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Programming
for Game
Design
A Hands-On Guide with Godot
—
Wallace Wang
Tonnetta Walcott
Programming for
Game Design
A Hands-On Guide with Godot
Wallace Wang
Tonnetta Walcott
Programming for Game Design: A Hands-On Guide with Godot
Wallace Wang Tonnetta Walcott
San Diego, CA, USA El Cajon, CA, USA
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
Firing a Projectile����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������307
Removing Projectiles����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������313
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������316
vii
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������503
viii
About the Authors
Wallace Wang has been writing computer books
for over 30 years, including Steal This Computer
Book, Microsoft Office for Dummies, Beginning
Programming for Dummies, Beginning iPhone
Development with SwiftUI, and The Structure
of Game Design, to name just a few. He created
the board game “Orbit War” for Steve Jackson
Games, which simulated satellite warfare in the
near future. He also writes screenplays and won
first place in Scriptapalooza’s 2023 screenwriting
competition.
ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone has more than 27 years
of experience in security, web/mobile
development, and cloud and IT architecture.
His true IT passions are security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching how
to program with Android, Perl, PHP, Java, VB,
Python, C/C++, and MySQL for more than 27
years. He holds a Master of Science degree
in Computing Science from the University
of Salerno, Italy. He has worked as chief
information security officer (CISO), software
engineer, chief security architect, security executive, and OT/IoT/IIoT
security leader and architect for many years.
xi
CHAPTER 1
Why Learn
Programming
with the Godot Game
Engine?
Many people want to learn programming because the idea of creating a
program can be fun and exciting. Although programming is a skill that
anyone can learn, far too many beginner programming books and courses
forget about making programming fun right from the start.
Programming appeals to people because they want to create projects
that are interesting and show off their programming skills. Unfortunately,
the time for novices to gain the necessary skills to achieve their dreams can
take way too long. The end result is that too many programming students
give up because they fail to see how the skills that they gradually learn can
be useful in achieving the dreams that they want to achieve.
It doesn’t have to be that way. Persistency and patience are key.
Programming is about trial and error; however, it comes with the reward of
successfully completing a task.
2
Chapter 1 Why Learn Programming with the Godot Game Engine?
Because the Godot game engine is free, runs on all the major platforms
(Windows, macOS, and Linux), and runs on older, slower computers, the
Godot game engine offers a perfect introduction to both programming and
video game development.
You won’t learn how to develop the next massively multiplayer AAA
game title from this book, but you will learn programming principles
and basics in a fun and engaging manner. Although Godot uses its own
proprietary programming language called GDScript, it’s based on Python
and C. That means learning GDScript will prepare students to learn other
programming languages in the future.
So if you’re interested in both programming and video games, this
book is for you. We’ll start with the basics of a video game, then focus
on programming principles common in all programming languages.
Finally, we’ll focus on the specifics to making 2D video games. By the
time you complete this book, you should have a solid understanding of
programming principles and video game development.
This book will make programming fun by teaching video game design
in an accessible, fun, and interesting step-by-step manner. When you
finish this book, you’ll be well on your way to creating more sophisticated
programs and more complex video games. This book can help open
the doors to the fun and excitement of programming and video game
development. After this book, the entire world of programming and video
game development will be open to you no matter what programming
language or game engine you choose next.
As the Chinese proverb states, “A journey of a thousand miles begins
with a single step.” Let this book be your first step and you’ll find that
programming can be just as fun and exciting as you always thought it
should be.
3
CHAPTER 2
Getting to Know
Godot
The best way to learn any new skill is to start practicing it and not be
afraid of making a mistake. To learn programming, you need to spend
time practicing on your computer, so before you go any further, download
and install the Godot game engine (https://godotengine.org) on your
computer. Once you’ve installed Godot, you won’t need to install any
other programs to write programs in Godot. Remember, practicing takes
time and patience in order to be good at something. Learning Godot is a
fresh start!
The main steps to using Godot involve creating, editing, and running a
project. A project represents a complete video game. Each time you want
to create a different video game, you’ll need to create a separate project.
Godot isolates projects by storing them in different folders. The more
projects that you create, the more you’ll understand the mechanisms of
Godot. Still, it would be wise to focus on one project at a time to avoid
overload.
Although projects represent a complete video game, you may want to
create projects to test out different ideas. For example, you might want to
create a project to test out a combat system and another project to test out
an inventory system. Separate projects let you experiment with different
ideas in isolation, making them easier and faster to test without worrying
about integrating with the rest of an existing project.
While you can create as many projects as you wish, you’ll most likely
spend the bulk of your time editing an existing project rather than creating
new projects. Editing a project involves several tasks. The first way to edit
any project is to add assets such as graphic items to represent players,
obstacles, or background images. The best part of the project is that you
can be as creative as you want with your assets to your game. There are
different ways to create or obtain assets with enough research, so you don’t
have to make everything yourself.
