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Governments, Systems, and Regimes

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Governments, Systems, and Regimes

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This presentation, "Governments, Systems and Regimes," by Solomon Assefa (2023), analyzes different
forms of government, exploring the distinctions between governments, political systems, and regimes. It
examines various regime types, including democracies (Western polyarchies, new democracies), East
Asian regimes, Islamic regimes, and military regimes, contrasting their structures, values, and methods
of rule. The presentation also traces historical perspectives on classifying governments, referencing
Aristotle's typology and the "three-world" classification of the 20th century. Finally, it defines key terms
such as absolutism, dictatorship, and coup d'état.

Prepare 100 question with details answer

Okay, here are 100 questions with detailed answers, based on the provided sources, covering the
concepts of governments, systems, and regimes.

Understanding Government

1.

What is the broadest definition of government?

Government, in its broadest sense, refers to any mechanism through which ordered rule is maintained.
It includes the ability to make collective decisions and the capacity to enforce them.

2.

What are the core functions of government?

○

The core functions of government are to make law (legislation), implement law (execution), and
interpret law (adjudication).

Political Systems

3.

What is a political system?

A political system is a network of relationships through which a government generates policies in

response to demands or support from the general public.

4.

How is a political system a 'system'?

It is a system in that there are interrelationships within a complex whole.

5.

How is a political system 'political'?

It is political in that the interrelationships relate to the distribution of power, wealth, and resources in
society.

6.

How can political regimes be characterized?

Political regimes can be characterized by the organization of economic life and by the governmental
processes through which they operate.

7.

Is a political system a subsystem of a larger system?

Yes, a political system is a subsystem of the larger social system.

Regimes

8.

What is a regime?

A regime is a 'system of rule' that endures despite the fact that governments come and go.

9.

How do regimes differ from governments in terms of change?

Governments can be changed by elections, dynastic succession, or coups, while regimes are typically
changed by military intervention from without or revolutionary upheaval from within.

Classifying Political Systems

10.

Why is classifying systems of government important?

Classification is an essential aid to the understanding of politics and government.

It also facilitates evaluation rather than just analysis.

11.

How did Aristotle categorize governments?

Aristotle categorized governments based on two questions: "Who rules?" and "Who benefits from
rule?".

He identified six forms of government based on whether government was conducted for the benefit of
the rulers or the entire community.

12.
According to Aristotle, what are the "perverted" forms of government? * Aristotle considered tyranny,
oligarchy, and democracy as perverted forms where a single person, a small group, and the masses,
respectively, governed in their own interests at the expense of others.

13.

What forms of government did Aristotle prefer? * Aristotle preferred monarchy, aristocracy, and polity,
where the individual, small group, and the masses governed in the interests of all.

14.

Why did Aristotle consider tyranny the worst possible constitution?

Because tyranny reduced citizens to the status of slaves.

15.

What was Aristotle's view on popular rule?

Aristotle criticized popular rule, believing that the masses would resent the wealth of the few and could
easily fall under the sway of a demagogue.

16.

What type of constitution did Aristotle advocate for?

Aristotle advocated a 'mixed' constitution combining elements of democracy and aristocracy.

17.

Who did Aristotle believe should hold the power in a mixed constitution?

Aristotle believed that government should be left in the hands of the 'middle classes,' those who were
neither rich nor poor.

18.

What is a demagogue?

○
A demagogue is a political leader whose control over the masses is based on the ability to whip up
hysterical enthusiasm.

19.

What is republicanism?

Republicanism is the principle that political authority stems from the consent of the people and rejects
monarchical and dynastic principles.

Modern Regimes

20.

How was the world divided in the early 20th century regarding regimes?

The world was primarily divided into democratic states and totalitarian states.

21.

What is polyarchy?

Polyarchy (literally, 'rule by many') refers generally to the institutions and political processes of modern
representative democracy.

22.

How does polyarchy relate to democracy?

Polyarchy can be seen as a rough or crude approximation of democracy, in that it operates through
institutions that force rulers to take account of the public's wishes.

23.

What are the central features of democracy, according to Dahl (1989)?

