IP Addressing and Subnetting

Rab Nawaz Jadoon

Department of Computer Science Assistant Professor
COMSATS IIT, Abbottabad
DCS
Pakistan
COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology

Telecom Network Design

 Network Layer
 Main Functions of Network layer
 Source-to-destination delivery of a Packet
 (host to host communication)
 Possibly across multiple networks (links).
 Logical addressing ,
 IPv4 addressing
 The Internet addresses are 32 bits in length;
 This gives us a maximum of 232 addresses.

Department of Computer Science 2

 Network Layer
 IPv4 Addresses
 An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
 It defines the connection of a device (for example, a
computer or a router) to the Internet.
 Two devices on the Internet can never have the
same address at the same time.
 Address Space
 Total number of addresses used by the protocol.
 IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses.
 The address space is 232 or
 4,294,967,296 (more than 4 billion).

Department of Computer Science 3

 Network Layer
 Notations
 Binary notation
 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010
 Dotted decimal notation.
 117.149.29.2

Department of Computer Science 4

 Network Layer
 Find the error, if any, in the following
IPv4 addresses.
 111.56.045.78
 221.34.7.8.20
 75.45.301.14
 11100010.23.14.67

Department of Computer Science 5

 Network Layer
 Classful Addressing
 The address space is divided into five classes: A, B,
C, D, and E.
 We can find the class of an address when given the
address in binary notation or dotted-decimal
notation.

Department of Computer Science 6

 Network Layer
 Netid and Hostid
 In class A, one byte defines the netid and three
bytes define the hostid.
 In class B, two bytes define the netid and two bytes
define the hostid.
 In class C, three bytes define the netid and one byte
defines the hostid.

Department of Computer Science 7

 Issues in Addressing
 A large corporate/campus environment
 Large number of Local Area Networks
 Some with fewer than 256 hosts

 Some with more than 256 hosts

 If each physical network is assigned a network

number:
 Immense administrative overhead to manage a
large number of network addresses
 Routing tables in routers become extremely large
(one entry for each physical network)
 Insufficient number of class B prefixes to cover
medium sized networks (having more than 256
hosts)
Department of Computer Science 8
 Subnetting

 Solution: Provide the campus with a

single class B network
 Give freedom to the campus network admin
to allocate host numbers to hosts
 From outside, the whole campus is simply
known by the class B network ID
 Inside, there may be a hierarchy that
remains transparent to the outside world

Department of Computer Science 9

 Subnetting

 Consider a class B network

 How to allocate host numbers to hosts?
 A single LAN is out of question
 If host numbers are assigned randomly, i.e.,
without any hierarchy, the routers inside the
network will have to deal with large tables –
one entry per host
 Thus, a hierarchical structure is required

Department of Computer Science 10

 Subnetting

H H
H
H
Physical Network
R (Subnet 3)
Physical Network
H (Subnet 1)
H
R R
H
R
Physical Network
Physical Network R (Subnet 4)
H (Subnet 2)
H H
H H

Department of Computer Science 11

 Subnetting

Network 138.10.1.0
Subnet 1

H1 H2
Internet R 138.10.1.1 138.10.1.2

Network 138.10.2.0
Subnet 2

H3 H4

138.10.2.1 138.10.2.2

H1 wants to send an IP datagram to H3:

Old addressing dictates it is a “direct delivery”
With Subnetting, it may become “indirect”

Department of Computer Science 12

 Subnetting
 We previously divided IP addresses in a network portion
and a host portion
 More generally, think of a 32-bit IP address as having
an Internet part and a Local part
 Internet part of the IP address identifies a site
(possibly with many physical networks)
 The local portion identifies a physical network and
host at that site (note: physical network ==
extended LAN)
Internet Part Local Part

Internet Part Subnet Host

Department of Computer Science 13

 Subnetting

Examples: Class-B IP address

Internet Part Subnet Host

16bits 8bits 8bits

Internet Part Subnet Host

16bits 3bits 13bits

Department of Computer Science 14

 Subnet Implementation
Subnet Mask:
Specifies the bits of the IP address used to identify
the subnet

Internet Part of Address Subnet Host

16bits 8bits 8bits

Subnet Mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
(32bits)
255. 255. 255. 0

Internet Part of Address Subnet Host

16bits 3bits 13bits

11111111 11111111 111 00000 00000000
255. 255. 224. 0

Department of Computer Science 15

 Example
140.179.220.200

Written in binary form:

