MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY

Gender and Society with Peace Education Males have more amount of testosterone, and females have more amount of
MODULE 1 LESSON 1 estrogen.
Theorizing Gender and Sexuality Hormonal imbalances, both natural and induced, can result in someone born
as female to have more testosterone than her male counterpart.
Sexuality and sex are two highly important but underappreciated aspect of
human life. What is Sex?
Popular culture portray sex as an act of pleasure and, maybe more accurately Society typically tells us that there are two sexes: male and female. You may
in Freudian sense, as the motivation for people’s behavior. also be familiar with the fact that some people are intersex, or have a difference of
sexual development (DSD).
Female sex
- Producing egg cells that are fertilized by another sex and bearing offspring. Difference of Sexual Development (DSD)
- Used to describe chromosomes, anatomy, or sex characteristics that can’t be
Male sex categorized as exclusively male or female.
- Creates sperm, which are cells that fertilize the egg cells. o Genitalia
Some believe genitals determine sex, with males having
Chromosome XX penises and females having vaginas. However, this definition excludes
- Correspond to the female. some people with a DSD. It can also invalidate trans people who are
non-operative — those who don’t want to have bottom surgery — or
Chromosome XY pre-operative. For example, a transgender man — a person who was
- Correspond to male. assigned female at birth and identifies as a man — may have a vagina
but still identify as male.
Genitalia
- Reproductive organ, and secondary sex trait are significantly impacted by o Chromosomes
one’s X and Y chromosomes. We’re typically taught that people with XX chromosomes are
female and people with XY chromosomes are male.This excludes folks
Copulation with a DSD who may have different chromosomal configurations or
- Union of the sexes, generates offspring. other differences in sexual development. It also doesn’t account for
- These chromosomes determine whether someone’s body will express itself the fact that trans people often have chromosomes that don’t
as “female” or “male”. “match” their sex. A transgender woman, for example, can be female
but still have XY chromosomes.
Hormones also plays a large part in the definition of one’s sex. Physical
feature related secondary sex characteristics are also influenced by o Primary Sex Characteristics
hormones. We tend to associate a predominance of estrogen with
Both males and females have estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone but females and a predominance of testosterone with males. It’s
in varying amount. important to understand that every person has both of these
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
hormones.In fact, estradiol, the predominant form of estrogen, is - Genetic, hormonal, or anatomical variation that can make a person’s sex
critical to sexual function Trusted Source for people who were ambiguous.
assigned male at birth. Estradiol plays a significant role in sexual
arousal, sperm production, and erectile function. SOGIE
The concepts used to represent SOGIE are further described below:
o Secondary Sex Characteristics 1. The three aspect of sexuality are covered by sexual orientation:
Many secondary sex characteristics are easily identifiable. This a. Sexual arousal, sexual activity, and fantasy.
includes facial hair, breast tissue, and vocal range.Because of this, b. Self-identification, social preference, emotional preference, etc.
they’re often used to make quick assessments about sex. But c. Sexual orientation encompasses the person to whom one is attracted and
secondary sex characteristics vary greatly, regardless of whether how one identifies oneself or herself in connection to this attraction,
someone identifies with the sex they were assigned at birth. which includes both emotional and sexual impulses. Sexual orientation
Take facial hair, for example. Some people who were assigned can refer to a heterosexual or homosexual lifestyle.
female at birth may go on to develop facial hair, and some who were 2. The term "gender identity" describes a person's unique perspective on social
assigned male at birth may not grow any at all. roles or gender. It affects one's perception of themselves in terms of gender
and sexuality. It is possible for someone to identify as either male or female.
What is Gender? Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, intersex, and asexual is
Cisgender collectively referred to as LGBTQIA.
- A term used to describe an individual whose gender identity aligns with the 3. Gender expression affects how one exhibits their sexuality by their activities
one typically associated with the sex assigned to them at birth. or manner of presenting themselves.
- Term preferable to non-trans, biological or natal man or women.
Heterosexual
Gender nonconforming - Often known as straight.
- A person who views their gender identity as one of many possible genders - Are attracted to both members of the opposite sex groups – men who are
beyond strictly female or male. drawn to women and women who are attracted to men.