Central features of democracy are: government is based on election, elections are free and fair,
practically all adults can vote, the right to run for office is unrestricted, free expression, the right to
criticize and protest, access to alternative sources of information, and groups/associations with
independence from government.

24.

What is a liberal democratic state?

A liberal democratic state is a political regime where a commitment to limited government is combined
with a belief in popular rule.

25.

What are the key features of a liberal democratic state?

The right to rule is gained through regular and competitive elections, constraints on government are
imposed by a constitution, institutional checks and balances, and protections for individual and minority
rights, and there is a vigorous civil society.

26.

What terms are often used interchangeably with liberal democracy?

The terms liberal democracy and pluralist democracy are often used interchangeably.

27.

What is totalitarianism?

Totalitarianism is an all-encompassing system of political rule, typically established by pervasive

ideological manipulation and open terror.

28.

How does totalitarianism differ from autocracy and authoritarianism?

Totalitarianism seeks to politicize every aspect of social and personal existence, not just suppress
political opposition.

29.
What is the "six-point syndrome" used to identify totalitarian regimes?

The "six-point syndrome" includes: an official ideology, a one-party state led by an all-powerful leader, a
system of terroristic policing, a monopoly of mass communication, a monopoly of armed combat, and
state control of all aspects of economic life.

30.

What is authoritarianism?

Authoritarianism is a belief in or practice of government 'from above', in which authority is exercised

regardless of popular consent.

31.

How does authoritarianism differ from authority?

Authoritarianism differs from authority because authority rests on legitimacy, and so arises 'from
below'.

32.

What do authoritarian regimes emphasize?

Authoritarian regimes emphasize the claims of authority over those of individual liberty.

33.

How does authoritarianism differ from totalitarianism?

Authoritarianism seeks to exclude the masses from politics, rather than abolish civil society.

34.

What is absolutism?

○
Absolutism is the theory or practice of absolute government, commonly associated with an absolute
monarchy.

35.

In what sense is government considered 'absolute' in absolutism?

Government is considered ‘absolute’ in that it possesses unfettered power.

It cannot be constrained by any body external to itself.

36.

What is the basis of the absolutist principle?

The absolutist principle resides in the claim to an unlimited right to rule, such as divine right.

37.

Is absolutism based on arbitrary power?

No, absolutism is based on a principled claim, whether religious or rational. It does not necessarily invest
government with arbitrary power.

38.

What is a dictatorship?

A dictatorship is a form of rule where absolute power is vested in one individual, synonymous with
autocracy.

39.

How do dictators act?

Dictators act as though they are above the law and beyond constitutional constraints.

40.
What are some early and more recent examples of dictators?

Early examples include Sulla, Julius Caesar, and Augustus Caesar, and more recent ones include Hitler,
Mussolini, and Saddam Hussein.

41.

What characterizes dictatorship generally?

Dictatorship is generally characterized by the arbitrary and unchecked exercise of power.

42.

What types of dictatorships are classified?

Dictatorships are classified as party dictatorships, military dictatorships, and personal dictatorships.

The Three-Worlds Classification

43.

How was the world divided in the second half of the 20th century?

The world was divided into three categories: capitalist 'first world', communist 'second world', and
developing 'third world'.

44.

What dimensions did this three-world classification have?

The classification had economic, ideological, political, and strategic dimensions.

45.

How did the capitalist world compare to the other worlds economically?

The capitalist world, with only 15% of the world’s population, generated 63% of the world’s GDP.
46.

How did the communist world compare to the other worlds economically?

Communist regimes, with 33% of the world's population, produced 19% of the world's GDP.

47.

How did less developed countries compare to the other worlds economically? * The less-developed
countries, with 52% of the world's population, produced 18% of the world's GDP.

48.

What principles were the first world ideologically wedded to?

The first world was wedded to 'capitalist' principles, such as private enterprise, material incentives, and
the free market.

49.

How did the first world practice politics?

The first world practiced liberal-democratic politics based on competitive struggle for power at election
time.

50.

What values was the second world committed to?