140 .179 .220 .200

10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000

We see the address in the decimal form

Your computer sees it in the binary form

Department of Computer Science 16

 Binary Octet:

 An octet is made up of eight “1”s and/or “0”s,

representing the following values:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

 So the value of 140 (the first octet of our

example) looks like this:

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Department of Computer Science 17

 Network Layer

Department of Computer Science 18

 Network vs. Host
 Every IP address has 2 parts:
 1 identifying the network it resides on
 1 identifying the host address on the network

 The class of the address and the subnet mask

determine which part belongs to the network
address and which part belongs to the host
address

Department of Computer Science 19

 IP Address Breakdowns:

 The class of the address determines, by default,

which part is for the network (N) and which part
belongs to the host (H)

Class A: NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class B: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class C: NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

Department of Computer Science 20

 140.179.220.200
 Our example is a Class B address
 By default, the Network part of the address is
defined by the first 2 octets: 140.179.x.x
 By default, the Host part of the address is
defined by the last 2 octets: x.x.220.200

*Note:
The network part of the address is also known as
the Network Address

Department of Computer Science 21

 Two Reserved Addresses on a
Subnet:
 In order to specify the Network Address of a given IP
address, the Host portion is set to all “0”s:

 140.179.0.0

 If all the bits in the Host portion are set to “1”s, then
this specifies the broadcast address that is sent to all
hosts on the network:

 140.179.255.255

Department of Computer Science 22

 The highly dreaded….

SUBNETTING

Department of Computer Science

 Subnetting

 Subnetting an IP network can be done for

various reasons including:

 Preservation of address space

 Security
 Control network traffic

Department of Computer Science 24

 Example Class A
 Millions of Addresses Available
 Over 16,000,000

 Efficiency
 Non-subnetted networks are wasteful
 Division of networks not optimal

 Smaller Network
 Easier to manage
 Smaller broadcast domains

Department of Computer Science 25

 Subnet Mask

 Subnet masks are applied to an IP address to

identify the Network portion and the Host
portion of the address.

 Your computer performs a bitwise logical AND

operation between the address and the subnet
mask in order to find the Network Address or
number.

Department of Computer Science 26

 Default Subnet Masks

Class A - 255.0.0.0
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B - 255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Class C - 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Department of Computer Science 27

 Logical Bitwise AND Operation

 Remember our example?

 140.179.240.200

 It’s a Class B, so the subnet mask is:

 255.255.0.0

We need to look at this as our computer does so

we can perform the bitwise AND...
Department of Computer Science 28
 Logical Bitwise AND Operation

140.179.240.200 Class B address

255.255.0.0 Subnet Mask

In Binary:
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000

By doing this, the computer has found that our

Network Address is 140.179.0.0
Department of Computer Science 29
 Another Example:
Suppose we have the address of: 206.15.143.89?

What class is it? Class C

What is the subnet mask?
255.255.255.0
What is the Network Address?
206.15.143.0
What is the host portion of the address?
0.0.0.89
Department of Computer Science 30
 Why Do We Care!?
 You can manipulate your subnet mask in order to create more
network addresses. Why?

 If you have a Class C network, how many individual host addresses

can you have?
 1 to 254
 Remember, you can’t have all “0”s and all “1”s in the host
portion of the address.
 So we cannot use 206.25.143.0 (all “0”s) or 206.25.143.255 (all
“1”s) as a host address.

Department of Computer Science 31

 Why Do We Care!?
 So we have 1 Class C Network (206.15.143.0)
 And we have 254 host address (1 to 254)
 But what if our LAN has 5 networks in it and each
network has no more than 30 hosts on it?
 Do we apply for 4 more Class C licenses, so we have
one for each network?
 We would be wasting 224 addresses on each network, a
total of 1120 addresses!

Department of Computer Science 32

 Subnetting

 Subnetting is a way of taking an existing class

license and breaking it down to create more
Network Addresses.

 This will always reduce the number of host

addresses for a given network.

 Subnetting makes more efficient use of the

address or addresses assigned to you.

Department of Computer Science 33

 How Does Subnetting Work?
 Additional bits can be added (changed from 0 to 1) to
the subnet mask to further subnet, or breakdown, a
network.

 When the logical AND is done by the computer, the

result will give it a new Network (or Subnet) Address.

