3.

What factors should be considered when determining the appropriate sample size for a study, and
how do these factors vary across different research contexts?

Factors to Consider When Determining Sample Size

• Desired Confidence Level: How confident do you want to be in the results of your study? A higher
confidence level requires a larger sample size.

• Margin of Error: How much error are you willing to accept in your results? A smaller margin of error
requires a larger sample size.

• የስህተት ጠርዝ፡ በውጤትዎ ውስጥ ምን ያህል ስህተት ለመቀበል ፈቃደኛ ነዎት? ትንሽ የስህተት ህዳግ
ትልቅ የናሙና መጠን ያስፈልገዋል።

• Population Variability: The more variability there is in the population you're studying, the larger
sample size you'll need.

• የህዝብ ልዩነት፡ በምታጠኑት ህዝብ ውስጥ የበለጠ ተለዋዋጭነት በበዛ ቁጥር የሚያስፈልገው ትልቅ
የናሙና መጠን ነው።

• Statistical Power: This refers to the ability of your study to detect a statistically significant effect. A
higher statistical power requires a larger sample size.

• ስታቲስቲካዊ ሃይል፡ ይህ ችሎታን ያመለክታል። በስታቲስቲካዊ ጉልህ የሆነ ውጤት ለማግኘት ጥናትዎ
ከፍ ያለ የስታቲስቲክስ ሃይል ትልቅ የናሙና መጠን ያስፈልገዋል።

• Data Availability and Cost: How much data do you have access to, and how much will it cost to collect
the data? These factors may limit your sample size.

• የውሂብ መገኘት እና ዋጋ፡ ምን ያህል ዳታ ማግኘት አለቦት እና ውሂቡን ለመሰብሰብ ምን ያህል

ያስወጣል? እነዚህ ምክንያቶች የናሙናዎን መጠን ሊገድቡ ይችላሉ።

How Factors Vary Across Different Research Contexts

• Quantitative Research: This type of research typically uses probability sampling and requires larger
sample sizes to ensure statistical significance and generalizability.

• : ይህ ዓይነቱ ጥናት በተለምዶ ፕሮባቢሊቲ ናሙናን ይጠቀማል እና ስታቲስቲካዊ ጠቀሜታን እና

አጠቃላይነትን ለማረጋገጥ ትልቅ የናሙና መጠኖችን ይፈልጋል።

• Qualitative Research: This type of research often uses non-probability sampling and smaller sample
sizes to gain in-depth understanding and explore complex phenomena.

• ፡ ይህ የጥናት አይነት ብዙውን ጊዜ ጥልቅ ግንዛቤን ለማግኘት እና ውስብስብ ክስተቶችን ለመዳሰስ

የማይሆን ናሙና እና አነስተኛ መጠን ያለው ናሙና ይጠቀማል።

• Surveys: Surveys typically require larger sample sizes to achieve statistical representativeness.
• ጥናቶች፡- የዳሰሳ ጥናቶች በተለምዶ ስታትስቲካዊ ውክልና ለማግኘት ትልቅ የናሙና መጠኖችን
ይፈልጋሉ።

• Experiments: Experiments may use smaller sample sizes, but they need to be carefully designed to
control for confounding variables.

• ሙከራዎች፡ ሙከራዎች ትንሽ የናሙና መጠኖችን ሊጠቀሙ ይችላሉ፣ነገር ግን ግራ የሚያጋቡ

ተለዋዋጮችን ለመቆጣጠር በጥንቃቄ የተቀየሱ መሆን አለባቸው።

• Case Studies: Case studies typically involve a single or small number of cases and are not intended to
be generalized to a larger population.

4. How do different sampling methods (probability vs. non-probability) influence the reliability and
validity of research findings in social studies?
4. የተለያዩ የናሙና ዘዴዎች (probability እና non probability ) በማህበራዊ ጥናቶች ውስጥ የምርምር
ውጤቶች አስተማማኝነት እና ትክክለኛነት ላይ ተጽእኖ የሚያሳድሩት እንዴት ነው? • ጥቅማጥቅሞች፡
የተወካይ ናሙናዎችን ያዘጋጃል እና ለትልቅ ህዝብ ስታቲስቲካዊ አጠቃላይ መረጃ ይሰጣል።

Probability Sampling:

• Definition: Every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.

• Advantages: Produces representative samples and allows for statistical generalization to the larger
population.

• Disadvantages: Can be more time-consuming and expensive than non-probability sampling.