The second world was committed to 'communist' values, such as social equality, collective endeavor,
and the need for centralized planning.

51.

What type of political system was common in the second world?

The second world was politically comprised of one-party states, dominated by 'ruling' communist
parties.
52.

What were typical third-world regimes?

Third world regimes were typically authoritarian, and governed by traditional monarchs, dictators, or
the army.

53.

What was the global political context of the three-worlds classification?

The three-worlds classification was underpinned by a bipolar world order, in which a USA-dominated
West confronted a USSR-dominated East.

54.

When did the three-worlds classification end?

The three-worlds classification ended between 1989 and 1991.

55.

What did Francis Fukuyama claim regarding the "end of history"?

Francis Fukuyama proclaimed the "end of history", meaning that the ideological debate had effectively
ended with the worldwide triumph of Western liberal democracy.

56.

According to Fukuyama, why were second and third-world regimes collapsing?

They were collapsing as a result of the recognition that only the capitalist first world offered the
prospect of economic prosperity and political stability.

Regimes of the Modern World

57.

How many regime types can be identified in the modern world?

○

Five regime types can be identified in the modern world.

58.

What are the five regime types of the modern world?

The five regime types are western polyarchies, new democracies, East Asian regimes, Islamic regimes,
and military regimes.

59.

What are western polyarchies equivalent to?

Western polyarchies are broadly equivalent to regimes categorized as 'liberal democracies', or simply
'democracies'.

60.

Where are the heartlands of western polyarchies?

Their heartlands are North America, western Europe, and Australia.

61.

What are the basic characteristics of western polyarchies?

They feature high tolerance of opposition, competitive party systems, widespread acceptance of liberal
individualism, institutionally guaranteed civil liberties, and a vigorous civil society.

62.

What is a crucial factor for western polyarchies to achieve a reliable level of popular responsiveness?

The crucial factor is the existence of regular and competitive elections.

63.

What are the two types of democracy exercised in western polyarchies?

●

'Majority' democracies and 'consensus' democracies.

64.

How are majority democracies organized?

They are organized along parliamentary lines according to the so-called 'Westminster model'.

65.

What is a single-party government?

A single-party government is where one party holds power and can dominate the political landscape.

66.

What does a fusion of powers entail?

A fusion of powers occurs when the executive and the assembly are closely connected and are not
clearly separated.

67.

What does a unicameral or weakly bicameral assembly mean?

This refers to a legislative body that has one or two chambers, where the second chamber has limited
power.

68.

What is a two-party system?

A two-party system has two major political parties that dominate the government.

69.

What is a unitary and centralized government?

○

A unitary and centralized government is where power is concentrated in the central government, with
limited power given to other levels of government.

70.

What is an uncodified constitution?

An uncodified constitution means there is not one single written constitution; the constitution is made
up of multiple documents and traditions.

71.

What is a sovereign assembly?

A sovereign assembly is one that has the highest authority and is not constrained by other bodies.

72.

What kind of societies do majority democracies work in?

They tend to work in homogeneous societies.

73.

What is consociational democracy?

A system of consociational democracy is appropriate for societies divided by deep religious, ideological,
regional, cultural, or other differences.

74.

What features are associated with consensual or pluralistic tendencies?

These tendencies include coalition government, a separation of powers, an effective bicameral system, a
multiparty system, proportional representation, federalism, a codified constitution, and a bill of rights.

75.
What kind of societies do consociational democracies work in?

They tend to work in heterogeneous societies.

76.

What are new democracies?

New democracies are regimes in which the process of democratic consolidation is incomplete.

77.

What characterizes new democracies?

They are characterized by the adoption of multiparty elections and market-based economic reforms.

78.

What strains do new democracies have to handle?

New democracies have to handle the strains produced by globalization and rapid internal change.

79.

What is evidence of the vulnerability of new democracies?

The re-emergence of the armed forces into politics is dramatic evidence of the vulnerability of new
democracies.

80.

What are the main principles of East Asian regimes?

The main principles are social harmony, respect for authority, and a belief in the family.

81.

