CLASS - 10 CHAPTER 2

IDEAS OF
DEVELOPMENT
 We have
aspirations -
Development
is a
complex task
 Fig : 2.1
Without me
they cannot
develop;
In this system I
cannot develop!
Different
People -
Different
Goals
Let us try to imagine what development
or progress is likely to mean to different
persons listed in Table 2.1. What are
their aspirations? You will find that
some columns are partially filled. Try to
complete the Table. You can also add
any other category of persons.
 Table 2.1 Developmental Goals of Different Categories of
Persons
Category Developmental Goals/ Aspirations
of Person
Landless rural More days of work and better wages; local
labourers school is able to provide quality education for
their children; there is no social discrimination
and they too can become leaders in the village.
Prosperous Assured high family income through higher
farmers support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should
be able to settle their children abroad.
 Table 2.1 Developmental Goals of Different Categories of
Persons

Category of Developmental Goals/ Aspirations

Person
Farmers who 1. Would like to have rains in time.
depend only 2. Should grow crops well.
on rain for 3. Minimum support prices for their crops.
growing crops. 4. Should get Good profits.
A rural woman 1. Grow crops well in her land.
from a land 2. Quality Education and employment for her
owning family children.
3. Would acquire more agricultural land.
4. Would like to get good benefits from the cattle.
Urban 1. Should get good job.
unemploye 2. Should get better salary.
d youth 3. Should acquire own house.
4. Should purchase laptop, cell phone,
stylish life etc.,
A boy from 1. He purchases a car.
a rich 2. Should marry a beautiful woman.
urban 3. He would like to settle in foreign
family countries.
4. Weekend parties, pubs.
A girl from a 1. She gets as much freedom as her brother.
rich urban 2. She is able to decide what she wants to do in life.
family 3. She would like to be able to pursue her studies
abroad.
An Adivasi 1. Would get better wages for the work.
from mining 2. Accident free work
fields 3. Good health support.
4. Bonus and free quarters, education facilities for their
children.
Person from 1. Earn much from the fishing.
fishing 2. Protection from natural disasters.
community 3. No boat repairs.
in the coastal
4. Help from the government.
area
Each one of them seeks different
things. They seek things that are
most important for them.
 Fig2.2 How do we understand development if we think of human history on a time
scale? Who is developed? Number as hunter gatherers (about 200,000 years). Number
of years since we began agriculture (f12,000 years ago). Number of years since modern
Industries (from about 400 years ago)
 The government of
India set up the
nuclear power plant -
The Kudankulam
Nuclear Power Project
in the Tirunelveli
district of Tamil Nadu
Kudankulam
conflict - coastal town of fisher folks - to meet the
growing energy needs of the country -
 Fig : 2.2` Protest at
Kudankulam Nuclear Power
Project
 The people in the region have protested on the
grounds of safety, security and livelihood - The
government has responded that the plant has all
the safety measures
So, two things are quite clear from
the above discussion:
(1) Different persons can have different
developmental goals and
(2) What may be development for one
may not be development for the other. It
may even be destructive for the other.
 Read this newspaper report. …
“A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-
air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened
in a city Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes
from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes,
fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were
dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for
symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in
petroleum and metals contracted a local company of the
Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.”
(Adapted from article by Vaiju Naravane 16 September, 2006
, The Hindu)
 NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
Q. (i) Who are the people who
benefited and who did not?
A. 1. People of the country
benefited.
2. Kudankulam in the Tirunelveli
district of Tamil Nadu people did
not benefit.
 (ii) What should be the developmental
goal for this country?
A. 1. Liquid toxic wastes should not into the
open-air.
2. The developmental goal should frame
proper.
3. Strict rules should frame to protect
environment.
4. Violations of laws should be punished.
 What are the issues of conflict between
government and the people living in
regions of nuclear power plant?
•A. 1. The government of India set up the nuclear power
plant in Kudankulam.
•2. The aim is to generate nuclear power to meet the
growing energy needs.
•3. The people have protested on the grounds of safety,
security and livelihood.
•4. These are the issues of conflict between government
and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant.
Do you know of any such controversy around
development projects/policies? Find out the
debates on either side.
A. 1. The Polavaram irrigation project have been granted the
status of a national project.
2. But the villages which are likely to be submerged once it is
ready has become the bone of contention between Seemandhra
and Telangana.
3. The controversy surrounding the Bhadrachalam sub-division
in Khammam district.
4. It consists of villages that will be submerged, has triggered
controversy against the backdrop of Union Cabinet's nod to
transfer 130 villages to Seemandhra.
5. This has resulted in a slew of developments at the national
capital.
People want
more income
People seeking more income, equal
treatment, freedom,
security, and respect
from others. They
resent discrimination.
 If you get a job in a far off place, you would try
to consider many factors, apart from income.
This could be facilities for your family, working
atmosphere or opportunity to learn. In another
case, a job may give you less pay but may offer
regular employment that enhances your sense
of security. Another job, however, may offer
high pay but no job security and also leave no
time for your family. This will reduce your sense
of security and freedom.
 working
sure
near
pension family
equal
wages
Similarly, for development, people
look at a mix of goals. If women
are engaged in paid work, the
family income,
dignity in the
society increases.
 Hence the
developmental
goals-important
things in life.
Why do different persons have different notions
of development? Which of the following
explanations is more important and why?
a. Because people are different.
b. Because life situations of persons are
different.

