CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

BUILDING SERVICES
ECM346
OPEN-ENDED LAB
MARCH – AUGUST 2023

TITLE OF : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-POWER GENERATION,

EXPERIMENT TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION & SUPPLY.
DATE OF : 9th MAY 2023
EXPERIMENT
GROUP : CEEC1104B/G1
GROUP MEMBERS : 1. MOHAMAD RAFIQI BIN MOHD RUSLI - 2021473106
2.MUHAMMAD FAWWAZ NAJWAN BIN MUHD
ZAFRULLAH - 2021602564
3.MUHAMMAD MUFADDA BIN SUKRI - 2021460178
4. ADIB BIN ADNAN - 2021616694
LECTURER : PROFESOR MADYA DR. KHAIRI BIN KHALID
LEVEL OF OPENESS :0

NO ELEMENT COPO Mark COMMENTS

s
1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT

3 SUMMARY OF
PROCEDURES/METHOD

4 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPETATION OF DATA

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT CO3:PO9 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS CO3:PO9 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /20

 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CONTENTS PAGES

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES / METHOD

ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

1.0 INTRODUCTION.

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 A level 1 laboratory activity involves providing students with guidance, a problem
statement, and potential solutions. However, it is the students' responsibility to utilize
their creativity and ingenuity to find the answers to the task. The activity is introduced
gradually to promote independent learning and prepare students for more challenging
open-ended laboratory tasks. The goal is to foster their ability to think independently and
be better equipped for more complex laboratory work in the future.

These lab activities provide students with an opportunity to explore and learn about
power generation, transmission, distribution, and supply in the field of electrical
engineering.

2.0 OBJECTIVE.

The objectives of this open-ended laboratory activity are:

1. To propose the details and comprehensive layout for the transmission and distribution
of electrical supply from Generating Power Plant (GPP) to the transmission
substation, distribution substation and finally to the residential building by indicating
the voltages at each stage in the system.
2. To propose a sample of schematic diagram and provide a simple design of electrical
power supply for the distribution of electricity from Kilowatt Hour Meter to the
various electrical appliances e.g., fan, lamp, air conditioning unit, Switch Socket
Outlet (SSO) and etc of the building’s layout given.

3.0 BASIC CONCEPT.

When a loop of conducting wire rotates in a magnetic field, electricity is produced.

The power travels to a transmission facility where a transformer transforms a high voltage
and low current into a little current. There is a secondary distribution substation for home
supply that steps down from 11Kv to 415v/240V. If 415V at 50Hz is used, there are 4
cables available from the substation to connect to homes. They tap into any red, yellow, or
blue phase and one from the neutral line to create a single

240V phase that enters the home. After reaching the neutralink, the current continues
to flow. The cut out contains a separate fuse that can successfully manage to stop the
circuit when the overload current flows through it, whereas the neutralink will connect the
energy to the power system. The kilowatt per hour (kW/h) is the amount of current that
flows after the cut-out. The Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) regulates the kW/h and
measures the amount of current consumed by the user.

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 The current then travels to the main switch. The primary switch will be disconnected
if the current exceeds the 30A limit and the current limit. The earth leakage circuit breaker
(ELCB) will then receive the current after that. The distribution box's current flow is the
following. It contained an MCB, or micro circuit breaker. Each component will get the
current from the MCB. The three terminals on the sockets are labelled life, neutral, and
earth. While switches feature two live cables terminals, one for incoming current and the
other for outgoing current.

In order to calculate the total current demand for the appliances in this experiment we
have used the equation,

P
I= (Eqn. 1.)
V × PF
Where;
I =Current demand
P=Power
V =Voltage ( 240V )
PF=0.85

After do the calculations of the current demand, the diversity factor for each type of the
appliances can be determined by referring the table below.

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 Table 3.1: Allowance Diversity factor Table.

Other than that, the determination of the diversity factor can be calculated using the
formula,

Diversity Factor =
∑ Total current after diversified( A) × 100 % (Eqn. 2.)
∑ Total Current Demand ( A)

This diversity factor has been used in order to determine the size of the cable which is
the conductor cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area of the cable can be determined by
referring the table below.

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 Table 3.2: Table to determine the size of the cable.

Based on the above theory, the experiment can be done clearly with the proper ways of
calculations and schematic drawing. This experiment can be done by referring the distribution
board in the laboratory and referring the house plan that have been provided.

4.0 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES / METHOD.

4.1 APPARATUS.

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  Stationeries
 Camera

4.2 PROCEDURE.

1. The location of the power generation plant, primary transmission, secondary

transmission, primary distribution, and secondary distribution that supplied the
selected building has been identified.
2. Detailed layouts for each location, including the voltage step-up or step-down, have
been prepared for the power generation plant, primary transmission, secondary
transmission, primary distribution, and secondary distribution that supplied the
selected building.
3. A single-story house layout was selected, and a schematic diagram for the house has
been proposed.

5.0 ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION OF DATA.

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 Figure 5.1: shows the floor plan of the house.

Table 5.1: The diversity current table of the floor plan.