Once you’ve added assets to a project, a second way to edit a project is
to modify the assets such as defining their position on the game field, their
size, their orientation, and their appearance. Assets have both a physical
appearance and a spatial location that you can define. Take as much time
as you need to modify and position your assets in order to build a fun,
playable, and functional game.
The appearance and position of assets create a static image. To make
a project interactive, you’ll need to write scripts that define how an asset
should behave when your project runs. A script is a code or program
that gives instructions to make assets function in a certain way. You will
learn more about scripts later on throughout this book. For example, a
cartoon car might need to avoid running into trees, telephone poles, and
other cars. If that should happen, then the cartoon car needs to change its
appearance to show the results of the crash. In addition, the cartoon car
should also behave differently after it’s been damaged.
In Godot, such scripts are written in a proprietary language called
GDScript, which resembles the Python programming language. Scripts
let assets in a project respond to user control through a keyboard or touch
screen and interact with other game assets.
A cartoon spaceship might fire lasers that can destroy asteroids in
the way. This might require a script to control and fire lasers from the
spaceship and another script for the asteroid to detect when it’s been hit
by a laser. Essentially, scripts make assets interactive and controllable by
the user.
6
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
Editing a project lets you change the way the project looks and
behaves. To test if your project looks and works the way you want, you’ll
need to run the project periodically. These three steps (creating a project,
editing a project, and running a project) define the main actions you’ll take
while using Godot.
7
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
8
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
9
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
Once you’ve created at least one Godot project, you can open
that project at a later time. To open an existing Godot project, follow
these steps:
10
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
11
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
Figure 2-5. Look for the project.godot file stored in your Godot
project folder
12
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
13
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
Figure 2-6. Every Godot scene gets stored in a file with the .tscn file
extension
14
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
15
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
16
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
Figure 2-10. Typing in the Search text field filters out the list
of options
17
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
18
Chapter 2 Getting to Know Godot
19
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If it be asked why the Russians, with whom there were only some
twenty thousand Austrians, did not wait for their third army, under
Bennigsen, or reduce Bonaparte to the greatest perplexity, by taking
up a strong position in Hungary or Upper Silesia, or remaining
quietly upon the heights of Pratzen, the reply is, that the whole
system of supplies was bad, and that want had reached so great a
pitch, that it would have been impossible for them to remain. Certain
it is that they suffered themselves to be drawn down from the
heights, and away from Austerlitz, near Brünn, where the talents of
their generals were unable to devise any plan of battle which
Napoleon could not immediately oversee; it would have been
otherwise in the mountains. The French allege, that Napoleon had
long before fixed upon the very place in which the Russians offered
him battle at Austerlitz, on the 2nd of December, as his battle-field,
and laid all his plans accordingly. The possession of the heights of
Pratzen was regarded by those skilled in strategy as the key of this
battle-field. The Russians were in full possession of these heights,
with all their force, on the 1st of December; on the 2nd they
descended from them, when Bonaparte drew back one of the wings
of his army. He had long calculated on gaining the victory by the
possession of these heights, and thus rendering the retreat of the
Russians impossible. He did not, therefore, fail, in the very opening
of the battle, to seize upon them.
A column of the third Russian army, under Bennigsen, commanded
by Michelson, just arrived at the decisive moment when Napoleon
had also called to his aid Bernadotte’s corps, and when the
Bavarians were on their march from Budweis to Moravia; but none of
their leaders could lay any claim to the reputation of a commander
of genius. Napoleon’s proclamation to his army shows his full
confidence in his own superiority, as well as in that of his generals
and soldiers; and this confidence was fully realised on the bloody
field of Austerlitz on the 2nd of December.
It was not till the 6th of October that a formal demand was made
upon Sweden to close the ports of the Baltic against English ships
and trade. The king persevered in his alliance with England; and
finally, because the emperor of Russia had conferred upon Napoleon
the order of St. Andrew, he sent back his insignia; whereupon
Alexander not only returned his Swedish order, but quietly adopted
measures to take possession of Finland, whilst the Danes were
preparing, in concert with the French, to invade the western
provinces of Sweden. Although in the months of November and
December, Gustavus repeatedly declined the proposals of the
Russians for a union against England, everything went on in Sweden
as in times of the most profound peace; and even when the Russian
forces were collected on the very frontiers of Finland, the
unfortunate king adopted no measures of defence whatever. On the
21st of January he was, for the last time, called upon to declare war
against England; he replied by concluding a new alliance with her on
the 8th of February. On the 21st, the Russians invaded Finland,
without any specific declaration of war, and on the 14th of March,
1808, Denmark declared war against Sweden. The whole of Finland
as far as Vasa, the island of Åland, and even the islands of Gotland,
Åbo, Sveaborg, and all the fortresses, were taken possession of by
the Russians even before the Swedish army and fleet were prepared.
It was not till the end of April and beginning of May that a Swedish
army under Klingspor and Aldercreutz, supported by a Swedish fleet,
appeared in the field, and fought with various success.
