JPJO 6 (2) (2021) 176-181

Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga

Available online at:
https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/37215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v6i2.37215

Batting Performance Analisys of West Java Athletes

Agus Gumilar*1, Jajat Darajat1, Amung Ma’mun1, Nuryadi1, Mudjihartono1, Dadan Mulyana2, Burhan Hambali1
1
Department of Sports Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia
2
Sports Coaching Education Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract

Article History : This research aimed to analyze the batting skill performance on softball using an appli-
Received July 2021 cation of technology. The assessment results can help the coaching process by provid-
Revised July 2021 ing empirical data and become material for evaluation and recommendations for train-
Accepted August2021 ers and coaches in the following coaching process. The method used in this research
Available online September 2021 was a descriptive analysis survey. The samples were 21 West Java female softball ath-
letes who were doing training concentration. The measurement of the speed impact
parameter was obtained (79.94 ± 7.73) to achieve the 25.06% target achievement. The
Keywords :
results of the parameter test on the target obtained a p-value (0.0001) <0.05. This
Batting, Softball, Speed bat,Time to impact, means that the percentage of the results on this parameter had not significantly met the
Zeep swing analysis
target. The impact time parameter obtained an average percentage of the results of
(83.06 ± 8.47). The percentage of the target was 16.94%. The Tukey statistical follow-
up test results showed that the impact time parameter had not shown a significant
achievement with a p-value (0.0001) <0.05. It concludes that the batting performance
of West Java female softball athletes had not reached the stated target. Therefore, it is
recommended that the training increase based on the portion and exercise items ac-
cording to the predetermined parameters.

 Correspondence Address : Jln. Dr. Setiabudhi 229. Bandung. Indonesia https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/index

E-mail : [email protected]

176
 Agus Gumilar et.al / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)

INTRODUCTION strike speed in baseball games. This research measured

all joint movements that work when a baseball player
Today, humans cannot be separated from the digi-
makes a swing. The results showed that the joint mo-
tal world, where increasingly sophisticated technology
ments, the motion-dependent term, and the gravity term
has changed the pattern of human life (Prensky, 2009).
gave the most significant contribution to the swing
The impact of this technological development is the
speed in baseball (Koike & Mimura, 2016). The speed
reduction of physical activity performed by humans
of strokes in softball is applied in the field. This study
because every human need can be obtained by simply
used a video camera to see the speed of a player's stroke
pressing a button on a cell phone. Therefore, the role of
with various ball speeds. However, this study still used
sports activities is needed to prevent people from seden-
a video camera as an instrument to analyze the biome-
tary diseases. Sport is a syllable that cannot be separat-
chanical motion of the stroke results (Smith et al.,
ed from our lives, and this word tends to be inherent in
2012).
the life of Indonesian society. A sports actor is any per-
son or group of people directly involved in sports activ- However, not many local trainers apply the data
ities, including its management, sports coaches, and from the biomechanical analysis results in the softball
sports personnel (UU No 3 Tahun 2005, 2005). In the hitting practice process, even though this is very im-
community's implementation of sports, there are many portant as material for evaluation and implementation
purposes of sports, including sports for achievement, of the following program. Negligence in evaluating and
sports for health, and sports for recreation or pleasure. only focusing on game techniques and tactics will result
When children and teens are involved in sports, it is in players having weak strengths to worsen their sports
believed that they will benefit from their experiences. performance. (Nurul et al., 2019; Sugimoto et al.,
Parents, coaches, and school administrators often as- 2017). Mechanics is a branch of science from physics
sume that children and young people will acquire essen- that studies the motion and changes in the shape of a
tial life skills (Gould & Voelker, 2010). material caused by mechanical disturbances called forc-
es (Hendrayana et al., 2019). Mechanics is the oldest of
A hitting move, such as a tennis forehand, a ping
all branches of physics. Biomechanics is defined as ap-
pong hit, or a baseball bat, depends on predicting where
plying mechanics to biological systems (Hendrayana et
the ball can be hit correctly and returned to the oppo-
al., 2019; Hidayat, 1998). Biomechanics is a combina-
nent (Kober et al., 2010). For example, baseball players
tion of the disciplines of applied mechanics and the sci-
manipulate the bat with both hands exerting force and
ences of biology and physiology. Biomechanics con-
moment on the handle grips of the bat to hit a ball
cerns the human body and almost all bodies of living
thrown in various directions. However, due to the kinet-
things. In biomechanics, the principles of mechanics are
ic reduction in a system consisting of the bat and the
used in the drafting, analysis, design, and development
upper hand, it is essentially impossible to know how
of equipment and systems in biology and medicine
each hand exerts force and moment on the bat. This is
(Hidayat, 1998). The importance of the role of science,
known as the closed-loop problem (Kazumichi Ae and
as well as the application of science and technology in
Sekiya Koike, 2011). As a result, there is a reduction in
the coaching process in the development of youth
the kinetic system when hitting, causing the energy re-
movement skills, becomes one aspect that the writers
leased when hitting cannot be investigated with certain-
concerned to conduct science-based research and the
ty.
application of science and technology for the needs of
The analysis of hitting the ball was carried out for learning development and to participate in coaching
three category levels: the professional league, universi- achievement sports in Indonesia. Therefore, the authors
ty league, and high school league. Average, slugging, intended to research and analyze the muscle perfor-
and contact rates were calculated at the end of the pre- mance and movement skills of hitting softball athletes.
intervention, intervention, and intervention seasons
(DeRenne & Morgan, 2013). This study analyzes the
time taken for the step/stride hitting at three different
championship levels (Takamido et al., 2019). The re-
search was related to the contribution of joint torque to

Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180

177
 Agus Gumilar et.al / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)

METHODS swing analysis of this sensor are bat speed impact, time
to impact, vertical angel, max hand speed, and attack
The research method used in this research was de-
angle. However, for the needs of this study, the re-
scriptive research with a survey research approach. The
searcher only took two parameters of the data from the
purpose of descriptive research is to make descriptions
analysis, namely bat speed impact and time to impact.
systematically, factually, and accurately regarding the
facts of the characteristics and relationships between
the phenomena being investigated (Muhammad Nazir,
RESULT
2004). Survey research is collecting information from
several groups of people in order to describe some as- After the performance data from hitting skills were
pects or characteristics that can use questions in data obtained, the next step was to carry out statistical tests
collection, while information can be obtained from a to measure the achievement of the batting performance
sample of the population (Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, with the predetermined achievement targets. For this
1993). reason, the data was tested with a one-way statistical
test and then strengthened by a further posthoc test
Participants
(Tukey's method). Based on the one-way ANOVA test,
Participants in this study were West Java female the result obtained a p-value (0.0001) <0.05, which
softball athletes conducting training to face the national means a significant difference in the achievement of the
multi-event championship. In addition, participants do results against the target. Thus, the two parameters had
an exercise program five times a week. The number of not reached the target perfectly. The mean and standard
participants involved in this study was all athletes, in- deviation of the percentage of the results of the bat
volving 21 people. The sampling technique of this speed impact parameter measurement was obtained
study was a saturated sampling method, where the en- (79.94 ± 7.73) to achieve the target achievement of
tire population became the samples of the study. This 25.06%. The results of the parameter test against the
was because the total number of athletes who were target obtained p-value (0.0001) <0, 05. This means
members of the training camp team was 21 people. that the percentage of output achievement significance
on this parameter had not met the target. Therefore, it
Instrument and Procedure
needs action and application of technical exercises ex-
The instrument used in this research was the Zeep plicitly tailored.
Swing Analysis Sensor, a sensor developed to measure
hitting skills. The sample hit the ball with the ball
served by the pitcher ten times. The speed and time to
impact data were obtained in real-time. ZEEP (Zone
Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol). The ZEEP
protocol is designed for stationary and mobile nodes to
transmit data (Vidyapeetham et al., 2013). The mecha-
nism is when the batter batting, the sensor installed on
the knob of the bat, the sensor is directly connected to
the IOS device in which there is already a database of
batter. The output generated from this sensor is data
related to speed bat, impact, as well as a picture of Figure 1. Bat speed impact measurement
swing in the biomechanics of motion.
Data retrieval is done by measuring hitting skills
by hitting the pitcher's ball at the Lodaya Bandung soft- The time to impact parameter obtained an average
ball field. Before taking measurements, the researcher percentage of achievement of (83.06 ± 8.47). The per-
took data on weight, height, and data related to the hab- centage of the target was 16.94%. The results of Tuk-
its of each beater; then, the sample was tested ten times ey's statistical follow-up test show that the time-to-
in turns, using a beater equipped with a Zeep sensor. impact parameters had not shown significant achieve-
The data generated from measurements using the zeep

Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180

178
 Agus Gumilar et.al / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)

ments. In other words, the achievement of the target ed by other research conducted on baseball players that
was 16.94% that required rigorous training to achieve giving a ballast at the end of the bat makes the swing
these targets. The p-value (0.0001) <0.05. The percent- pattern lower, resulting in a lower hitting speed (Kim &
age result of each athlete is shown in Figure 2. Hinrichs, 2003).
The motion of hitting a softball is a highly coordi-
nated three-dimensional motion, as depicted in the fig-
ure. 3 (Milanovich & Nesbit, 2014)(Milanovich & Nes-
bit, 2014). Figure 1 shows a free-body diagram of this
model. The local and global coordinate systems are de-
fined as shown in figure 1. The local bat coordinate sys-
tem (XYZ) is aligned with the three markers attached to
the bat. The Z-axis is aligned with the long axis of the
bat, the Y-axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by
these markers, and the X-axis completes the three
markers of the right hand. The global coordinate system
(XYZ) is fixed to the ground with the Z-axis in the ver-
Figure 2. Time to impact measurement tical position. Two other local coordinate systems were
defined to facilitate kinematic and resolution of the ki-
netic components and their descriptions. The grip coor-
dinate systems are attached to point A and are parallel
DISCUSSION
to the tangential, normal, and bi-normal directions rela-
Hitting is undoubtedly a complex skill, as pitchers tive to the path of the grip points. A tangential-normal
can reach speeds of ≥120 km / h, and the ball can be (swing pitch-roll) coordinate system is also attached to
released from as close as 12m from home plate (Flyger point A and is parallel to the long axis of the bat, the
et al., 2006). There are many ways to improve hitting relative normal direction to the swing plane (defined by
performance in softball games, such as applying train- the bat position), and the bi-normal coordinates in these
ing using a heavy bat drill and reaction time as an exer- two directions.
cise to increase bat speed (Zawrotny, 2005). Transfer
weight, ground reaction force, the center of pressure,
stride, flexion and extension, segment rotation, bat
movement, batting event, etc., can affect the speed of
the bat and the momentum when it will hit the ball (Ae
et al., 2018; Welch et al., 1995). Parameters for bat po-
sition and rotation axes, the force acting on the bat,
torque acting on the bat, angular displacement and body
segments, force exerted by each arm, and bat swing
model are parameters for hitting motion to detect errors
that occur when hitting (Cross, 2009).
In producing an increased stroke speed, of course,
many aspects are needed; other studies conclude that Figure 3. Free body diagram bat (Milanovich & Nesbit,
the speed of the stroke is also influenced by the pattern 2014)
of the exercise performed (Dabbs et al., 2010). Of
course, the heating pattern must be appropriately cho-
sen; experiments were carried out to increase the speed Understanding the mechanics of batting moves at
of the stroke by placing a load on the tip of the bat various levels of competition can help players and
when the warm-up turned out to have a negative effect coaches identify the key kinematics essential to being a
on increasing the speed of the stroke on players at the successful batter. (Dowling & Fleisig, 2016). The anal-
college level (Koenig et al., 2004). This is also support- ysis results, of course, become a reference for the coach

Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180

179
 Agus Gumilar et.al / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)

to make an exercise program. The mechanics of motion CONFLICT OF INTEREST

can be seen through the three-dimensional softball bat
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
model, which was developed to study the hitting mo-
tion, the interaction between the subject (batter), and
energy transfer; it turns out that the shift in body weight REFERENCES
does not affect the speed of the ball, players are given
Ae, K., Koike, S., Fujii, N., Ae, M., Kawamura, T., &
the freedom to use whichever model feels most com- Kanahori, T. (2018). A comparison of kinetics in the
fortable for them. (Jensen, 2016). To increase the speed lower limbs between baseball tee and pitched ball
bat, you can perform an interval-based hitting program batting. Human Movement Science, 61(October
designed to gradually return the athlete's performance 2017), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/
to competition (Chang et al., 2016). j.humov.2018.07.010
Chang, E. S., Bishop, M. E., Baker, D., & West, R. V.
In addition, the experience of competing is one of (2016). Interval Throwing and Hitting Programs in
the important things, while training with the stimulation Baseball: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation. Ameri-
of situations and conditions will affect the increase in can Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.), 45
(3), 157–162.
overall batting performance (Gray & Beilock, 2011). Cross, R. (2009). Mechanics of swinging a bat. Ameri-
Batters with high skill and experience have better hit- can Journal of Physics, 77(1), 36–43. https://
ting speed than beginner batters (Dowling & Fleisig, doi.org/10.1119/1.2983146
2016). Through the analysis carried out by applying the Dabbs, N. C., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Lynn, S. K.,
zeep swing sensor analysis, it is hoped that the coaches Biagini, M. S., & Tran, T. T. (2010). Effect of whole
-body vibration warm-up on bat speed in women
of the West Java softball team can analyze and provide softball players. Journal of Strength and Condition-
training programs that can increase the speed bat and ing Research, 24(9), 2296–2299. https://
time to impact of the West Java female softball players doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181eccde5
so that they can improve their best performance. DeRenne, C., & Morgan, C. F. (2013). Multimodal
Modeling Increases Performance and Biomechanical
Indicators in Intercollegiate Softball Players: A Lon-
gitudinal Study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(2).
CONCLUSION
Dowling, B., & Fleisig, G. S. (2016). Kinematic com-
Based on the analysis and discussion results, the parison of baseball batting off of a tee among vari-
researchers can conclude that the performance of the ous competition levels. 3141(June). https://
doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1159320
bat speed was 25.06%, and the time to impact was Flyger, N., Button, C., & Rishiraj, N. (2006). The sci-
16.94%. Therefore, it shows that female softball ath- ence of softball. Sports Medicine, 36(9), 797–816.
letes' batting performance had not yet reached the target Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, H. H. (1993). How to design
performance set. Therefore they need action and appli- and evaluate research in education (Second edi).
cation of technical exercises tailored to the periodiza- Gould, D., & Voelker, D. K. (2010). Youth sport lead-
ership development: Leveraging the sports captaincy
tion of specific exercises. In this case, the results of this experience. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 1
batting analysis will be a recommendation for the train- (1), 1–14. https://
er to create an exercise program so that the batting per- doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2010.497695
formance can be improved. Gray, R., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Hitting is Conta-
gious: Experience and Action Induction. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(1), 49–59.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022846
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Hendrayana, Y., Negara, J. D. K., & Gumilar, A.
The authors would like to thank all the softball (2019). The Analysis of Muscle Performance on
athletes for their voluntary participation in the study. Softball Pitching Motion. 11(Icsshpe 2018), 401–
403. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsshpe-18.2019.111
Deep gratitude is extended to the coaches and lecturers Hidayat, I. (1998). Biomekanika. IKIP Bandung.
of sports education in postgraduate school, Indonesia https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
University of Education for their assistance in data col- lookup=0&q=8.%
lection. 09Hi-
dayat,+Imam.Biomekanika.+Bandung:+IKIP+Bandu
ng.+1998.&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5

Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180

180
 Agus Gumilar et.al / Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)

Jensen, T. (2016). An Experimental Comparison of Hit- Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Sensor Net-
ting Mechanics in Softball. 0–68. works. 990–996.
Kazumichi Ae and Sekiya Koike. (2011). KINETIC Welch, C. M., Banks, S. A., Cook, F. F., & Draovitch,
ANALYSIS OF EACH HAND IN BASEBALL P. (1995). Hitting a baseball: A biomechanical de-
BATTING MOTION. 11, 831–832. scription. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physi-
Kim, Y., & Hinrichs, R. N. (2003). Does warming up cal Therapy, 22(5), 193–201. https://
with a weighted bat help or hurt bat speed in Base- doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.193
ball? ISB XXth Congress, 808. Zawrotny, S. C. (2005). Strength and conditioning for
Kober, J., Katharina, M., Kr, O., Lampert, C. H., Sch, baseball and softball. Hitting & Pitching Academy, 1
B., & Peters, J. (2010). Movement Templates for –22.
Learning of Hitting and Batting. 853–858.
Koenig, K., Mitchell, N. D., Hannigan, T. E., & Clutter,
J. K. (2004). The influence of moment of inertia on
baseball/softball bat swing speed. Sports Engineer-
ing, 7(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/
bf02915922
Koike, S., & Mimura, K. (2016). Contributions of Joint
Torques, Motion-dependent Term and Gravity to the
Generation of Baseball Bat Head Speed. Procedia
Engineering, 147, 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.proeng.2016.06.212
Milanovich, M., & Nesbit, S. M. (2014). A three-
dimensional kinematic and kinetic study of the col-
lege-level female softball swing. Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine, 13(1), 180–191.
Muhammad Nazir. (2004). Metode Penelitian. Ghalia
Indonesia.
Nurul, R., Raja, J., Mea, K. K., Razman, R., Ismail, S.
I., Shari, M., Idris, N. M., & Sciences, E. (2019).
Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on
strength and batting velocity of female collegiate
softball players. Movement Health & Exercise, 8(1),
175–184.
Prensky, M. (2009). H. sapiens digital: From digital
immigrants and digital natives to digital wisdom.
Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 5(3).
Smith, L., Burbank, S., Kensrud, J., & Martin, J.
(2012). Field measurements of softball player swing
speed. Procedia Engineering, 34(1), 538–543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.092
Sugimoto, D., Mattacola, C. G., Bush, H. M., Thomas,
S. M., Barber Foss, K. D., Myer, G. D., & Hewett,
T. E. (2017). Preventive neuromuscular training for
young female athletes: Comparison of coach and
athlete compliance rates. Journal of Athletic Train-
ing, 52(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050
-51.12.20
Takamido, R., Yokoyama, K., & Yamamoto, Y. (2019).
Task constraints and stepping movement of fast-
pitch softball hitting. PLoS ONE, 14(2), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212997
UU No 3 Tahun 2005. (2005). Undang-Undang Repub-
lik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2005 Tentang Sistem
Keolahragaan Nasional Dengan. Presiden RI, 1, 1–
53.
Vidyapeetham, A. V., Campus, B., Vidyapeetham, A.
V., & Campus, B. (2013). ZEEP: Zone based Energy

Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN : 2580-071X , p-ISSN : 2085-6180

181