Neural

Signaling
Farahdina Bachtiar, S.Ft., Physio., M.Sc, AIFO
Condrowati, S.Fis., M.Sc, AIFO
SEL SARAF/NEURON
 STRUKTUR NEURON

No. Nama Bagian Fungsi

1 Nukleus/Inti Sel Pengatur seluruh kegiatan sel.
2 Dendrit Penghubung impuls rangsang dari reseptor ke badan sel.
3 Cell Body/Badan Sel Penerima impuls rangsang dari dendrit dan melanjutkan ke akson.
4 Akson Menghubungkan impuls rangsang ke sel saraf berikutnya atau efektor (organ yang disarafi).
5 Selubung Myelin Pelindung akson (neurit) dari kerusakan.
6 Sel Schwann Membentuk jaringan yang membantu menyediakan makanan dan membantu meregenerasi neurit (akson)

7 Nodus Ranvier Mempercepat transmisi impuls rangsang.

8 Sinapsis Penghubung antara ujung akson suatu sel saraf dengan dendrit sel saraf lain.
KLASIFIKASI NEURON (STRUKTUR)
KLASIFIKASI NEURON (FUNGSI)
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells

NERVE CELLS GENERATE A VARIETY of

electrical signals that transmit and store
information. Although neurons are not intrinsically
good conductors of electricity, they have elaborate
mechanisms that generate electrical signals
based on the flow of ions across their plasma
membranes. Ordinarily, neurons generate a
negative potential, called the resting membrane
potential, that can be measured by recording the
voltage between the inside and outside of nerve
cells.
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells

Types of neuronal electrical signals electrical signals

 Receptor potentials are due to the activation of sensory
neurons by external stimuli, such as light, sound, or heat.
 Type of electrical signal is associated with communication
between neurons at synaptic contacts. Activation of these
synapses generates synaptic potentials, which allow
transmission of information from one neuron to another.
 Many neurons generate a special type of electrical signal
that travels along their long axons. Such signals are called
action potentials and are also referred to as spikes or
impulses.
 ACTION POTENTIALS
 Neurons begin at a resting potential of around -70 milivolts, during which no
signals will be transmitted
 An adjacent neuron sends neurotransmitters that bind to the dendrites of the
neuron
 If these neurotransmitters are excitatory, then gated ion channels will open up to
permit ambient sodium ions (Na+) into the cell (making the potential more
positive). If these neurotransmitters are inhibitory, then gated ion channels will
open up to permit internal potassium ions (K+) out of the cell (making the potential
more negative)
 For an action potential to be generated, enough excitatory neurotransmitters must
be present to raise the charge above a certain threshold level. Once this level is
exceeded, an all-or-none electrical potential is sent down the length of the axon
(depolarization)
 After depolarizing, the neuron's ion pumps begin working to reestablish the resting
potential. While the neuron is doing so, it enters a refractory period during which
no further action potentials can be generated. (hyperpolarization)
 Once the potential has been restored, the neuron is ready for a new stimulus
NEUROTRANSMISSION

Neurons send what are known as electrochemical

signals. Once a neuron has been stimulated by
some sort of stimulus, it generates an electric
potential that travels down the length of the cell. This
is the 'electro' part of electrochemical. Once the
electric current reaches the axon terminal at the end
of the cell, it triggers the release of certain chemical
messengers. This is the 'chemical' part of
electrochemical.
NEUROTRANSMISSION
The primary class of signaling molecules are
called neurotransmitters. These chemical
messengers allow one neuron to communicate to
another, and the response these messages generate
depend on factors such as what specific type of
messenger was sent, how much of it was sent, how
long the message lasted, etc. Between the part of
the first neuron that is sending the signal, the axon,
and the second neuron that is receiving the signal,
the dendrite, there exists a minute gap known as
the synapse. Released neurotransmitters must
cross this synapse in order to reach their specific
receptors on the other side, and then are recycled or
broken down after achieving their desired effects.
NEUROTRANSMISSION

Common neurotransmitters include:

Acetylcholine, which is heavily involved in communicating to muscles, but
also plays roles in attention and arousal.
Dopamine, which has functions including voluntary motor movements,
mood, and goal-oriented behavior.
Serotonin, which has effects ranging from emotion to sleep
Glutamate, which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain and
is involved in learning
GABA, which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain and is
involved in numerous functions
In addition, hormones may have profound interactions with the nervous
system. Examples include adrenaline, which controls responses to acute
environmental stress, and melatonin which establishes biological rhythms
and sleep patterns.
STRUCTURE OF SYNAPSE

a neuron and a postsynaptic cell communicate. The postsynaptic cell

can be any cell of an organ, gland, blood vessel, muscle cell, or
another neuron. A synapse comprises a presynaptic terminal, a
postsynaptic terminal, and the synaptic cleft. The presynaptic terminal,
located at the end of the axon, is a projection specialized for the
release of chemicals. The membrane region of the receiving cell is the
postsynaptic terminal. The space between the two terminals is called
the synaptic cleft. The presynaptic terminal contains vesicles (small
membrane-bound packets) of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters transmit information across the cleft. The
postsynaptic membrane contains receptors, with specialized molecules
designed to bind specific neurotransmitters.
Two Classes of Synapses

The many kinds of synapses in the human brain

fall into two general classes: electrical synapses
and chemical synapses. These two classes of
synapses can be distinguished based on their
structures and the mechanisms they use to
transmit signals from the “upstream” neuron,
called the presynaptic element, and the
“downstream” neuron, termed postsynaptic.
ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS AT SYNAPSES

Types of synapses.
 Axosomatic synapse between the axon of a
presynaptic neuron and the cell body or
soma of a postsynaptic neuron.
 Axodendritic synapse between the axon of
a presynaptic neuron and a dendrite of a
postsynaptic neuron.
 Axoaxonic synapse between the axon of a
presynaptic neuron and the axon of a
postsynaptic neuron.
THANK YOU