas Example

1 Expert Systems

Examples − Flight-tracking systems,

Clinical systems.

2 Natural Language Processing

Examples: Google Now feature, speech

recognition, Automatic voice output.

3 Neural Networks

Examples − Pattern recognition systems

such as face recognition, character
recognition, handwriting recognition.

4 Robotics

Examples − Industrial robots for moving,

spraying, painting, precision checking,
drilling, cleaning, coating, carving, etc.

5 Fuzzy Logic Systems

Examples − Consumer electronics,

automobiles, etc.

Task Classification of AI
The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert
tasks.

Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Mundane (Ordinary) Tasks Formal Tasks Expert Tasks

Perception  Mathematics  Engineering

 Geometry  Fault Finding
 Computer Vision
 Logic  Manufacturing
 Speech, Voice
 Integration and  Monitoring
Differentiation

Natural Language Processing Games Scientific Analysis

 Understanding  Go
 Language Generation  Chess (Deep Blue)
  Language Translation  Ckeckers

Common Sense Verification Financial Analysis

Reasoning Theorem Proving Medical Diagnosis

Planing Creativity

Robotics

 Locomotive

Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception,
speaking, using language, and locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert
Tasks later, in that order.

For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The same was considered true
before trying to implement mundane tasks in machines. Earlier, all work of AI was
concentrated in the mundane task domain.

Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is the
reason why AI work is more prospering in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the
expert task domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be
easier to represent and handle.