Section 1: DESIGN OF GIRDERS

Bridge Parameters
Total Bridge Span= 40 m
Limiting RC bridge span, L= 20 m
Total Bridge Width= 11.07 m
Total width of carriageway= 7.27 m
BS5400-2:2006:Total Walkway Width= (11.07-7.27)/2 1.9 m
cl.3.2.9.3 Number of traffic lanes= 2
cl.3.2.9.3 Notional each traffic lane width bL = 7.27 / 2 = 3.635 m
Interior Girder spacing= 2m
No. of Girder(s) = 5
Cantilever Girder spacing= (11.07-2*4)/2 1.535 m
Asphalt Concrete thickness= 50 mm
Structure type/form= reinforced concrete (RC) bridge (beam and slab)
Concrete Density= 25 kN/m³
Assume Main Reinforcement φ = 32 mm
Assume Top Reinforcement φ = 16 mm
Assume Shear links Reinforcement φ = 12 mm
Concrete Cover to Reinforcements, c = 25 mm
Average thickness of flange, hf= 200 mm
Beam Section h= 1400 mm
b= 400 mm
Concrete Compressive Strength, fck= 40 N/mm²
Rebar Steel Strength, fyk= 500 N/mm²
Stirrup Steel Strength, fyv= 250 N/mm²
Density of Asphalt Concrete= 20 kN/m³
Determine the Minimum Slab Thickness and Beam Depth
L/d=16, for simply supported condition, therefore, d=20,000/16 1250 mm
Considering Y20 rebars and Y10 stirrups, and nominal cover to reinforcement of 35mm;
The overall depth of the beam, h = d + T/2 + 10 +35 1303 mm
h= 1400 mm
Girder loading by influence line
From the deck

1.535 2 2 slab loading

1kN 1kN
1.77m

For Girder 1 & 5 For Girder 2, 3 & 4

Max. ordinate = 1.77m Max. ordinate = 1m
Area A1 = 3.12m² Area A1 = 2m²
Loading for edge girders G1 & 5 ULS SLS Influence ULS SLS
Live loads HA (UDL) 20.43 14.86 3.12 63.74 46.36
HA (KEL) 54.6 39.6 3.12 170.35 123.55
HB 29.5 24.96 3.12 92.04 77.88
Dead loads Slab s/w (carriageway) 6.33 5 0.67 4.24 3.35
Slab s/w (walkway) 11.07 8.75 2.46 27.23 21.53
Surface 1.93 1.2 3.12 6.02 3.74
Barrier 7.7 4.8 1.77 13.63 8.5
Girder s/w 1.4×0.4×24×1.15 15.46 13.44 1 15.46 13.44
Total dead load 66.58 50.56
Loading for interior girders G2, 3 & 4
Live loads HA (UDL) 20.43 14.86 2 40.86 29.72
HA (KEL) 54.6 39.6 2 109.2 79.2
HB 29.5 24.96 2 59 49.92
Dead loads Slab s/w (carriageway) 6.33 5 2 12.66 10
Surface 1.93 1.2 2 3.86 2.4
Girder s/w 1.4×0.4×24×1.15 15.46 13.44 1 15.46 13.44
Total dead load 31.98 25.84
HA LOADING

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 170.35kN (KEL)
130.32kN/m (HA UDL+SW)

20m

Support reaction R = (130.32×20+170.35)×0.5 = 1388.38 595.2

Maximum moment M= (1388.38-130.32×20×¼)×20×½ = 7367.8
HB LOADING
Figure 12 Consider a vehicle of 6m inner axle. Max moment will occur when the vehicle is positioned such that the mid span bisects the
distribution distance between the centroid of the load and the nearest axle.
of load c.o.g
6.7 1.8 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.8 3.7
66.58kN/m (SW)
x
R1 R2
20m
Support reaction R1 = 66.58×20×0.5 + 92.04(3.7 + 5.5 + 11.5 + 13.3)/20 = 822.27
Support reaction R2 = 66.58×20×0.5 + 92.04(6.7 + 8.5 + 14.5 + 16.3)/20 = 877.49
Max. moment M@x= 822.27×8.5-92.04×4×1.8-66.58×8.5×8.5×0.5 = 3921.4

Design Girder Beam

Maximum Span Moment, M 7367.8 kNm
Maximum Shear Force, V 1388.38 kN
Effective depth, deff
d= h-c-ϕ-ϕ/2 = 1400-25-12-32/2 1347 mm
the required area of tension reinforcement, Ast
Check if compression reinforcements are required, K
BS 8110 1997 𝑀 7367.8×10⁶
pt 1 cls 3.4.4.4 K=𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 400×1347²×40 0.25 > K'(0.156)
Compression reinforcement needed
Steel reinforcement requirement
BS 8110 1997 Provided that the design ultimate moment is less than βfcubd²
pt 1, figure 3.2 Mud= 7367.8kNm < βfcubd²
where; ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 0.15𝑏𝑤
β = 0.45 1− 1− +
𝑑 𝑏 2𝑑 𝑏
= 0.45×{(200/1347)×[1-(400/400)]×[1-(200/(2×1347)]}+ 0.15×400/400 = 0.15
βfcubd² =[0.15×40×400×1347²]/10⁶ = 4355 kNm < Mud, ok!
Check minimum area of reinforcements
Min As = 0.15%bd = 0.15×400×1347/100 = 808.2 mm² 808.2
Check maximum reinfocements
Max As =4%bd = 4×400×1347/100 = 21552 mm² 21552
BS 8110 1997 𝑀+0.1𝑓𝑐𝑢∗𝑏𝑤∗𝑑(0.45𝑑−ℎ𝑓)
pt 1 cls 3.4.4.5 Ast=
0.95𝑓𝑦(𝑑−0.5ℎ𝑓)