Transgender Homosexual
- A term that may be used to describe people whose gender expression does - Men who are drawn to men and women who are attracted to women.
not conform to the cultural norms and/or whose gender identity is different - All other persons who have feelings for the same gender sexuality and
from their sex assigned at birth. romantically.
- Umbrella term that encompasses a number of identities which transcend the
conventional expectations of gender identity and expression, including Lesbian
transgender man, transgender women, genderqueer, and gender expansive. - Refers to women who are attracted to other women.

Intersex Gay
- Describing a person whose biological sex is ambiguous. - Guys who are attracted to other men.
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
- Symbol system that enables people to give experience meaning.
Bisexual or “bi” - Contains all of humankind collective knowledge encoded into symbol that
- People that are attracted to both genders. enable users to understand what is taking place around them or within them
and how to react appropriately.
Transgender - It gives people system of shortcuts for meaningful interpretation and
- Somebody who assigned sex at birth does not correspond to their gender responses.
identification.
Culture Can Change
Why Equate Gender Issues with Women’s Issues Culture is superior to instinct because it is changeable or adaptable. It can
Sexism influence one’s understanding and behavior and is both learnt and inherited.
- The bias against a specific sex. People can effectively change their culture and their way of being in the
- Men are still viewed as powerful, leaders, and the norms in our patriarchal world during their lifetime, unlike instinct, which is typically coded and
culture, which puts women and LGBT people at danger for prejudice.e requires generation of mutation to be documented.
People are nearly always predisposed to behave in a certain way by their
Gender equality cultural system if a community denigrates and oppresses women.
- The state’s acceptance that all people are free to enjoy equal rights, realize When a culture’s meaning system is no longer conducive to human
their full potential and contribute to the state and society. flourishing, it can shift.

Women still have "limited access to resources, opportunities, and decision- Microaggressions
making," despite the fact that some people may argue that women have - Hostile, insulting, or unfavorable racial slights and insults that might have
equal possibilities because they are permitted to pursue an education, a potentially detrimental or unpleasant psychological effects on the target
livelihood, and political engagement. person or group.
Discriminatory gender roles can be institutionalized by laws and policies. - (against gender) refers to everyday behavior that subtly criticize one’s
However, men in a male-dominated culture have significant advantages over alleged limitations and social positions as a result of gender.
women and the LGBT in all domains - economic, political, social, etc. - It can have a negative impact on relationship as well as internalized feelings
Understanding the history of the women's movement will enable one to like guilt, resettlement, and wrath.
place women's and gender issues in their current context. - Microaggressions include situations where boys are made fun of for
partaking in typically feminine hobbies like housework or doll play.
MODULE 1 LESSON 2
Cultures, Socialization and Rationalities MODULE 1 LESSON 3
Gender Fair Language
Clifford Geertz
- He referred culture as frame of references. Thelma Kintanar and Angela Tongson focused on three aspect of language that
inform how gender is shaped in their 2014 book Gender-fair Language: A Primer,
Culture including how language articulates consciousness, reflects culture, and affects
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
socialization. Like gender stereotyping, language influences how one sees his or her nurses," "male nannies," or "male secretaries." Examples of this include "girl
own gender and perceives other people's gender. athlete," "woman doctor," "lady guard," and "working wives."
Women may be referred to as "darling" or "baby" by others who do not
Violations of Gender-Fair Language know them, giving the impression that they are immature or infantile.
Sexist language The treatment of women as objects, or as being objectified. Women are
- Uses sex-role stereotypes, microaggression, and sexual harassment to devalued when they are referred to as "honey," "sweets," or "chick,"
promote uneven gender relations. especially if they are in a setting that calls for formality, like the office.

