Biology 9th SLO All Topics

 Define biology, its major divisions i.e. Botany, Zoology and Microbiology.

 Define the branches of Biology.

 Link the study of biology with that of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geography and
Economics.

 Explain how the study of biology can lead to different careers.

 Identify that living organisms are divided into five groups i.e. prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants
and animals.

 Relate at least three verses from the Holy Quran, instructing for the study of the origin and the
characteristics of life, with the modern scientific achievements.

 Relate the contributions of Jaber Bin Hayan, Abdul Malik Asmai and Bu Ali Sina with the current
knowledge about plants and animals.

 Describe bioelements as the most basic level of biological organization.

 Define biomolecules and distinguish them as micromolecules and macromolecules.

 Describe the level of organization of life (organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and
individuals).

 Explain division of labor among cells and tissues in a multicellular organism.

 Compare cellular organization in organisms ie. unicellular organization (Amoeba), colonial

organization (Volvox) and multicellular organization (mustard and frog). (Only brief comparison
 referring to cellular organization is required. Details of organs and organ-systems of frog and
mustard should be avoided).

 Describe the steps involved in biological method i.e. recognition of a biological problems,
observation and identification, building up hypothesis, drawing deductions, devising experiments
and inferring results (malaria as an example).

 Describe the use of ratio and proportion in solving biological problems.

 Explain the importance of data analysis for confirming, modifying or rejecting a hypothesis.

 Justify mathematics as an integral part of the scientific process.

 Define biodiversity

 Describe the major variety of life on the planet Earth.

 Relate the importance of biodiversity with natural ecosystem through examples

 Describe the basis of classification of living organisms.

 Explain the aims and principles of classification; keeping in view its historical background.

 Identify the contributions of Aristotle as the founder of biological classification.

 Explain the basis for establishing 5 kingdoms

 Compare two and five kingdom classification systems.

 Rationalize that five kingdom system better explains diversity of living organisms

 Describe the contributions of Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz in describing the

 characteristics of animal species. Describe the diagnostic characteristics of the five kingdoms.

 Describe the acellular structure of virus and justify why viruses are excluded

 from the five kingdom classification system.

 Describe the aims and principles of binomial nomenclature.

 Describe using local examples, the importance of binomial nomenclature.

 Define the concept of conservation.

 Explain the impact of human beings on biodiversity.

 Identify causes of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity’s Enumerate the reasons for
conservation of biodiversity.

 Describe some of the issues of conservation in Pakistan (especially with regard to deforestation
and hunting).

 Explain the concepts of light microscopy and electron microscopy.

 Explain the relationship between developments in imaging technology and the current
understanding of the cell.
 Trace the development of the cell theory: from Aristotle to Hooke, Pasteur, Brown, and Schwann
and Schleiden.

 Rationalize that there are sub-cellular particles, such as viruses and prions, which have some
characteristics of living things.

 Construct a time line that traces the development of the cell theory from the first observations by
Robert Hooke to our current understanding of cell structure.

 Identify the structure and describe in general terms, the functions of the components of plant
and animal cell,

 Justify how the cells of the leaf system have a variety of specialized structures and functions.

 State the relationship between cell function and cell structure (for absorption- root hair cells;
conduction and support xylem vessels and transport of oxygen- red blood cells).

 Describe the cell as a functioning open system.

 Determine ways in which various types of cells contribute to the healthy functioning of the
human body.

 Assess the capabilities of animal and plant cell types, owing to the presence or absence of
chloroplasts and cell wall.

 Describe the differences in the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 Assess the capabilities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, owing to the presence or absence of
nucleus and mitochondria.

 Describe cell size and shape as they relate to surface area to volume ratio.
 Explain how surface area to volume ratio limits cell size.

 Describe the phenomena of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport,
endocytosis and exocytosis.