 Remember, an address of all “0”s or all “1”s cannot be

used in the last octet (or host portion). All “0”s signify
the Network Address and all “1”s signify the broadcast
address

Department of Computer Science 34

 So How Does This Work?
 We ask our ISP for a Class C license.
 They give us the Class C bank of 206.15.143.0
 This gives us 1 Network (206.15.143.0) with the
potential for 254 host addresses (206.15.143.1 to
206.15.143.254).
 But we have a LAN made up of 5 Networks with the
largest one serving 25 hosts.
 So we need to Subnet our 1 IP address...

Department of Computer Science 35

 So How Does This Work?

 To calculate the number of subnets

(networks) and/or hosts, we need to do
some math: Magic
Formula

 Use the formula 2n-2 where the n can

represent either how many subnets
(networks) needed OR how many hosts
per subnet needed.
Department of Computer Science 36
 So How Does This Work?
 We know we need at least 5 subnets. So 23-2 will give
us 6 subnet addresses (Network Addresses).

 We know we need at least 25 hosts per network. 25-2

will give us 30 hosts per subnet (network).

 This will work, because we can steal the first 3 bits from
the host’s portion of the address to give to the network
portion and still have 5 (8-3) left for the host portion:

Department of Computer Science 37

 Break it down:
 Let’s go back to what portion is what:

We have a Class C address:

NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

With a Subnet mask of:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

We need to steal 3 bits from the host portion to give it to the

Network portion:
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNN HHHHH

Department of Computer Science 38

 Break it down:
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNHHHHH

 This will change our subnet mask to the following:

11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

 Above is how the computer will see our new subnet

mask, but we need to express it in decimal form as
well:

255.255.255.224 128+64+32=224

Department of Computer Science 39

 What address is what?

 Which of our 254 addresses will be a Subnet (or

Network) address and which will be our host
addresses?

 Because we are using the first 3 bits for our

subnet mask, we can configure them into eight
different ways (binary form):

Department of Computer Science 40

 What address is what?

 Which of our 254 addresses will be a Subnet (or

Network) address and which will be our host addresses?

 Because we are using the first 3 bits for our subnet

mask, we can configure them into eight different ways
(binary form):

000 001
010 011
100 101
110 111

Department of Computer Science 41

 What address is what?

 We cannot use all “0”s or all “1”s

000 001
010 011
100 101
110 111

•We are left with 6 useable network numbers.

Department of Computer Science 42

 Network (Subnet) Addresses
Remember our values:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Equals

Now our 3 bit configurations:

0 0 1 H H H H H 32
0 1 0 H H H H H 64
0 1 1 H H H H H 96
1 0 0 H H H H H 128
1 0 1 H H H H H 160
1 1 0 H H H H H 192

Department of Computer Science 43

 Network (Subnet) Addresses

0 0 1 h h h h h 32
0 1 0 h h h h h 64
0 1 1 h h h h h 96
1 0 0 h h h h h 128
1 0 1 h h h h h 160
1 1 0 h h h h h 192

Each of these numbers becomes the Network

Address of their subnet...
Department of Computer Science 44
 Network (Subnet) Addresses

206.15.143.32
206.15.143.64
206.15.143.96
206.15.143.128
206.15.143.160
206.15.143.192

Department of Computer Science 45

 host Addresses
 The device assigned the first address will receive the
first number AFTER the network address shown before.

206.15.143.33 or 32+1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

And the last address in the Network will look like this:

206.15.143.62
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
*Remember, we cannot use all “1”s, that is the broadcast
address (206.15.143.63)
Department of Computer Science 46
 Host Addresses
 The next network will start at 206.15.143.64

 The first IP address on this subnet network will

receive:
206.15.143.65
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

And the last address in the Network will receive:

206.15.143.94
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

*Remember, the broadcast address (206.15.143.95)

Department of Computer Science 47
 Can you figure out the rest?

Network: Host Range

206.15.143.32 206.15.143.33 to 206.15.143.62

206.15.143.64 206.15.143.65 to 206.15.143.94
206.15.143.96 206.15.143.97 to 206.15.143.126
206.15.143.128 206.15.143.129 to 206.15.143.158
206.15.143.160 206.15.143.161 to 206.15.143.190
206.15.143.192 206.15.143.193 to 206.15.143.222

Department of Computer Science 48

 How the computer finds the Network Address:

200.15.143.89 An address on the subnet

225.225.225.224 The new subnet mask

 When the computer does the Logical Bitwise AND Operation it will come
up with the following Network Address (or Subnet Address):

11001000.00001111.10001111.01011001 = 200.15.143.89
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224
11001000.00001111.10001111.01000000 = 200.15.143.64

This address falls on our 2nd Subnet (Network)

Department of Computer Science 49

 Review
 We have one class C license.
 We need to subnet that into 12 possible networks.
 Each network needs a maximum of 10 hosts.
 How many bits do we need to take?