FROM TABLE CURRENT
4B AFTER

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 FINAL CIRCUIT CURRENT (DIVERSITY DIVERSIFIED (A)
DEMAND (A) FACTOR%)
1) Lightning – ( 3 X 60 W ) + ( 10 X 80 W ) + ( 6 X 70 W )=1400 W
3nos. 60-watt
Fluorescent
light 1400 W
+ (240 V )×(0.85)
66 % 66
10nos. 80-watt ×6.86=4.53 A
1400W 100
incandescent ¿
204 V
light
2) Fan ¿ 6.86 A

+
6nos. 70-watt
ceiling fan
3) SSO C 1=16 A 100 % 16 ×1.0=1 6 A
9nos. 13A
C 2=16 A 4 0% 16 × 0.4=6. 4 A
switch socket
outlet with 1 C 3=16 A 4 0% 16 × 0.4=6. 4 A
unit for 13A for C 4=16 A 4 0% 16 × 0.4=6. 4 A
reserve.
C 5=16 A 4 0% 16 × 0.4=6. 4 A
Total=80 A Total=41.6 A

4) 2nos. AC 1.5 ×746 (2)

=10.97 A
(240 V )×(0.85)
- 10.97 A
5) 3nos. Shower 3200 W ×(1) 15.69 A
=15.69 A
(240 V )×(0.85)
-
∑ Total ∑ 113.52 ∑ 72.79

Diversity Factor = 64.12 %

So, the size of the cable = 16 mm2

5.1. SAMPLE OF CALCULATION.

5.1.1. SAMPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF THE CURRENT DEMAND, I

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 P
I=
V × PF
Where;
I =Current demand
P=Power
V =Voltage ( 240V )
PF=0.85
The calculation of the current demand of the Shower.
3200 W ×(1)
(240 V )×(0.85)
¿ 15.69 A

5.1.2. SAMPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF THE DIVERSITY FACTOR.

Diversity Factor =
∑ Total current after diversified( A) × 100 %
∑ Total Current Demand ( A)

72.79 A
Diversity Factor= ×100 %
113.52 A

Diversity Factor =64.12 %

5.2. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM.

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 Figure 5.2.1: The schematic diagram.

6.0 DISCUSSIONS.

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The purpose of the Electrical Engineering-Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
and Supply lab report was to comprehend the theoretical underpinnings of electrical power
generation, transmission, and distribution. The lab's objective was to investigate the
fundamental ideas that support networks for the production and distribution of energy.
Several power-producing and gearing technologies were used in this extensive trial.
Once we have understood the concept of the electrical distribution, we can know the flow of
the transmission of the electricity from the power plant to the transmission tower, transformer
and next to our specific buildings that can be used as a domestic used. The electricity was
delivered from the uni pole and next to the the TNB Kilowatt Meter, to the distribution box at
our specific buildings that next have been distributed to the other electrical appliances
throughout the MCB (miniature circuit breakers).
From the experiment, we have the current of the electricity flow of the floor plan of the house
have been determined by the calculation and analysis. From the data that have been obtained
we have drawn the schematic diagram. The schematic diagram that has been draw was consist
of the flow of the current from the uni pole until it arrives to the electrical appliances at our
home. The flow of the current was started from the TNB side which is from the uni pole and
divided by two directions which is neutral link and cut out (fuse). The flow was then
continued and connected to TNB meters. The flow than was connected to the consumer’s side
(the house or any domestic building). From the consumer's side the flow was continued and
connected to the main switch or molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) and next to the earth
leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) and lastly will connect to the miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
that was used to distributed to other electrical appliances in the house.
The MCB itself, consisting of the 3 nos . 60-watt fluorescent light, 10 nos. 80-watt
incandescent light and the 6nos 70-watt ceiling fan. All these appliances were the 6A current
of MCB. For the 16 A MCB, there was consisting of 13A switch socket outlet with 1 unit for
13A for reserve. For the 32 A MCB, it was consisting of 1.5 Hp split-unit air conditioning
system and the of 32kW of electrical shower.
The total of power for the lighting and fan was 1400W. from the total power, the total current
demand for these appliances that have been calculated using the (Eqn. 1.) was 6.86 A. This
total of the current demand was for the 6 A ratings installation. The diversity factor for the
lightning and fan that have been obtained from referring to the Table 3.1 was 66 %. The total
current, A after diversified for the lighting and fan was 4.53A. For the 13-A switch socket, the
total current demand was 80 A. this is because the MCB only provided the 16 A ratings either
for the socket of 13-A or 15-A. The total of the SSO that can fit to 1 MCB, 16 A rating was 2
slots. The total of the current after diversified for the SSO was 41.6 A. Next for the AC, the
total power was 1.5 HP. The total current demand was 10.97 A and the total current after
diversified was same as the values of the total current demand which is 10.97 as the diversity
factor for AC was not provided in the Table 3. For the electric shower, the total power was
3200 W. the total current demand that have been calculated was 15.69 A. the total of the
current after diversified was same which is 15.69 A.

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7.0 CONCLUSIONS.

in conclusion, our laboratory experience allowed us to recognise a variety of electrical

appliances found in a typical home, each serving a specific function, such as the Main Fuse,
Neutral Link, Kilowatt Hour Metre (kWh Metre), Main Switch, Earth-leakage Circuit
Breaker, Miniature Circuit Breaker and Switch. Starting with the fuse, the first component in
the electrical supply system, we obtained a thorough understanding of how electricity moves
via various parts. We also developed the capacity to distinguish between various electrical
devices according to their functions. Additionally, single-phase wiring installation is the most
typical form utilised in residential structures, according to our research. Prioritising safety and
avoiding potential fire threats requires keeping each part of the system in good working order
and making efficient use of each one.
For the future recommendation in power generation, transmission, distribution, and
supply systems. Emphasize the significance of adopting sustainable, efficient, and resilient
energy systems to meet future energy demands while minimizing environmental impacts.

8.0 REFERENCES.

1. Laboratory manual - Power generation, transmission and distribution & supply.

2. Grigsby, L.L. (Ed.). (2007). Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and
Distribution (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009255.

9.0 APPENDICES.

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Figure 9.1: show the distribution board of the house building, that have been used in the
referring to this laboratory experiment.

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