 Compare passive transport of matter by diffusion and osmosis with active transport (e.g. diffusion
of glucose from intestine to villus epithelium and active transport of Sodium ions from nerve cell
to outside).

 Define turgor and describe its importance.

 Describe the phenomena of plasmolysis and explain its relationship with osmosis.

 Describe the role of the cell membrane in maintaining equilibrium while exchanging matter.

 Define tissue as the group of similar cells, performing the same function.

 Describe the major animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous) in terms of their
cell specificities, locations and functions.

 Describe the major plant tissues i.e. simple tissues (meristematic tissues, permanent tissues) and
compound tissues (xylem tissues and phloem tissues) in terms of their cell specificities, locations
and functions.

 Relate the function of a particular tissue to its structure and ultimately to the structure and
function of the cells constituting it.

 Justify why a colony of cells does not get tissue level of organization, in spite of having many cells.

 After studying this unit, the students will be able to:

 Define cell cycle and describe its main phases i.e. Interphase and Division. the sub-phases of the
interphase of Cell Cycle.

 Describe Predict the importance of S-phase of the interphase.

 Describe the two types of Cell division in Eukaryotic cells i.e. mitosis and meiosis.

 Enlist the events through which Mitotic Apparatus is formed in prophase in animal and plant cells.

 Describe the formation of metaphase plate and the division of centromere, during metaphase.
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 State the separation of chromatids during anaphase. Describe the reformation of nuclei during
telophase.

 Describe the physical division of cytoplasm during cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.

 Compare the details of events during mitosis in animal and plant cells.

 Describe the significance of mitosis as giving rise to genetically identical cells and state the role of
mitosis in growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of worn out cells and asexual
reproduction.

 Describe the events of prophase-1, metaphase -1, anaphase -1 and telophase of meiosis-1.

 Explain the events occurring during the second meiotic division.

 Compare the second meiotic division with mitosis.

 Describe the significance of meiosis as leading to the formation of haploid cells, that may function
directly as gametes as in animals or may divide by mitosis as in plants, fungi and many protists.
 Describe the significance of meiosis with reference to the recombination of genes that leads to
variations.

 Contrast mitosis and meiosis, emphasizing the events that lead to different outcomes.

 Describe Necrosis and Apoptosis.

 Correlate Necrosis and Apoptosis with cell cycle.

 Describe enzymes as the proteins that speed up biochemical reactions.

 Categorize enzymes as intra and extracellular.

 Comprehend that enzymes increase rate of reaction.

 State that small quantity of enzyme is effective for large amount of substrate.

 Infer that enzymes are specific for specific substrates.

 State that some enzymes require co-factor for their functioning.

 Describe the concept of energy of activation and how it is lowered by enzyme. Explain the effect
of pH, temperature and concentration of substrate on the

 activity of an enzyme. • Describe, through equation, that enzyme substrate complex is formed
and

 release of enzyme takes place after completing the reaction.

 Describe the action of enzyme through "Lock and Key Model".

 Describe the specificity of different enzymes for different substrates.

 Relate that specificity of enzyme is due to its shape.

 Categorise that proteases will act on proteins only and lipases will act on lipids or fats only.

 Defines bienerving organisms study of energy relationships and energy conversions organisms.

 Describe the importance of oxidation-Reduction reactions for the flow of energy through living
systems.

 Explain ATP as a molecule that is the chief energy currency of all cells. Describe the synthesis and
breaking of ATP through ATP-ADP cycle.

 State that photosynthesis is the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates
from raw materials.

 State the equation (in words or symbols) for photosynthesis.

 Reason out that all forms of life are completely dependent on photosynthesis.

 Describe that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the
formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage.

 Outline the processes (Light and Dark reactions) involved in photosynthesis.

 Describe, in general terms, the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants.
 Explain the concept of limiting factors in photosynthesis.

 State the effect of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the
rate of photosynthesis.

 Describe anaerobic respiration by means of word and symbol equation.