How do East Asian regimes prioritize economic goals relative to political goals?
○

They prioritize economic growth and prosperity rather than individual freedom in the western sense of
civil liberty.

82.

How do East Asian regimes view strong government?

There is broad support for 'strong' government.

83.

What is the role of the state as a 'father figure' in East Asian regimes?

The state is seen as a 'father figure' that should guide private and public decisions and create national
development strategies.

84.

Why is there a general disposition to respect leaders in East Asian regimes?

This respect stems from the Confucian stress on loyalty, discipline, and duty.

85.

How has the rise of Islam impacted the political landscape?

The rise of Islam as a political force has had a profound effect on politics in North Africa, the Middle East,
and parts of Asia.

86.

What is the nature of Islam as a political force?

Islam is a complete way of life, defining moral, political, and economic behavior for individuals and
nations.

87.
What does political Islam aim to achieve?

Political Islam aims at the construction of a theocracy.

88.

What is a theocracy?

A theocracy is where political and other affairs are structured according to religious principles.

It is the principle that religious authority should prevail over political authority.

89.

How does a theocracy fill government posts?

Government posts are filled based on a person's position in the religious hierarchy.

90.

Why is theocratic rule illiberal?

It violates the public/private divide and invests political authority with unlimited power derived from
spiritual wisdom.

91.

Where is the fundamentalist version of Islam most commonly associated with?

The fundamentalist version of Islam is most commonly associated with Iran.

92.

What is the Iranian system of government a mix of?

It is a complex mix of theocracy and democracy.

93.

How does the Supreme Leader preside in Iran?

The Supreme Leader presides over a system of institutionalized clerical rule that operates through the
Islamic Revolutionary Council.

94.

What body ratifies all legislation in Iran?

The Council for the Protection of the Constitution, ensures that laws conform to Islamic principles.

95.

Where has military dictatorship been most common?

Military dictatorship has been most common in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast
Asia.

96.

What is a key feature of a military regime?

The key feature is that leading government posts are filled based on a person's position within the
military chain of command.

97.

How are normal political arrangements affected in a military regime?

Normal political and constitutional arrangements are suspended.

98.

What happens to institutions of opposition in a military regime?

○
Institutions through which opposition can be expressed, such as elected assemblies and a free press, are
weakened or abolished.

99.

What is a military junta?

A military junta is a form of collective military government centered on a command council of officers. It
usually represents the three armed services.

100.

What is a coup d'état? * A coup d’état is a sudden and forcible seizure of government power through
illegal and unconstitutional action.

Prepare 100 multiple choice with answer

Okay, here are 100 multiple-choice questions based on the provided sources, with the correct answers
indicated:

1.

In its broadest sense, government refers to: a) A specific political party b) Any mechanism through which
ordered rule is maintained c) The head of state d) A system of courts Correct Answer: b

2.

The core functions of government are to: a) Make laws, declare war, and collect taxes b) Make law,
implement law, and interpret law c) Control the economy and regulate business d) Provide education,
health care and security Correct Answer: b

3.

A political system can be described as: a) A system only in so far as there are interrelationships within a
whole. b) A network of relationships through which the government generates "outputs" in response to
"inputs" from the public c) The interaction of the different branches of government. d) A system of
institutions and social order. Correct Answer: b

4.

A political system is considered "political" because: a) It deals with voting and elections b) It relates to
the distribution of power, wealth and resources in society c) It is associated with political parties and
their ideologies d) It involves international relations and diplomacy Correct Answer: b
5.

A regime is best defined as: a) A temporary government in power b) A 'system of rule' that endures
despite changes in government c) A set of laws and regulations d) An economic system Correct Answer:
b

6.

Governments can be changed through: a) Military intervention only b) Revolutionary upheaval c)

Elections, dynastic succession or coups d'état d) Referendums Correct Answer: c

7.

Regimes can be changed by: a) Elections and constitutional amendments b) Military intervention from
without, or revolutionary upheaval from within c) Public opinion and social movements d) International
treaties Correct Answer: b

8.

According to the text, classifying political systems is essential for: a) Facilitating analysis b) Facilitating
evaluation c) Understanding politics and government d) All of the above Correct Answer: d

9.