A. 1. The second explanation is more important.

2. Different persons have different notions of
development in India.
3. Because life situations of persons are different.
Do these two statements mean the same
thing? Justify your answer.
a. People have different developmental
goals.
b. People have conflicting developmental
goals.
A. 1. The first statement explains each and every
people should have different ideas.
3. The second statement explains people should
have conflicting ideas.
4. So, I can say the two statements are not the
same.
 Give some examples where factors
other than income are important
aspects of our lives.

A. Factors other than income:

1. Equal treatment 6. Better opportunities.
2. Freedom 7. Health.
3. Security 8. Confidence.
4. Respect from others. 9. Hard work.
5. Education & Knowledge.
Explain some of the important ideas of
the above section in your own words.

A. 1. People want more income.

2. People resent discrimination.
3. Material goods are not all that you need to live.
4. For development, people look at a mix of goals.
5. A safe and secure environment may allow more
women to take up a variety of jobs.
 When we compare different
things, they could have similarities
as well as differences.
For comparing countries, their income is
considered to be one of the most
important attributes. Countries with
higher income are more developed than
others with less income.
Those people don’t want
to develop
The income of the country is
the income of all the
residents of the country.
This gives us the total
income of the
country.
However, for comparison between countries
total income is not such a useful measure.
Since countries have different populations,
comparing total income will not tell us what
an average person is likely to earn.
Hence we compare the average income,
which is total income of the country
divided by total population. The average
income is also called per capita income.
 This criterion is used in World Development
Report brought out by the World Bank to classify
countries.
Countries with per capita income of US $12,600
and above per annum in 2012 are called high
income countries or rich countries.

US $ 12,600 & ABOVE

 Those with per capita income of US $1,035 or less
per annum in 2012 are called low income countries.
Until less than a decade
ago, India came
in the category of
low income countries.
Now it falls under the
category of middle
income countries.
 The rich countries, excluding countries of
West Asia and certain other small countries
are generally called developed countries.
 While ‘averages’ are
useful for comparison,
they also hide
disparities.
 TABLE 2.2 COMPARISON OF TWO
COUNTRIES
Country Monthly income of citizens in 2001 (in Rupees)

I II III IV V AVERAGE
Country 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200 10,000
A
Country 500 500 500 500 48000 10,000
B
We made the chairs and we use them