Non-Probability Sampling:

• Definition: The probability of selecting each member of the population is unknown or unequal.

• Advantages: Can be less time-consuming and expensive than probability sampling.

• Disadvantages: Cannot be used to generalize findings to a larger population.

Influence on Research Findings:

• Reliability: Probability sampling generally leads to higher reliability because it reduces sampling bias.

• Validity: Probability sampling can enhance external validity (generalizability), while non-probability
sampling may compromise external validity.

• Generalizability: Probability sampling allows for generalization to the larger population, while non-
probability sampling does not.

Example:
• A survey using probability sampling (e.g., random sampling) to study the political views of American
adults would produce more reliable and generalizable results than a survey using non-probability
sampling (e.g., convenience sampling) to study the political views of students at a single university.

2, Case Study: Snowball Sampling for Urban Migration in Ethiopia

1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Snowball Sampling in this Context:

Advantages:

ጥቅሞቹ፡

• ለሕዝብ ተደራሽነት፡ የ snow ball ናሙና በተለይ በከተማ ሰፈር ውስጥ የሚኖሩትን የተገለሉ እና
የተደበቁ ሰዎችን ለመድረስ ይጠቅማል። እነዚህ ግለሰቦች በባህላዊ የናሙና ዘዴዎች መለየት አስቸጋሪ
ሊሆን ይችላል፣ እና ነባር ማውጫዎች ያልተሟሉ ወይም የተሳሳቱ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ። በደሳሳ ሰፈሮች ውስጥ
ያሉ ማህበራዊ አውታረ መረቦች ተደራሽነትን ሊያመቻቹ ይችላሉ።

• ወጪ ቆጣቢነት፡- ከሌሎች ዘዴዎች ጋር ሲወዳደር በአንጻራዊነት ርካሽ ሊሆን ይችላል፣በተለይ

አጠቃላይ ናሙና ፍሬም ከሌለ ወይም ለመፍጠር አስቸጋሪ ከሆነ። በመርማሪው እና በተሳታፊዎች መካከል
መተማመንን ለመፍጠር ያግዛል ፣

መተማመን እና ስምምነትን ማሳደግ፡ የሪፈራል ሂደቱ በተመራማሪው እና በተሳታፊዎች መካከል መተማመን

ለመፍጠር ይረዳል፣ ይህም የበለጠ ታማኝ እና ዝርዝር ምላሾችን ያመጣል። ተሳታፊዎች በሚያውቁት ሰው
ሪፈራልን የመተማመን እድላቸው ሰፊ ነው።

• Access to Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball sampling is particularly useful for reaching

marginalized and hidden populations, such as those living in urban slums. These individuals may be
difficult to identify through traditional sampling methods, and existing directories may be incomplete or
inaccurate. Existing social networks within the slums can facilitate access.

• Cost-Effectiveness: It can be relatively inexpensive compared to other methods, especially when a

comprehensive sampling frame is unavailable or difficult to create.

• Building Trust and Rapport: The referral process can help build trust between the researcher and
participants, leading to more honest and detailed responses. Participants are more likely to trust a
referral from someone they know.

Disadvantages:

• Sampling Bias: This is a major drawback. Snowball sampling tends to overrepresent certain subgroups
within the population and underrepresent others. The sample might not accurately represent the
diversity within the Ethiopian urban slum population. For example, if the initial contacts are primarily
from one ethnic group or socioeconomic background, the sample is likely to be skewed.

የናሙና አድልኦ፡ ይህ ትልቅ ጉድለት ነው። የ snow ball ናሙና በሕዝብ ውስጥ የተወሰኑ ንዑስ ቡድኖችን
ከመጠን በላይ የመወከል እና ሌሎችን ዝቅተኛ የመወከል አዝማሚያ አለው። ናሙናው በኢትዮጵያ የከተማ
ሰፈር ሕዝብ ውስጥ ያለውን ልዩነት በትክክል ላይወክል ይችላል። ለምሳሌ፣ የመጀመሪያዎቹ ግንኙነቶች
በዋነኛነት ከአንድ ብሄረሰብ ወይም ማህበረ-ኢኮኖሚያዊ ዳራ የተገኙ ከሆነ፣ ናሙናው የተዛባ ሊሆን
ይችላል።

• Limited Generalizability: Due to the inherent bias, findings from snowball samples may not be
generalizable to the broader population of urban migrants in Ethiopia.