Aristotle categorized governments based on: a) The level of economic development b) The number of
political parties c) Who rules and who benefits from the rule d) Geographical factors and trade Correct
Answer: c

10.

According to Aristotle, tyranny is: a) A government that is ruled by the people. b) A form of government
where the ruler is in the interests of all people c) A debased form of rule in which a single person
governs in their own interest d) A form of government in which the masses govern Correct Answer: c

11.

According to Aristotle, monarchy is: a) A debased form of government b) A preferred form of

government where the individual rules in the interest of all c) A form of government with no political
structure d) A form of government where power is split equally Correct Answer: b

12.

According to Aristotle, polity is: a) A government that benefits the wealthy b) A preferred form of
government where the many rule in the interests of all c) A form of government where no law exists d)
A government ruled by a few who benefit from their power Correct Answer: b

13.
Aristotle considered tyranny to be: a) The best form of government b) Acceptable, but flawed c) The
worst of all possible constitutions d) A necessary form of government in times of crisis Correct Answer: c

14.

According to the sources, Aristotle advocated for a mixed constitution that combined elements of: a)
Monarchy and tyranny b) Democracy and oligarchy c) Democracy and aristocracy d) Theocracy and
monarchy Correct Answer: c

15.

Aristotle's ideal mixed constitution was meant to put government in the hands of the: a) Very wealthy b)
Poor masses c) 'Middle classes' d) Military Correct Answer: c

16.

A demagogue is a political leader who controls the masses by: a) Using reasoned argument and evidence
b) Offering material incentives c) Whipping up hysterical enthusiasm d) Engaging in diplomatic
negotiations Correct Answer: c

17.

Republicanism is based on the principle that: a) Power is inherited through dynasties b) Political
authority stems from the consent of the people c) Monarchy is the most legitimate form of government
d) The military should control the government Correct Answer: b

18.

According to the text, the 20th century world was initially divided into: a) Capitalist and communist
states b) Democratic and totalitarian states c) Monarchies and republics d) Developed and developing
countries Correct Answer: b

19.

Polyarchy refers to: a) A system with many political parties. b) The rule of a few. c) The institutions and
processes of modern representative democracy d) A system of many independent monarchies. Correct
Answer: c

20.

According to the text, polyarchy operates through: a) Institutions that allow rulers to disregard the
wishes of the public. b) Institutions that allow rulers to take account of the public's wishes c) Direct
democratic participation d) A system of arbitrary and unchecked power Correct Answer: b

21.
A central feature of polyarchy is that: a) Government is based on hereditary succession b) Government is
based on election c) Government is based on military power d) Government is based on the religious
leaders Correct Answer: b

22.

In a polyarchy, elections should be: a) Held with a small number of voters b) Free and fair c) Monitored
by the military d) Controlled by the ruling elite Correct Answer: b

23.

In a polyarchy, the right to run for office is: a) Restricted to a specific social class b) Restricted to
religious leaders c) Unrestricted d) Controlled by the ruling party Correct Answer: c

24.

In a polyarchy, there is generally: a) Limited free expression b) No right to criticize the government c)
Free expression and a right to criticize and protest d) Strict control of the media Correct Answer: c

25.

In a polyarchy, groups and associations should be: a) Fully controlled by the government b) Fully aligned
with the ruling party c) Relatively independent from the government d) Limited in their activities and
influence Correct Answer: c

26.

A liberal democratic state blends which two concepts? a) A belief in dictatorship and popular rule b) A
liberal commitment to limited government and a democratic belief in popular rule c) A belief in no
government and an anarchist position d) A rejection of popular rule and a belief in one ruler. Correct
Answer: b

27.

In a liberal democratic state, the right to rule is gained through: a) Hereditary succession b) Success in
regular and competitive elections c) Military conquest d) Religious endorsement Correct Answer: b

28.

Liberal democracies are typically based on: a) Restricted voting rights b) Universal adult suffrage c)
Voting rights based on wealth d) Voting rights based on religious affiliation Correct Answer: b

29.

