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MOVING PARTICLE
SEMI-IMPLICIT
METHOD
MOVING PARTICLE
SEMI-IMPLICIT
METHOD
A Meshfree Particle Method for
Fluid Dynamics
SEIICHI KOSHIZUKA
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
KAZUYA SHIBATA
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
MASAHIRO KONDO
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
TAKUYA MATSUNAGA
The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
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have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-812779-7
The Finite Volume Method (FVM) has been established in 1980s for sim-
ulating fluid dynamics problems (e.g., Rhie-Chow, 1983). Unstructured
grids of arbitrary shapes can be used with the techniques of coordinate
transformation that is based on differential geometry. Another typical
aspect of the FVM is variable arrangement that is based on sophisticated
topology. The algorithm for incompressible flow employs implicit pres-
sure correction procedure using the pressure Poisson equation. The FVM
is markedly successful to apply to engineering problems. However, it still
has limitations derived from the grid. Numerical errors and instabilities
take place where the grid is highly distorted. Besides, grid generation
needs heavy effort and various knowledge to obtain reasonable results for
complicated three-dimensional geometries.
Gridless/particle methods are expected to solve the troubles concern-
ing the grid in the FVM. Particularly, particle methods using Lagrangian
description do not need to calculate the convection terms. It is revolu-
tionary in the computational fluid dynamics because discretization of the
convection term is likely to cause terrible numerical diffusion and insta-
bility, and massive studies have been dedicated to this topic for many
years. The particle methods are essentially free from the troubles concern-
ing the convection terms.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) developed by Lucy (1977)
and Gingold and Monaghan (1977) has been used for fluid dynamics pro-
blems in astrophysics. The SPH method was limited to nonviscous and
compressible flow in the early 1990s. The idea of the Moving Particle
Semi-implicit (MPS) method was conceived as the extension of the FVM
to a particle method; spatial discretization was based on differences and
pressure Poisson equation was employed for incompressible viscous flow
(Koshizuka et al., 1996; Koshizuka and Oka, 1997). Engineering pro-
blems have been solved by the MPS method. Nowadays, many techniques
in the MPS and SPH methods are common: semiimplicit algorithm,
explicit algorithm using pseudo-compressibility, free surface boundary
condition, wall boundary condition, surface tension model, etc.
However, the spatial discretizations are basically different and the resultant
discretized equations are clearly distinctive.
ix
x Preface
Introduction
Abstract
Particle methods are based on Lagrangian description and meshless discretization to
simulate continuum mechanics. Advantages and disadvantages of the particle meth-
ods are discussed from these viewpoints. Moving particle semi-implicit (MPS)
method is one of the particle methods. The fundamental idea of the MPS method is
a weighted difference without the mesh. Particle interaction models are prepared for
differential operators and substituted into the governing equations. Pressure Poisson
equation is constructed to solve the pressure field implicitly, while the other terms
are explicitly calculated. Differences between the MPS method and smoothed parti-
cle hydrodynamics (SPH) method are explained. The research history of the particle
methods for continuum mechanics is summarized.
Keywords: Lagrangian description; meshless discretization; moving particle semi-implicit
(MPS) method; weight function; particle interaction model; semi-implicit algorithm;
incompressible flow; pressure Poisson equation
Contents
1.1 Concept of Particle Methods 1
1.1.1 Lagrangian Description 2
1.1.2 Meshless Discretization 3
1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics 5
1.2 MPS Method 11
1.2.1 Weighted Difference 11
1.2.2 Particle Interaction Models 12
1.2.3 Semi-implicit Algorithm 16
1.2.4 MPS and SPH 18
1.3 Research History of Particle Methods 20
References 23
Node
Particle
(A) (B)
Figure 1.1 (A) Mesh method and (B) particle method.
The particle methods are said as new and advanced against the conven-
tional mesh methods. In this section, the differences between particle and
mesh methods are summarized to three aspects and both advantages and
disadvantages are discussed.
re
ui
ri
i
j
variables. In both of the particle methods, the mesh is not used for the
discretization at all. The detailed formulation of the discretization in the
MPS method is explained in Chapter 2, Fundamental of Fluid Simulation
by the MPS Method.
The coordinate and velocity vectors of the particles are updated in each
time step by using the discretized governing equations. The discretized
governing equations involve the variables of the neighboring particles. This
can be said that the particle motion is determined through the interaction
with the neighboring particles. The discretized governing equations are
regarded as the motion equations of the particles. Here, it should be noted
that the particles are artificial for discretization in the particle methods. The
fluid is represented by a finite number of artificial particles. They are not
real particles, such as powder and molecules.
An example of the real particle dynamics is bead motion (Fig. 1.3).
We can see the motion of beads when they are poured into a glass as
shown in Fig. 1.3A. The bead dynamics can be described by Newton’s
second law with friction terms. On the other hand, we can see motion of
water when it is poured into the same glass as shown in Fig. 1.3B. The
governing equations of water are the NavierStokes equations. The
water behavior is different from that of the beads because the governing
equations are different. However, as shown in Fig. 1.3C, the particle
is applied, the result is Fig. 1.5B. We can see oscillatory profiles. It is well
known that the finite difference method causes substantial numerical
errors, which can be diffusive or oscillatory, for convection.
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