7367.8×10⁶+ 0.1×40×400×1347×(0.45×1347-200) = 13917 mm²

0.95×500×(1347-0.5×200)
Therefore, provide 18 T32 A s prov. = 14472 >13917mm² OK
Top reinforcement requirement:
Top steel req'. As' = (0.25-0.156)×40×400×1347²/(0.87×500×(1347-40)= 809 mm² 809
Therefore, provide 10 T16 A s prov. = 2010 >809mm² OK
Shear check
Check for shear at support; VEd = 1388.38 kN 1388.38
𝑉
BS5400 pt 4 Shear stress at the support = = (1388.38×1000)/(400×1347) 2.577 N/mm²
𝑏𝑑
cls 5.4.4 when u is less than xuc no need shear reinforcement is required
4 500
table 9 = = (500/1347)^(1/4) = 0.78
𝑑
100𝐴𝑠 = 100×13917 /(400×1347) = 2.58
𝑏𝑑
therefore, the ultimate shear stress in concrete, uc 0.930
xu = 0.78×0.93 = 0.725 N/mm²
therefore, u > xu, the area of vertical shear reinforcement to be provided, Asv
Provide stirrup/links spacing, sv= 150 mm
𝑏∗𝑆𝑣∗(𝜐+0.4−𝜉𝜐) 400×150×(2.577+0.4-0.726) = 622 mm²
Asv= 0.87∗𝑓𝑦𝑣
0.87×250

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 Therefore, provide T12 @ 150mm c/c A s prov. = 753 >622mm² OK
Provide minimum reinforcement in the girder section to prevent cracking, Y12
Check for Cracking of the Girder under Serviceability limit state
Design
BS5400-4:2006 Tablecrack
1 width considering sever condition i.e. the concrete exposed to driving rain and
alternate wetting and drying.
w= 0.25 mm (permitted)
Equ. 24 3𝑎𝑐𝑟∗𝜉𝑚
max= 𝑎𝑐𝑟−𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛
1+2( )
ℎ−𝑥
where; w is the crack width
acr= Distance from crack point to surface of nearest reinforcement
cmin=nominal cover or minimum cover
x=depth of concrete in compression
h=overall depth of section
x =x1strain
calculated -x2 at level of cracking ( levels 1 and 2)
Equ. 25 3.8𝑏ℎ 𝑎′ − 𝑑 𝑀𝑞
𝑚 = 1 − ∗ 1− 10−9
𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ ℎ − 𝑑 𝑀𝑔
negative x indicates section not cracked
x - depth of Neutral axis from compression face
𝑑
𝑥 = 0. 5𝑥 2 + α𝐴𝑠 ∗
𝑏 ∗ 𝑥 + α𝐴𝑠
where; α = modular ratio
𝐸𝑠 200 / 25 8
α= =
𝐸𝑐
2
0.5𝑏𝑥 + α𝐴𝑠𝑥 − α𝐴𝑠𝑑 = 0
αAs = 8×13917 = 111336
αAsd = 8×13917×1347 = 149969592
200x² + 111336x - 149969592 = 0
Solving quadratic equation by formula method; x= 631.24 or -1187.92
Therefore, neutral axis, x= 631.24 mm
service stress, fs 𝑥
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑀/(𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑑 − )
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where; M=Moment due to Wheel Load and Dead Load at SLS 5463.8 kNm
Steel cross section Area As = 14472 mm²
fs = 5463.8×10⁶/(14472×(1347-(631.24/3)) = 332 N/mm²
calculated strain at tension face taken up by the reinforcements, xs
𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠/𝐸𝑠 0.00166
y=depth below neutral axis y=d-x = 1347 - 631.24 = 716
Mq=moment at section due to permanent loads 3329 kNm
Mg=moment at section due to live loads 4039 kNm
𝑀𝑞 −9
= (1-(3329/4039))×10^-9 = 1.75786E-10
1− ∗ 10
𝑀𝑔
cmin=nominal cover or minimum cover 35 mm
acr= Distance from crack point to surface of nearest reinforcement
Applying paythagorus theorem
Cmin + link dia = 32 + 25 = 57 mm

100 2
acr= + 452 =√{(100/2)² + 57²} = 75.83 mm
2
a'= = 1400-25-12-32/2 1347 mm
𝑦
1 =  = 716*0.00166/(1347-631.24) 0.001661
𝑑 −𝑥 s

3.8𝑏ℎ 𝑎′ − 𝑑 𝑀𝑞
𝑚 = 1 − ∗ 1− 10−9
𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ ℎ − 𝑑 𝑀𝑔
3.8×1400×400×(1347-50) 3329
ξm = 0.001661 - *(1- )×10^-9 = 0.001661
0.00166×14472×(1400-50) 4039

3𝑎𝑐𝑟 ∗𝜉𝑚 3×75.83×0.001661 0.34 > 0.25mm FAIL

max= =
𝑎 −𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛
1+2( 𝑐𝑟 ) 1+2×(75.83-57)/(1400-631.24)
ℎ−𝑥
There is excessive cracking, so for mitigation measure, provide additional reinforcement to prevent cracking.