A key feature of a liberal democratic state is: a) unlimited governmental power b) constraints on
government imposed by a constitution c) a government that does not acknowledge rights d) a political
system controlled by one party. Correct Answer: b
30.

A liberal democratic state generally includes: a) A controlled economy b) A private enterprise economy
c) A fully state-controlled press d) A controlled economy and limited press Correct Answer: b

31.

Totalitarianism is defined as: a) A system that only suppresses political opposition b) An all-
encompassing system of political rule c) A system that only controls the economy d) A system that
ignores all ideological manipulation. Correct Answer: b

32.

Totalitarianism typically uses: a) Public debate and free elections b) Pervasive ideological manipulation
and open terror c) Respect for individual rights d) Minimal governmental power Correct Answer: b

33.

Totalitarian regimes seek to: a) Only focus on economics b) Politicize every aspect of social and personal
existence c) Respect people's personal life d) Focus only on the military. Correct Answer: b

34.

A characteristic of totalitarian regimes is: a) Free speech and open debate b) A one-party state, usually
led by an all-powerful leader c) A free press and access to information d) Multiple competing power
groups. Correct Answer: b

35.

Totalitarian states often have: a) A lack of policing b) A system of terroristic policing c) A diverse number
of police and security units d) A lack of state power. Correct Answer: b

36.

Totalitarian regimes typically have: a) Multiple sources of information available b) A monopoly of the
means of mass communication c) A diverse array of news services d) Open debate in mass media.
Correct Answer: b

37.

Totalitarian regimes have: a) A limited military and reliance on the goodwill of the people b) A monopoly
of the means of armed combat c) A military that serves as a civilian entity. d) A lack of interest in the
military. Correct Answer: b

38.
A totalitarian state exercises: a) Limited control of the economy b) State control of all aspects of
economic life c) An economic system based on private ownership d) No economic control. Correct
Answer: b

39.

Authoritarianism is a belief in, or practice of: a) Government that is based on consent from the people.
b) Government from 'above', where authority is exercised regardless of popular consent c) Government
with little to no political power. d) Government based on popular rule. Correct Answer: b

40.

Authoritarian regimes emphasize: a) The protection of individual liberty b) The claims of authority over
individual liberty c) The rights of the people to decide how they are governed d) A commitment to the
freedom of the individual. Correct Answer: b

41.

Authoritarianism is associated with: a) Full participation of the masses in politics b) Monarchical

absolutism and traditional dictatorships c) Wide individual freedom. d) The power of the people. Correct
Answer: b

42.

Authoritarian regimes seek to: a) Abolish civil society b) Exclude the masses from politics c) Incorporate
all people in politics d) Make no distinction between civil society and government. Correct Answer: b

43.

Absolutism is most commonly associated with: a) Democracies b) Absolute monarchy c) Military

dictatorships d) Totalitarian states Correct Answer: b

44.

In an absolutist system, the government possesses: a) Limited power b) Unfettered power c) Power that
is restricted by the constitution d) Power that is granted to the people. Correct Answer: b

45.

In an absolutist system, government cannot be constrained by: a) The people b) A body external to itself
c) The rule of law d) A system of courts Correct Answer: b

46.

The absolutist principle resides in the claim to: a) Unchallengeable power b) An unlimited right to rule c)
The ability to negotiate with other governments d) Control over the economic system. Correct Answer: b

47.
Absolutism is based on a principled claim, whether: a) Popular or military b) Religious or rational c)
Economic or social d) Political or historical. Correct Answer: b

48.

Dictatorship is a form of rule where absolute power is vested in: a) A small group b) One individual c)
The military d) The ruling party. Correct Answer: b

49.

Dictatorship is synonymous with: a) Democracy b) Autocracy c) Polyarchy d) Theocracy Correct Answer:

b

50.

Dictators are seen as being: a) Subject to the rule of law b) Above the law c) Accountable to the people
d) Responsible to the court. Correct Answer: b

51.

Dictators are characterized by: a) A collaborative leadership b) The arbitrary and unchecked exercise of
power c) Their commitment to following the constitution d) Their respect for individual rights. Correct
Answer: b

52.