Country with no rich and no poor

Country with rich and poor
Q. Give three examples where
an average is used for
comparing situations other than
what is given here.
1. Life expectancy
2. SSC results
3. Production rate
4. Child birth rate
 Q. Why do you think average income is an
important criterion for development? Explain.
A. 1. Average income is useful to compare the countries.
2. With the help of the averages, a country is compared
with others.
3. The standard of living will develop when the average
raise.
4. The World Bank and IMF also use averages of the
different countries.
5. That’s why the average income is an important
criterion for development.
 Q. Suppose records show that the average
income in a country has been increasing over
a period. From this, can we conclude that all
sections of the economy have become better?
Illustrate your answer with an example.
A. 1. The average income does not show how
the income is distributed among people.
2. So, we can not conclude that all sections of
the economy have become better.
3. Here is an example to justify the above
statement.
 Q. From the text, find out the per capita
income level of middle-income countries
as per World Development Report 2012.
A. 1. The per capita income level of
middle-income countries as per World
Development Report 2012 is between $
1036 and $ 12599.
Q. Write a paragraph on your notion of what India
should do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
A. 1. To become a developed country we need to develop
infrastructure facilities.
2. We should control the population growth.
3. Avoid corruption
4. Education facilities improvement.
5. Reduce the unemployment.
6. Control the price levels.
7. We should develop agriculture and Industries.
8. Spend more on the Productive and constructive
purposes.
9. Remove subsidies.
10. Health facilities should improve.
INCOME
&
 TABLE : 2.3 PER CAPITA INCOME PER
ANNUM OF SELECT STATES FOR 2012
STATE PER CAPITA INCOME
Punjab 78,000
Himachal 74,000
Pradesh
Bihar 25,000
 We find that of the three, Punjab has
highest per capita income and Bihar is
at the bottom. This means that, on an
average, a person in Punjab
earned Rs.78,000 in one
year whereas, on an average,
a person in Bihar would earn only
around Rs. 25,000. So, if per capita
income were to be used as the measure
of development, Punjab would be
considered the most developed and
Bihar the least developed.
 TABLE : 2.4 SOME COMPARATIVE DATA
ON SELECT STATES
STATE IMR PER 1000 LITERACY RATE NET
(2006) (%) (2011) ATTENDANCE
RATE (2006)
Punjab 42 77 76
Himachal 36 84 90
Pradesh
Bihar 62 64 56
Out of 1000 live
children born,
the number of
children who die
within one year.
It measures the
percentage of
literate
population in
the 7 and above
age group.
Out of the total
number of children in
age group 6-17, the
percentage of children
attending school.
 Public
Facilities
 Income by itself is not a completely adequate
indicator of material goods and services that
citizens are able to use. For example - a pollution
free environment - infectious diseases
 Actually for many of the important things in life the
best way, also the cheapest way is to provide these
goods and services collectively. Ex. Government schools
and provide other facilities so that all children have a
chance to study.
Some states have
lesser Infant
Mortality Rate
because they have
adequate provision of
basic health and
educational facilities.
 Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution
System (PDS) functions well. If a PDS shop, i.e.
ration shop. Health and nutritional status of people
of such states is certainly likely to be better.
 Q. Look at data in Table is 2.3 and 2.4. Is
Punjab as ahead of Bihar in literacy rate etc.
as it is in terms of per capita income?
1. Yes. Punjab Literacy rate in the year 2011 is
77%.
2. But Bihar literacy rate in the year 2011 is 64 %.
3. Punjab Per Capita Income in the year 2012 is `
78,000%.
4. Bihar Per Capita Income in the year 2012 is `
25,000 %.
Q. Think of other examples where
collective provision of goods and
services is cheaper than individual
provision.
A. 1. Street lights
2. Roads and Railways.
3. Watersheds
4. Irrigation projects.
5. Airports etc.,
Q. Does availability of good health and
educational facilities depend only on amount of
money spent by the government on these
facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
A. 1. No. Availability of good health and educational
facilities not only depends on the amount of money
spent by the government but also other factors there.
OTHER RELEVANT FACTORS:
1. Irrigation factors
2. Employment factors 5. Transport development
3. Industrial development 6. Science and Technology
4. Infrastructure facilities 7. Space research
 Q. For a family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh in 2009-2010, rice purchased from ration shops
account for 53 and 33 per cent respectively. The rest they
buy from markets. In West Bengal and Assam, only 11 and 6
per cent of rice is purchased from ration shops. Where
would people be better off and why?
A. 1. Tamil Nadu family purchased rice from ration shops –
53 %
2. Andhra Pradesh family purchased rice from ration
shops – 33 %
3. Bengal family rice purchased from ration shops – 11 %
4. Assam family rice purchased from ration shops – 6 %
5. So, the people of Bengal and Assom would be better off.
 Health and education indicators,
such as the ones we used in
comparison of Kerala and Punjab,
are among them.
 Human Development Report published
by United Nations Development Project (UNDP)
compares countries based on the educational
levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income. It would be interesting to look at
certain relevant data regarding India and its
neighbours from Human Development Report
2013.
Country Per Capita Life Average Expected Human Development
Income in expectancy years of years of Index (HDI) rank in the
$ at birth schooling schooling world

Sri Lanka 5170 75.1 9.3 12.7 92

India 3285 65.8 4.4 10.7 136
Pakistan 2566 65.7 4.9 7.3 146
Myanmar 1817 65.7 3.9 9.4 149
Bangladesh 1785 69.2 4.8 8.1 146
Nepal 1137 69.1 3.2 8.9 157
 HDI stands for Human
Development Index. HDI ranks
in above table are
out of 177
countries in all.
Life expectancy at birth denotes
the average expected length of life
of a person at the time of birth.
 AVERAGE YEARS OF SCHOOLING:
Average number of years of education
received by people ages 25 and older.
 EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING:
Number of years of schooling that a child of
school entrance age can expect to receive
given the present enrolment rates.
Per capita Income is calculated in US Dollars
for all countries so that one can compare. It
is also done in a way so that every dollar
would buy the same amount of goods and
services in any country.
Sri Lanka, is much
ahead of India
Nepal has less than half the per capita
income of India, it is not far behind
India in educational levels. In terms of
life expectancy at birth it is in fact
ahead of India.
 Map : 2.1 World map showing HDI index. Identify
various patterns in different continents.