 Describe the importance of Anaerobic Respiration.

 Describe aerobic respiration by means of word and symbol equation. Outline the mechanism of
respiration while defining Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain.

 Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration with reference to the amount of energy released.

 List ways in which respiratory energy is used in the body.

 Compare respiration and photosynthesis

 Define mineral nutrition in plants.

 Categorize minerals nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients.

 State that nitrogen is important in protein synthesis and magnesium for chlorophyll formation.

 State the effect of lack of nitrate and magnesium ions on plant growth.

 Describe the importance of fertilizers (manure and chemical) in agriculture. Discuss

environmental hazards related to chemical fertilizers' use.
 Distinguish among carbohydrates, proteins and fats in terms of their sources, energy values and
metabolic functions. Specify the food sources and metabolic functions of Vitamins A, C and D.

 Describe the food sources and metabolic functions of Calcium and Iron.

 Describe the deficiency symptoms of Vitamins A, C and D and of Calcium and Iron.

 Specify the sources and metabolic functions of Water and Dietary fibers.

 Describe the concept and need for a balanced diet.

 Explain the components of a balanced diet with relation to age, gender and activity.

 Explain why diet, especially energy intake, should be related to age, gender and activity of an
individual.

 Describe the problems of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), Mineral Deficiency Diseases (MDD)
and Over Intake of Nutrients (OIN).

 Conceptualize transport and its needs.

 Explain the internal structure of root and root hair.

 Describe how roots take up water and mineral salts by active and passive absorption.

 Define transpiration and relate this process with cell surface.

 Relate transpiration with stomata opening and closing.

 Describe temperature, wind and humidity as the factors affecting the rate of transpiration.
 Describe the significance of transpiration.

 Describe transpiration as a necessary evil.

 Relate wilting with excessive transpiration.

 Describe the pathway of water and food in stem.

 Explain the movement of water in terms of transpirational pull.

 Explain the mechanism of food translocation by the theory of Pressure Flow Mechanism.

 List the functions of the components of blood.

 Describe the blood groups in A-B-O and Rh blood group systems, with reference to the
presence/absence of antigens and antibodies.

 State the risk of incompatibility in blood transfusion due to antigen-antibody reactions.

 List the appropriate donors and recipients for each of the four blood groups.

 State the sign and symptoms, causes and treatments of the diseases of blood leukemia and
thalassaemia).

 Describe the major pathway of blood through circulatory system.

 Describe the external and internal structure of human heart

 Describe the circulation of blood through atria and ventricles of the heart, explaining the role of
the bicuspid, tricuspid and semilunar valves.

 Describe the low-pressure circulation to the lungs and a high-pressure circulation to the body
tissues.

 Explain how the heart is structurally adapted to its functions.

 Define the terms heartbeat, heart rate and pulse rate.

 Compare the structure and function of an artery, a vein and a capillary.

 Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.

 Describe the origins, locations and targets areas of main arteries.

 Describe the originating areas, locations and target heart chambers of main veins

 Identify the main arteries and veins in charts, diagrams, models etc.

 Describe the contributions of ibn-al-Nafees and William Harvey in revealing the knowledge about
the circulation of blood in human body.

 Define cardiovascular disorders and differentiate between Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis.

 State the causes, treatments and prevention of myocardial infarction.

 State the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, heart disewa rondigation and obesity
Rationalize the unequal distribution of food, drought and flooding and
 hereasing population as the factors that contribute to famine Desten the needs of ingestion,
digestion, absorption, assimilation and

 esty and describe the structures and functions of the main regions of the rgestion alimentary
canal and the associated organs.

 Describe the main functions of these parts on relation to ingestion, digestion aburportion,
assimilation and egestion of food.

 Desonbe swallowing and peristalsis.

 Sort out the action of enzymes in specific regions of alimentary canal, with respect to their
substrates and products.

 State the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose and amino acids, and the formation of
urea