STUDY SHEET UNIT #3

Happens when species reproduce many more offspring than can possibly survive since the world has limited resources? Overproduction,The change in allele
frequencies in the gene pool of a population over several generations is the definition of? evolution,A type of evolutionary change that is quick, occurs in short periods
of time?punctuated equilibrium,A type of evolutionary change that is slow, but continuous? Gradualism,Is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated
populations evolve to become distinct species? Speciation,Some organisms use what to increase their chance of survival?A and B only,When humans select favourable
traits of plants and animals, and only allow those individuals to bread and form the next generation. This is called what? artificial selection,The entire set of genes in an
individual organism is called what? Genome,Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are now almost always resistant to benzyl penicillin. This is an
example of?antibiotic-resistant bacteria,Occurs when natural selection favours both extremes? disruptive natural selection, Occurs when natural selection favours the
intermediate (moderate) traits?stabilizing natural selection,Occurs when natural selection favours one extreme? directional natural selection,This indicates extensive
genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense selection? a large gene pool,This indicates low genetic diversity which
makes populations more susceptible to extinction?a small gene pool,When individuals do not mate preferentially, so random mixing of gametes will occur, this is called?
random mating,When the frequency of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) does not change from generation to generation, allowing the
population to survive intense periods of natural selection. Genetic equilibrium,Which is not a criteria of genetic equilibrium?non-random mating, Refers to diversity in
gene frequencies, from generation to generation, therefore no genetic equilibrium. genetic variation, Is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to
differences in phenotype?natural selection, Genetic exchange due to the migration of individuals between populations. gene flow,When the probability of individual
mating is not the same for all individuals of a population (i.e. brown beetles only mating with other brown beetles, never tan beetles). non random
mating,Reproductive isolation leads to? Speciation,A type of reproductive isolation where plants and animals are separated by location, not allowing them to breed?
geographic isolation,The entire set of genes in an inter-breeding population is called what? gene pool,A type of reproductive isolation where individuals cannot mate
because their reproductive organs are not compatible? Mechanical isolation{=2=}( Stabilizing selection) “Most individuals in a given species have moderate traits, and
the traits in the gene pool go against the extreme traits.” (Directional Selection) “When a gene pool of a species favour one of the extreme traits and neglect the other
extreme.” (Disruptive Selection) “When a gene pool of species favour both extremes while neglecting the moderate traits.”evolution table: (Co-Evolution) “In reaction to
a genetic alteration in another species (or group), a shift in the genetic composition of one species (or group) occurs.” (Divergent Evolution) “Refers to the possibility the
type of evolution where individual characteristics may lead to the emergence of a new species” (Convergent Evolution) “As a result of needing to adapt to comparable
surroundings or ecological niches, animals that are not closely related evolve with similar features on their own.”pace of evolutionary change( Gradualism) “Change is a
slow but constant process in gradualism. It's difficult to observe over a short period of time, but if you look back far enough in a species' history, you'll notice a steady
selection of features through time.”(Punctuated Equilibrium) “Over a few generations, a species changes dramatically, then settles down, demonstrating little
evolutionary change for the most of their geological history.” (evolutionary theory terms web): Answer: Overproduction of individuals and the lack of resources to help
them survive leads to an imbalance. This imbalance forces competition between them so they can survive within their environment. This is when variation of traits
and phenotypes come in. Those with unfavourable traits/phenotypes are eliminated from the environment. Those individuals with favourable variations thrive
hence the term ‘survival of the fittest.’ This notion is referred to as ‘natural selection.’ Those who survive, pass on their traits to the next generation as traits are
inherited. This gradual accumulation of the favourable traits subtly leads to change in the allele frequencies of the gene pool. When the allele frequencies are
altered, this may lead to the formation of a new species, or the same species with more favourable traits. {S.A} Summarize in your own words the contributions of
the following scientists to the theory of evolution; Aristotle, Lamarck, Lyell, Linneaus, Darwin, and Malthus. Aristotle believed that all species were fixed creations
that were arranged by their complexity. He formed a system of classification which separated the organisms that have blood and those that do not. Lamarck was one of the
first scientists to understand that evolutionary change happens over time. He stated that adaptations may occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. Lyell stated that
the earth was millions of years old, and had the theory that earth was shaped due to erosion over time. Linneaus grouped organisms, and gave latin names to them. Darwin