The idea that men are in charge and represent the norm for all of mankind, and that Fostering Unequal Gender Relations
women don’t exist, is the foundation of the invisibilization of women. Some blatant Lack of parallelism in language encourages gender inequality.
instances of language’s invisibilization of women are: The phrase “man and wife” implies that women’s identities are merged and
The generic use of masculine pronouns or the use of a masculine general. moved into creatures in relation to their husbands, while males are still
The term "mankind" implies that males are the embodiment of all living assumed to be men.
things and that neither the existence nor the roles of women are
acknowledged. Similar to this, using the pronoun "guys" to refer to a group of Philippine Culture and Language
people who are both male and female presupposes that girls are invisible and Western powers and ideas had an influence on the values and the
draws focus to the male gender, giving it a bigger presence. development of the educational system. Filipinos exhibit a variety of
The presumption that men undertake particular tasks or jobs rather than identities, blending both domestic and foreign viewpoints and beliefs.
people of both sexes. For instance, the phrases "The farmers and their wives
tilled the land" or "The politicians and their wives lobbied for change" Identities and Naming Things
presuppose that men can hold positions of power such as those of farmers Women who experienced date rape had no term to describe what happened
and politicians, while women who perform the same tasks are still referred to to them, but naming their experience helped them come to terms with their
as wives and have their identities inextricably linked to being married to their issue. Similarly, women who experienced workplace harassment had no term
husbands. to describe the act, but naming the act helped women around the world put
The usage of phrases or job titles that finish in "man" to allude to roles that mechanisms that would address workplace harassment.
can be filled by either gender. For example, the terms "businessman" and
"chairman" imply that all such people are men and that particular positions Betty Friedan
might not be appropriate for women, which is untrue. - He provided another illustrations of “the problem that has no name.”

Trivialization of Women 1963

Calling attention to a person's gender, if she is a woman. When a person's - The Feminine Mystique.
name is used with the pronoun "lady," "girl," or "woman," the emphasis is on
the person's gender rather than their position or role. This idea also holds The Feminine Mystique
true for men who enter traditionally female occupations such as "male - It was, in Friedan's words, the unhappiness that American middleclass
housewives experienced from the 1950s to the 1960s.
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
- Friedan was able to highlight the structural oppression experienced by
housewives by naming the problem that her fellow domestic workers were
experiencing. Despite having their basic needs met, housewives were unable
to take charge of their lives because of the restriction’s society places on
their reproductive roles.

Sexist Language and Culture

Language that discourages particular behaviors based on a person's gender is
an example of externalized social control.
The trivialization and commercialization of women are typical sexist linguistic
themes. Advertising, entertainment, and the arts are all guilty of sexist
depictions of women.
Violence against women and children is made acceptable or tolerated by the
normalization of sexism. By promoting the belief that particular words and
qualities should only be associated with specific genders, gender
stereotyping can help to promote sexism.

Toward a Gender-Fair Language

Liza Maza
- The National President of the Women’s party and a member of the party list
for GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity,
Equality, Leadership, and Action), demanded that all official correspondence
and documents in the House of Representatives be free of all sexist language.
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
Science, Technology, and Society 5. Differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology by growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. Engine of growth.
Science 7. Intervention for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
- Concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history engineering.
of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable
physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. Society
- Done through observations of natural phenomena, and/or through - The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that
experimentation that tries to stimulate natural processes under controlled we engage in to figures things out and to make things a group of individual
conditions. involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the
- Knowledge about or study of the natural world base on facts learned through same geographical or societal territory, typically subject to the same political
experiments and observations. authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Technology Science, Technology and Society (STS)