• Chain Referral Bias: The sample may become concentrated around specific social networks or
subgroups, leading to a lack of diversity in perspectives.

ንሰለት ሪፈራል ቢያስ፡ ናሙናው በተወሰኑ ማህበራዊ አውታረ መረቦች ወይም ንዑስ ቡድኖች ላይ ያተኮረ
ሊሆን ይችላል፣ ይህም የልዩነት እጥረትን ያስከትላል። አመለካከቶች

• Difficulty in Estimating Sample Size: Determining the appropriate sample size in advance is challenging
with snowball sampling.

• የናሙና መጠንን ለመገመት አስቸጋሪነት፡ ተገቢውን የናሙና መጠን አስቀድሞ መወሰን በ snow ball
ናሙና ላይ ፈታኝ ነው።

2. Addressing Potential Biases:

The researcher can take several steps to mitigate the biases inherent in snowball sampling:

• Multiple Starting Points: Begin the snowballing process with several different initial contacts from
various backgrounds (ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, etc.) to diversify the sample. This helps to
broaden the network and reduce the concentration of participants within specific subgroups.

በርካታ መነሻ ነጥቦች፡- ከተለያዩ አስተዳደግ (ብሔረሰቦች፣ ማህበረ-ኢኮኖሚያዊ ደረጃዎች፣ ወዘተ)

በተገኙ የተለያዩ የመጀመሪያ ግንኙነቶች የ snow ball ሂደቱን ጀምር። ) ናሙናውን ለማብዛት. ይህ
ኔትወርክን ለማስፋት እና በተወሰኑ ንዑስ ቡድኖች ውስጥ ያሉ የተሳታፊዎችን ትኩረት ለመቀነስ
ይረዳል።

• Sampling Saturation: Continue sampling until "saturation" is reached, which indicates that new
participants are not providing significantly new information. This suggests a more complete
representation of the relevant perspectives.

የናሙና ሙሌት፡- "ሙሌት" እስኪደርስ ድረስ ናሙና መስጠቱን ይቀጥሉ፣ ይህ የሚያሳየው አዲስ
ተሳታፊዎች ጉልህ የሆነ አዲስ መረጃ እየሰጡ አለመሆኑን ነው። ይህ ተገቢ አመለካከቶችን የበለጠ
የተሟላ ውክልና ያሳያል።

• Triangulation: Employing multiple data collection methods (interviews, focus groups, observations) can
help cross-validate findings and reduce the reliance on a single data source.

ባለሶስት ማዕዘን፡ ብዙ የመረጃ አሰባሰብ ዘዴዎችን መጠቀም (ቃለ-መጠይቆች፣ የትኩረት ቡድኖች፣

ምልከታዎች) ግኝቶችን ለማጣራት እና በአንድ የውሂብ ምንጭ ላይ ያለውን ጥገኝነት ለመቀነስ ይረዳል።
• Respondent Validation: Present preliminary findings to a subset of participants for feedback and
validation. This allows participants to review the researcher's interpretation and identify potential biases
or inaccuracies.

ለአስተያየት እና ማረጋገጫ የተሳታፊዎች ንዑስ ስብስብ የመጀመሪያ ግኝቶች። ይህ ተሳታፊዎች

የተመራማሪውን አተረጓጎም እንዲገመግሙ እና ሊከሰቱ የሚችሉ አድሎአዊ ጉዳዮችን ወይም ስህተቶችን
እንዲለዩ ያስችላቸዋል።

• Careful Data Analysis: While generalizability might be limited, researchers should carefully analyze the
data to identify patterns and trends, acknowledging the limitations of the sampling method in their
findings and interpretations.

ጥንቃቄ የተሞላበት መረጃ ትንተና፡ አጠቃላይነት ውስን ሊሆን ቢችልም፣ ተመራማሪዎች በምርመራው
ውስጥ ያለውን የአናምነት ዘዴ ውስንነት በመገንዘብ ውሂቡን በጥንቃቄ መመርመር አለባቸው።

• Transparency: Clearly state the sampling method used and the potential limitations of the findings in
the research report. This increases the transparency and allows readers to interpret the results critically.

ግልጽነት፡- በምርምር ዘገባው ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ የዋለውን የናሙና ዘዴ እና የግኝቶችን እምቅ ገደቦች
በግልፅ ይግለጹ። ይህ ግልጽነትን ይጨምራል እና አንባቢዎች ውጤቱን በቁም ነገር እንዲተረጉሙ
ያስችላቸዋል.