24-2=14

4 bits need to be taken from the host portion and given to

the network portion.

Department of Computer Science 50

 Review
 Will that leave enough bits for the host portion? We
need a maximum of 10 on each network…

24-2=14

 If we take 4 away, that leaves us with 4. That is enough

for our individual networks of 10 hosts each.

Department of Computer Science 51

 Review
 Our new subnet mask will look like this:
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240 128+64+32+16= 240

 Our subnet, or network addresses will be:

206.15.143.16 206.15.143.32 206.15.143.48

206.15.143.64 206.15.143.80 206.15.143.96
206.15.143.112 206.15.143.128 206.15.143.144
206.15.143.160 206.15.143.176 206.15.143.192
206.15.143.208 206.15.143.224
Department of Computer Science 52
 Subnetting
 It is recommended that sites use contiguous subnet
masks
 Avoid masks such as
11111111 11111111 11000010 11000000
 When choosing a subnet mask, balance:
 Size of networks

 Number of networks

 Expected growth

 Ease of maintenance

 It is possible to use different masks in different parts

of the network

Department of Computer Science 53

 Review

 Let's say that you need to subnet the network

address 199.42.78.0 using the subnet mask
255.255.255.224.

 What are the valid subnets that you can obtain from
the given subnet mask?
 What is the broadcast address of each subnet?
 What are the valid hosts in each of the subnets?
 What subnet mask should you use if you need x
subnets and y hosts?

Department of Computer Science 54

 Solution

Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3 Subnet 4 Subnet 5 Subnet 6

Subnet
address
32 64 96 128 160 192
First
Valid
33 65 97 129 161 193
Host
Last Valid
Host
62 94 126 158 190 222
Broadcas
t address
63 95 127 159 191 223

Department of Computer Science 55

 Review
 Using the subnet mask 255.255.255.224, what
is the subnet that the host 199.42.78.133
belongs to and the broadcast for this address?
 Solution:
 Formula 256 – subnet mask = base number.
 256-224=32, which is your first subnet.
 Add the 32 to itself until you reach the subnet that
contains the host 133.
 32+32=64, 64+32=96, 96+32=128, 128+32=160.
 Stop here because 133 is between 128 and 160.
 Address 199.42.78.133 belongs within the 199.42.78.128.
 The broadcast address is 199.42.78.159

Department of Computer Science 56

 Home Assignment

 Given the network address 172.16.68.17 and

the subnet mask 255.255.192.0, find the subnet
it belongs to and its broadcast?

Department of Computer Science 57

 Exercise

 We have a class B network 150.5.0.0, number

of sub network needed 100.
 How the Subnetting you will done to form 100
networks each accommodating 500host

Department of Computer Science 58

 Subnet Routing
 Conventional routing table entry
 (network address, next hop address)
 Network address format is predetermined for a
given class (e.g., first 16 bits for class B
addresses!)
 With subnetting, routing table entry becomes
 (subnet mask, network address, next hop address)
 Then compare with network address field of entries
to find next hop address
 Subnet mask indicates the network address!

Department of Computer Science 59

 Subnet Routing
 The use of mask generalizes the subnet routing
algorithm to handle all the special cases of the standard
algorithm
 Routes to individual hosts
 Default route
 Routes to directly connected networks
 Routes to conventional networks (that do not use subnet
addressing)
 Merely combine the 32-bit mask field with the 32-bit IP
address
 Example: To install a route for:
 Individual host (Mask of all 1’s, Host IP address)
 Default Route (Mask of all 0’s, network address all 0’s)
 Class B network address (Mask of two octets of 1’s and two of
0’s)
Department of Computer Science 60
 Subnet Routing
 Algorithm
 Extract destination IP (D) from datagram
 Compute IP address of destination network N
 If N matches any directly connected network address
 Send datagram over that network (obviously encapsulated
in a frame)
 Else
 For each entry in the routing table, do
 N* = bitwise-AND of D and subnet mask
 If N* equals the network address field of the entry, then
route the datagram to the specified next hop

Department of Computer Science 61

Department of Computer Science 62