The text classifies dictatorship into: a) 'Party dictatorship', 'military dictatorship' and 'personal
dictatorship' b) 'Religious dictatorship', 'monarchial dictatorship' and 'economic dictatorship' c)
'Democractic dictatorship' , 'authoritarian dictatorship' and 'popular dictatorship'. d) 'Communist
dictatorship', 'capitalist dictatorship' and 'socialist dictatorship'. Correct Answer: a

53.

In the second half of the 20th century, the world was divided into: a) 'first world' and 'second world' b)
Capitalist, communist and developing countries c) Democratic and autocratic states d) Monarchies and
republics Correct Answer: b

54.

The three-worlds classification included which dimension? a) Economic b) Ideological c) Political d) All of
the above Correct Answer: d

55.

In 1983, capitalist countries generated what percentage of the world's GDP? a) 19 percent b) 18 percent
c) 63 percent d) 52 percent Correct Answer: c

56.
In 1983, the communist regimes generated what percentage of the world's GDP? a) 63 percent b) 18
percent c) 52 percent d) 19 percent Correct Answer: d

57.

In 1983, the less developed countries produced what percentage of the world's GDP? a) 63 percent b)
19 percent c) 18 percent d) 52 percent Correct Answer: c

58.

The first world was ideologically wedded to: a) Communist principles b) Capitalist principles c)
Authoritarian principles d) Theocratic principles Correct Answer: b

59.

The first world was characterized by the practice of: a) One party states. b) Liberal-democratic politics c)
Authoritarian governments d) Theocracy. Correct Answer: b

60.

The second world was committed to: a) Capitalist principles b) Communist values c) Military control d)
Theocracies Correct Answer: b

61.

Second world political systems were dominated by: a) Ruling monarchies b) Ruling communist parties c)
Military dictatorships d) Multiple parties. Correct Answer: b

62.

Third world regimes were often: a) Democratic b) Authoritarian c) Based on multiple political parties d)
Based on civil liberties and freedoms. Correct Answer: b

63.

Third world regimes were governed by: a) Monarchs, dictators or simply, the army b) Communist parties
c) Liberal democratic parties d) No central power. Correct Answer: a

64.

The three-worlds classification was underpinned by: a) A unipolar world order b) A bipolar world order
c) A multipolar world order d) No world order. Correct Answer: b

65.

The three-worlds classification ended around: a) 1945-48 b) 1989-91 c) 2001-2003 d) 2010-2012 Correct
Answer: b
66.

Francis Fukuyama proclaimed the "end of history," which meant: a) That history had no future b) That
ideological debate had ended with the worldwide triumph of western liberal democracy c) That
communism had triumphed d) That war was no longer a possibility. Correct Answer: b

67.

The sources identify how many regime types in the modern world? a) Two b) Three c) Five d) Ten
Correct Answer: c

68.

Which of the following is identified as a modern regime type? a) Western polyarchies b) New
theocracies c) Communist states d) Military monarchies Correct Answer: a

69.

Which of the following is identified as a modern regime type? a) New dictatorships b) New democracies
c) Old regimes d) Military monarchies Correct Answer: b

70.

Which of the following is identified as a modern regime type? a) New monarchies b) Old democracies c)
East Asian regimes d) Old totalitarian states Correct Answer: c

71.

Which of the following is identified as a modern regime type? a) New communist states b) Islamic
regimes c) Old capitalist states d) Old military states. Correct Answer: b

72.

Which of the following is identified as a modern regime type? a) Old monarchies b) Military regimes c)
Old totalitarian states d) Old capitalist regimes. Correct Answer: b

73.

Western polyarchies are broadly equivalent to: a) Military regimes b) Islamic regimes c) Liberal
democracies d) Totalitarian states Correct Answer: c

74.

The heartlands of Western polyarchies are in: a) Africa b) North America, Western Europe, and Australia
c) South America d) The Middle East. Correct Answer: b

75.
Western polyarchies are characterized by: a) High tolerance of opposition b) Limited individual rights. c)
Limited civil liberties d) Limited press and media freedom Correct Answer: a

76.