Very High
High Low
Medium No data
 Some countries are ahead of others in terms of
human development indicators. Similarly, some
states have better indicators of human
development, though within a state there may be
variations.
Development is a
complex phenomenon.
 At the time of Indian
independence,
like most other
states in India,
Himachal Pradesh
had very low levels of
education.
 Being a hilly region,
with low density of
population in many
villages, spread of
schools particularly to
the rural areas
appeared as a big
challenge.
The government started schools and made sure
that education was largely free or cost very little
for parents. Further, it tried to ensure that these
schools had the minimum facilities of teachers,
classrooms, toilets, drinking water, etc.
 Among the Indian states, Himachal Pradesh has the
distinction of one of the highest spending from the
government budget on education of each child. In year
2005, the average spending on education by the
government in Indian states was Rs 1,049 per child,
Himachal Pradesh was spending Rs. 2,005 per child!

Rs 1,049 Rs. 2,005

 Education
is about
Education finding
is about Your soul
becoming
rich
What does
education
mean to me
 The high priority on education paid off. In an intensive survey on
schooling done in 1996 and repeated in 2006, the surveyors noted:
Students in Himachal Pradesh come to school
enthusiastically. An overwhelming proportion of
students enjoyed their schooling experience: “the
teacher loves us and teaches us well” said Neha,
enrolled in Class 4 in a village in Chamba. Children
had dreams of studying till higher classes and
aspirations to be policemen, scientists and teachers.
The attendance rate was very high in primary
classes, but also among older children.
 The norm in Himachal Pradesh
has come to be at least 10 years
of schooling for children.

Himachal
Pradesh
 In many parts of the country, girls’
education is still given less priority by
parents compared to boys’ education.

Himachal
Pradesh
 While girls may study for a few classes,
they may not complete their schooling. A
welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the
lower gender bias.

Himachal
Pradesh
 Himachali parents have ambitious
educational goals for their girls, just as for
their boys. Thus, in the 13-18 age group, a
very high % of girls are completing class VIII.

Himachal
Pradesh
Child mortality in Himachal Pradesh is lower for girls
than for boys, in contrast to most other states. One
major consideration is that many Himachali women
are themselves employed outside the home.

Himachal
Pradesh
Women who work
outside the homes
are economically
independent and
self-confident. They
have greater say in
household
decisions, including
children’s education,
health, birth, upkeep,
etc.
Also, being
employed
themselves,
Himachali mothers
expect their
daughters to work
outside home after
marriage.
Himachali women have active
mahila mandals.
 Table 2.6 compares the progress in school
education over time in Himachal Pradesh with the
average of the Indian states.
TABLE 2.6 PROGRESS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Himachal Pradesh India
1993 2006 1993 2006
Percentage of Girls 39 60 28 40
(6+ years) with more than 5
years of education
Percentage of Boys 57 75 51 57
(6+ years) with more than 5
years of education
Development entails
a mix of goals. Goals
and the ways of
attaining them may
be in conflict. Whose
development is an
important question
one must address
while thinking about
development.
Income and per capita
income, though very
often used, is only one
aspect of
development.
Distribution of
incomes can be very
unequal even when
overall incomes rise.
PER The total national income
CAPITA divided by the number of
INCOME people in the nation.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The process of
achieving an
optimum level of
physical, biological,
mental, emotional,
social, educational,
economic, health and
cultural components.
PUBLIC FACILITIES
The facilities like
roads, electricity,
drinking water,
sanitation,
education etc.,
provided by the
government.
EDUCATION
AND HEALTH Education and Health
INDICATORS facilities consider
to indicate
Develop-
ment.
Here is an illustration showing different
sources of livelihoods. Create a similar
illustration and write caption that would
describe their notion of development.
 K. Suresh, S.A., S.S.,
Z.P. (Boys) High School,
SRIKALAHASTI

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