is well-known for his ‘theory of Natural Selection’, and had many observations which aided us in understanding the processes of evolution. Malthus figured out that
populations are limited by resources in the environment such as food and water. Choose TWO of the following “Fact or Fiction” statements and explain why they are not
true. “Evolution is a theory about the origin of life. (Fiction)” “ The fittest organisms in a population are those that are the strongest, fastest, and/or largest. (Fiction)”
Evolution is not a theory about the origin of life. Most evolutionary biology studies how life changed after the formation of its origin. The fittest organisms are not the
fastest, strongest, or largest. They are the ones that have greater reproductive ability than other individuals.{ Explain how Darwin’s Finches are an example of evolution. }
“Darwin’s Finches are a quintessential example of evolution. Darwin observed that the finches had different types of beaks and phenotypes depending on the food they ate
and their geographical location. The finches that developed the traits suited for their environment passed on their traits to their descendants. Those with the unfavourable
traits died off as they were unable to survive in the environment. The ones that survived were able to pass their traits on to the next generation. This natural selection and
the inheritance of traits explains to us how evolution occurs.” { Summarize Darwin’s 6 main observations} “Darwin stated that populations are limited by the amount of
resources evident in the environment. This occurs as a result of overproduction which leads to an imbalance in the environment. Darwin states that individuals differ
greatly in their characteristics; no two individuals in a population are alike. A large portion of this variation is inherited. Variation in populations comes form inherited
genes, and is evident in all populations. This is how Darwin’s views relate to the concept of variation. Darwin stated that survivors continue to pass on their qualities to the
following generation, resulting in population changes and, in rare cases, the emergence of a new species. He perfectly describes how speciation occurs, and how it’s a by
product of natural selection, and the alteration of allele frequencies and gene pools. Darwin states that more individuals produced than the environment can support leads
to competition; those with the weakest combinations of traits die, while those with the best combinations live to reproduce. This is how ‘survival of the fittest’ works, as
the fittest are classified as the ones with the greatest reproductive ability. Darwin states that variation is random and not directed toward any one trait; however, qualities
that are more adapted to the environment are more likely to thrive. This perfectly describes the notion of adaptation. Darwin states that species are not uniformly spread
around the planet; they have evolved to thrive in specific settings.”{ Explain evolution using the terms natural selection, gene pool, allele frequency, and population. }
“Limited resources limit the amount of individuals that can survive and this becomes a problem due to overproduction. Natural selection comes into play when
competition is created as a result of this imbalance. Individuals with favourable traits thrive, while others die off. This reproduction of the ones with favourable traits alters
the allele frequency within the gene pool. This process continues within the population to create a different one or even form a new species.”{ ) Define speciation. What 5
factors} “Speciation is an evolutionary process in which a new species emerges. It’s driven by evolution, which is a process that results in the accumulation of small
genetic changes called mutations in a population over a long period of time. Geographic isolation: Geographic isolation refers to a population of animals, plants, or other
creatures that are isolated from other organisms of the same species in terms of genetic exchange.Niche differentiation: The process by which competing species exploit
the environment differently in order to coexist is referred to as niche differentiation.Mechanical isolation: If the reproductive organs of two individuals are
incompatible, they may not be able to reproduce successfully.Altered physiology, Altered behaviour { Define genetic equilibrium. What 5 factors}. “ Genetic
Equilibrium happens when an allele/genotype in a gene pool, where the frequency doesn’t change from one generation to another. They are likely to survive intense
periods of natural selection without leading to extinction. Large population: The allele frequencies are more likely to change by chance from generation to generation in
a smaller population; they do not fluctuate in a bigger population however.Random mating: Mating must take place at random. If individuals selectively marry, there will
be no random mixing of gametes, and gene frequencies will shift to favour those chosen during non-random mating. No gene flow: When genes are introduced or
eliminated from a population, allele frequencies can change.No mutation,No natural selection{ Define genetic variation} “ Genetic Variation refers to diversity within
allele frequencies from one generation to the next, therefore no genetic equilibrium occurs. Natural selection: is the difference in individual survival and reproduction
owing to phenotypic characteristics; changes in allele frequencies through time. Gene flow: A genetic exchange that occurs when fertile individuals or gametes/alleles
migrate between populations. Genetic drift. Non-random mating: When the likelihood of two individuals in a population mating is not the same for all potential pairs of
individuals. Mutation