Western polyarchies generally have: a) One party systems b) Competitive party systems c) Non
competitive electoral systems d) No electoral process. Correct Answer: b

77.

Western polyarchies show widespread acceptance of: a) Collectivism b) Liberal individualism c)

Authoritarian principles d) Totalitarian principles Correct Answer: b

78.

Western polyarchies generally have: a) Limited civil liberties. b) Institutionally guaranteed and protected
civil liberties c) No civil liberties. d) Guaranteed civil liberties based on religion. Correct Answer: b

79.

Western polyarchies are also characterized by: a) An unfree press b) A vigorous and healthy civil society
c) Limited opportunity for political participation d) State control of civil society. Correct Answer: b

80.

The crucial factor in western polyarchies is the existence of: a) One party rule b) Regular and competitive
elections c) Political violence d) Limited political engagement. Correct Answer: b

81.

Majority democracies are organized along: a) Theocracy b) Parliamentary lines, or the Westminster
model c) One party systems d) Military principles. Correct Answer: b

82.

Which of these features is NOT associated with majoritarian tendencies? a) Single party government b)
Unitary and centralized government c) An uncodified constitution d) A coalition government Correct
Answer: d

83.

Which of these features is NOT associated with majoritarian tendencies? a) Single member plurality
electoral system b) Fusion of powers between executive and assembly c) A multi party system with
proportional representation d) An assembly that is either unicameral or weakly bicameral Correct
Answer: c

84.
Consociational democracy is appropriate for societies divided by: a) A singular religious outlook b) Deep
religious, ideological, regional, cultural or other differences c) A unitary system of political control d) A
unified cultural perspective. Correct Answer: b

85.

Consensual or pluralistic tendencies are often associated with: a) One party government. b) Coalition
government c) Single party government with a weak leader. d) No government at all. Correct Answer: b

86.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) A fusion of powers b) A

separation of powers c) A single party system d) A unitary government. Correct Answer: b

87.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) Unicameral or weakly

bicameral system. b) An effective bicameral system c) A sovereign assembly. d) A single party assembly
Correct Answer: b

88.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) A two-party system b) A

multiparty system c) A one party system d) No political parties. Correct Answer: b

89.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) A single-member plurality

electoral system b) Proportional representation c) No representation. d) A single party representation.
Correct Answer: b

90.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) Unitary and centralized
government b) Federalism c) No government. d) A strong unified single party state. Correct Answer: b

91.

Which of these features is associated with consociational tendencies? a) An uncodified constitution. b) A

codified constitution c) No constitution. d) A sovereign assembly. Correct Answer: b

92.

New democracies are characterized by: a) Complete democratic consolidation b) The adoption of
multiparty elections c) A lack of market-based economic reforms d) Limited political participation.
Correct Answer: b

93.
New democracies are characterized by: a) No economic development b) Market based economic
reforms c) State controlled economies. d) No economic reforms. Correct Answer: b

94.

New democracies often lack: a) Strong economic development b) Developed democratic political
cultures c) A strong political leader. d) A single unified political system Correct Answer: b

95.

New democracies are vulnerable due to: a) Lack of engagement with the world. b) External forces of
globalization c) Strong economic systems. d) Lack of social and economic change. Correct Answer: b

96.

A sign of vulnerability in a new democracy is: a) The reduction of the armed forces b) The re-emergence
of the armed forces into politics c) A lack of army. d) The control of the army by the people. Correct
Answer: b

97.

East Asian regimes prioritize: a) Individual freedom b) Economic goals c) Political ideology d) Religious
rule. Correct Answer: b

98.

East Asian regimes have a strong belief in: a) A rejection of state control. b) Social harmony c) The
importance of individual liberty. d) A need for open political debate. Correct Answer: b

99.

East Asian regimes support: a) The complete separation of the government and the people. b) Strong
government c) Weak government. d) No government at all. Correct Answer: b

100.

Islamic regimes aim to construct a: a) Liberal democracy b) Theocracy c) Totalitarian state d) Military
dictatorship Correct Answer: b

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