- Science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent - Study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and
useful tools. technological innovation, and how these, in turn affect, society, politics, and
culture.
How is Science used in Technology? - A relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn’s
Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
systematic observation and experiment. Through science, we develop new - Result of a “sociological turn” in science studies.
technologies. - Makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially
Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical intertwined and that they are each profoundly social and profoundly
purpose. political.
Scientist use technology in all their experiments.
How Science and Technology Affect Society
The Role of Science and Technology By making life easier, science given man the chance to pursue societal
1. Alter the way people live, connect, communicate, and transact, with concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures;
profound effects on economic development. and to improve human conditions.
2. Key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions Science influences society through its knowledge and world view.
underpin economic advances, improvements in health system, education and
infrastructure. History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
3. The technological revolutions of the 21 st century are emerging from entirely Department of Science and Technology
new sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio- - Main managing agency responsible for science and technology.
technology and nano-technology.
4. Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. Fe del Mundo
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
- National scientist who have contributed in the field of Pediatrics. Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively
neglected.
Eduardo Quisumbing The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European Visitors to the
- Contributed in the field of Plant Taxonomy. Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were
probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by
Gavino Trono the Age of Enlightenment.
- Contributed in the field of Tropical Marine Phycology.
American Period
Maria Orosa The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under
- Contributed in the field of Food Technology. American rule of the islands.

July 1, 1901
Pre-Spanish Era - The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government
Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior.
plant and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
They already had an alphabet, number system, and weighing and measuring Bureau of Government Laboratories
system and a calendar. - Was replaced by the Laboratorio Municipal which was established
Filipinos were engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving. under the Spanish colonial rule.
o Banaue Rice Terraces - The bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
- Among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- projects.
Spanish era Filipinos.
October 26, 1905
Spanish Colonial Era - The Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions. of Science.
During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Parish schools were
established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was December 8, 1933
taught. - The National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
Sanitation and more advanced method of agriculture was taught to natives.
Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago Science during the American period was inclined toward agriculture, food
including the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy.
Tomas. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine Colonial Economy. to free trade policy with United States which nurtured an economy geared
Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the toward agriculture and trade.
prospect of big profits.
1946
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
- The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in
the cabinet.
In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a
lack of basic information which were necessities to the country’s industries, Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992
lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific - Science and technology’s role in economic recovery and sustained
research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. economic growth was highlighted.

Science Act of 1958 During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that
- It was passed by the Philippine Congress in 1958 during the regime of science and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities
President Carlos P. Garcia which established the National Science of the government towards an economic recovery.
Development.
August 8, 1988
Post Commonwealth Era - Corazon Aquino created a the Presidential Task Force for Science and
1970s Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology
- It was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos presidency were the Master Plan or STMP.
importance given to science grew.
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1 - Its goal was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country
- The government’s role in supporting scientific research and invention status by the year 2000.
was acknowledge.
Ceferin Follosco
1974 - A former Science and Technology secretary which he reported that
- A science development program was included in the government’s the budget allocation for science and technology was increased to
Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974-1978. 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year’s 464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the
National Science Development Board years 1990 and 1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million
- Was replaced by the National Science and Technology Authority pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to 1.7 billion
under Executive Order No. 784. pesos in 1992.
Paradigm Shift in History
1983 Paradigm
- A Scientific Career was introduced in the civil service. - A typical example or pattern of something.
- A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research
1986 methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate
- During the Corazon Aquino presidency, the National Science and contribution to a field.
Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
Paradigm shift world. It is not possible to compare paradigms and it is not possible to say
- A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions. whether one is more right than the other.
- Concept identified by the American Physicist and Philosopher Thomas Kuhn. - Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a
social unity. In contrast with Popper then Kuhn presents a descriptive theory
Thomas Kuhn in which Kuhn try to observe the factual scientific fields in order to
- He presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book, The understand how they function in practice.
Structure of Scientific Revolution (1962).
The Steps of the Kuhn Cycle
Why are Paradigm Shifts Important? 1. Pre-Science
Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within - Also called the pre-paradigm stage.
belief system. - The pre-step to the main Kuhn Cycle.
Within philosophy of science, this concept is sometimes considered - There is not yet a model of understanding (the field’s paradigm)
important and is sometimes given great attention with education. mature enough to solve the field’s main problem.
- The field has no workable paradigm to successfully guide its work.
Kuhn’s Paradigm
Thomas Samuel Kuhn 2. Normal Science
- July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996 - The regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and
- Was an American physicist, historian and philosopher of science whose experimenting within a settled paradigm or explanatory framework
controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolution was influential where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding that
in both academic and popular circles, a book about the history of science by works.
the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn.
- The Publication of his book was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, 3. Model Drift
and sociology of scientific knowledge. - The model of understanding starts to rift, due to accumulation of
anomalies, and phenomenon, the model cannot explain.
Kuhn Cycle
- A simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal 4. Model Crisis
work, The Structure of Scientific Revolution. - The most important step of them all in the Kuhn Cycle.
Kuhn’s Paradigm - The model drift becomes so excessive the model is broken. It can no
- He showed this viewpoint was wrong. longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving.
- Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new - Attempt to patch the model up to make it work fail.
knowledge, each revolution triggered by introduction of new ways of thought
so large they must be called new paradigms. 5. Model Revolution
- Kuhn argues that paradigms change in scientific revolutions. Scientists go - Begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge. It's a
through a crisis and transition to a new paradigm, a new way of seeing the revolution because the new model is so radically different from the
old one.
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
- A field's model of understanding is undergoing revolutionary change. - He believed that the earth is the true center of all the orbital carrying the
The old model failed, which caused the Model Crisis step. heavenly bodies and all motion are uniform and unchanging.
- The Model Revolution step begins when one or more competing new
models emerge from the crisis. Darwinian Revolutions
Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution
6. Paradigm Change - Suggested that all organism are related and have descended from a common
- Also called a paradigm shift. ancestor.
- Earlier step have created the new model of understanding (the new - Explains that complex creatures evolved naturally from simplistic ancestors
paradigm) over time.
- In the Paradigm Change step the new paradigm is taught to - Proposed the “natural selection”, organism survived due to random genetic
newcomers to the field, as well as to those already in it. When the mutation leading to the preservation of their descendants.
new paradigm becomes the generally accepted guide to one's work, o “Survival of the fittest” the better adapted a species is, the more
the step is complete. The field is now back to the Normal Science step fitted it is to reproduce.
and a Kuhn Cycle is complete. o Evolution is also a change in genetic composition of the population.

Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Freudian Revolution

Sigmund Freund
Intellectual Revolutions - Father of Psychoanalysis.
- Greek speculation about “nature” - He believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true
- Known as “Pre-Socratic” or “Non-theological or first philosophy” account of their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying, but
- First Philosophy (characteristic features) because they are more adept at self-deception.
 The world is a natural whole – supernatural forces do not make - Freund’s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious
anything happened. psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.
 There is a natural order – there are rules of nature o Personality
 Humans can discover those law. - Combination of characteristics and qualities that form an
Copernican Revolution individual an distinctive character.
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) - Major components:
- Astronomer and Mathematician who proposed that the sun was the 3 Components of the Mind Affecting Human Behavior
stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Id Id is made up of unconscious psychic energy
- Adopt the “heliocentric model” suggesting the idea that the sun is the center that work to satisfy basic needs, urges, and
of the solar system. desires.
- Published an essay “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres.  Present at birth
Super Ego Superego is composed of people’s internalized
Aristotle ideas acquired from parent’s society.
 Work to suppress the urges of the id
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
and tries to make the ego behave  Civil calendar - Haab
normally, rather than realistically.  Agriculture calendar - Aztec
 Ideas of right and wrong (conscience)  Ceremonial calendar – Tolkien Calendar
Ego Ego mediates the demand of the id, the
superego and the reality. Asian Civilization
 Work to satisfy the id’s desire in Worlds great early Asian Civilization: one from India and from China.
manner that is realistic and socially Civilization arose in the Indus Valley 4000 years ago.
appropriate. o People used weapon and utensils made of bronze and copper.
 Balance the needs of id and super ego. o Shops are established around Mohenjo-Daro.
Hinduism is based on the four sacred books, Vedas. This hold the record of
Information Revolution Indian history and beliefs, which were written by the Aryan people.
Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455. Buddhism embraces followers who praises Buddha (The enlightened one), in
Analytic engine by Agusta and Babbage in 1830 the person of Siddhartha Gautama.
First Telephone during 1870 o Siddhartha Gautama
Turing’s work during World War II. - a wanderer who believed that human greed and selfishness
lead to human pain.
Allan Turing (1912 – 1954) Confucianism is based on teaching of Confucius.
- Provided a fundamental contribution to computer sciences by refining the o Emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of
concepts of algorithm and computation. social relationships, justice and sincerity.
 Turing machine
 Turing test – thinking machines in artificial intelligence. Great Wall of China was built to protect themselves from the invasions of
“barbarians” from other parts of Asia.
Mesoamerican Civilization
Regions and cultural areas in the Americas, extending to the countries in Middle East Civilization
South America, The home of the “Cradle of Civilization”, many of the world’s oldest cultures
o Cultivation of cacoa, corn, beans, tomato, squash and chili. and civilization were seen.
o “Three Sisters”, the main food sources including beans, corn, and The history started from the earliest human settlement continuing through
squash. pre- and post- Islamic Empires.
o Cotton plants were used to make textile, and rubber trees were used Developed the following:
to make rubber balls (for performance games and rituals). o First writing system in the world – cuneiform
o Combined crop rotation and slash-and-burn technique to retain soil o Potter’s wheel, vehicular and mill wheel
nutrients. o First generalized governments and law codes
o Formed terraces along the mountain slopes.
o First to use irrigation techniques. African Civilization
o Known to be the first to create the calendar.
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
Lineage and culture achievements include the field of Mathematics, A. Ancient Times
Astronomy, Metallurgy, Agriculture and Engineering, Navigation and - People were concerned of transportations and navigations,
Medicine. communication, and record keeping, mass production, security,
o In Math, they developed the Yoruba System. protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.
 Yoruba System
→ Based on unit of 20 instead of 10 and required o Sumerian Civilization
impressive amount of subtraction to identify different - Sumeria is located in the southernmost tip of ancient
numbers. Mesopotamia.
- Known for high degree in cooperation with one
African Stonehenge was considered as remarkably accurate calendar. another and desire for great things.
Advances in Metallurgy and tool making. o Egyptian civilization
African empire of Egypt developed diverse structures and great architectural - Famous for its legacy which is located in North Africa.
monuments along the Nile River. - Engineering technologies.
o Great Pyramid of Giza o Greek civilization
o Great Sphinx of Giza - Archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
Used plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for bacteria, and extracts to kill - Birthplace of western philosophy
Gram positive bacteria. - Major achievments: in-depth works on philosophy and
Medicine in Africa is more advance than in Europe, which performed mathematics
procedures: o Roman civilization
o Vaccinations - Roman empire was perceived to be the strongest
o Autopsy political and social entity in the west.
o Filling the dental cavities - Cradle of politics and governance.
o Installation of false teeth. - Other civilization look up to it as their model in terms
o Limb traction of legislation and codified laws.
o Anesthesia o Chinese civilization
o Broken bone setting - Oldest civilization in Asia.
o Tissue cauterization - Middle kingdom.
o Bullet removal - China is located on the far east of Asia.
o Brain surgery - Famous on silk trade.
o Skin grafting
B. Medieval/ Middle Age
- Its beginning was marred by massive invasion and migration.
Module based:
Contribution of Each Civilization
Lesson 1: Historical Antecedent
1. Mesopotamian Civilization
 MIDTERMS FIRST SEMESTER - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE – BS ACCOUNTANCY
-