We have lately seen Alexander take military possession of the
Danubian provinces as a “material guarantee,” whilst affecting not to
be at war with Turkey. This was in exact conformity with Russian
precedents. Finland, as we have said, was occupied without a
declaration of war; but manifestoes were issued by General
Buxhövden, one of which contained the following passage: “Good
neighbours, it is with the greatest regret that my most gracious
master, the emperor of all the Russias, sees himself forced to send
into your country the troops under my orders. But his majesty the
king of Sweden, whilst withdrawing more and more from the happy
alliance of the two greatest empires in the world, draws closer his
connections with the common enemy, whose oppressive system and
unparalleled conduct towards the most intimate allies of Russia and
of Sweden herself cannot be coolly endured by his imperial majesty.
These motives, as well as the regard which his imperial majesty
owes to the safety of his own states, oblige him to place your
country under his protection, and to take possession of it in order to
procure by these means a sufficient guarantee in case his Swedish
majesty should persevere in the resolution not to accept the
equitable conditions of peace that have been proposed to him, etc.”
When the Russians took possession of Finland, the king gave them
a pretence for incorporating it with their empire, which, however,
they would no doubt have done in any case. He caused Alopeus, the
Russian ambassador, to be arrested. This took place on the 3rd of
March, and on the 25th a declaration was published on the part of
the emperor of Russia, announcing to all the powers that “from that
moment he regards the part of Finland hitherto reputed Swedish,
and which his troops had only been able to occupy after divers
battles, as a province conquered by his arms, and that he unites it
forever to his empire.”
It was easy to anticipate that the superior force of the Russians
must in the end prevail; although the Russian garrison in Gotland,
and that in the island of Åland, were at first taken prisoners, the
island occupied, and the Russians beaten by land at Vasa on the
26th of July, and by sea at Roggerwick on the 26th of August. The
Swedes lost all the advantages they had thus gained by the bloody
battle fought at Ormais on the 14th of September, and by the defeat
at Lokalar on the 18th. The Russian generals, probably in order to
give courage to the malcontents, who were very numerous in
Sweden, issued orders not to receive any letters or any flags of truce
which were sent in the king’s name, and carried on negotiations with
the Swedish generals alone, for a suspension of arms, which was
concluded for an indefinite time, on the 20th of September, but only
continued till the 27th of October, when the Russians resumed
hostilities, and the Swedes were driven to the north, across the
Kemistrom. On the 20th of November a new truce was agreed upon
between the Swedish general Adlercreutz and the Russian general
Kamenskoi, with the reserve of fourteen days’ notice before renewal
of operations. By the conditions of this agreement the Swedes were
to evacuate the whole of Uleåborg, and to retire completely behind
the Kemistrom, with all their artillery, arms, and stores.
On the 13th of March in the following year a revolution was
effected in Sweden, by which Gustavus was deposed; his uncle, the
duke of Södermanland, became regent, and was afterwards
proclaimed king (June 5, 1809) under the title of Charles XIII. At
Stockholm the people flattered themselves that the dethronement of
Gustavus would speedily bring peace to Sweden; but it was not so.
Alexander refused to treat with a government so insecure as a
regency, and hostilities continued. General Knorring who had passed
the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice with twenty-five thousand Russians,
took possession of the Åland islands, and granted the Swedes a
cessation of hostilities, to allow them time to make overtures of
peace. Apprised of this arrangement, Barclay de Tolly, who had
crossed the gulf with another body of Russians towards Vasa, and
taken possession of Umeå, evacuated west Bothnia, and returned to
Finland. A third Russian army, under Shuvalov penetrated into west
Bothnia by the Torneå route, and compelled the Swedish army of the
north under Gripenberg to lay down their arms (March 25th). This
sanguinary affair occurred entirely through ignorance; because in
that country, lying under the 66th degree of north latitude, they
were not aware of the armistice granted by Knorring. On the expiry
of the truce, hostilities began again in May, and the Russians took
possession of the part of west Bothnia lying north of Umeå.
The peace between Russia and Sweden was signed at
Frederikshamm on the 17th of September. The latter power adhered
to the continental system, reserving to herself the importation of salt
and such colonial produce as she could not do without. She
surrendered Finland, with the whole of east Bothnia, and a part of
west Bothnia lying eastward of the river Torneå. The cession of
these provinces, which formed the granary of Sweden and contained
a population of 900,000 souls, was an irreparable loss to that
kingdom which had only 2,344,000 inhabitants left. In the following
year Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was elected crown prince of
Sweden, and eventual successor to the throne, under the name of
Charles John.
The loss of Finland had been but slightly retarded by some
advantages gained over the Russian fleet by the combined
squadrons of England and Sweden. The Russian vessels remained
blockaded on the coast of Esthonia, but in an unassailable position,
from which they were at last delivered by the weather and the
exigencies of navigation in those dangerous seas. Another Russian
fleet under Admiral Siniavin, which sailed to Portugal to co-operate
with the French against the English, was obliged to surrender to
Admiral Cotton after the convention of Cintra. It was afterwards
restored to Russia. The war declared by that power against England
in 1807, was little more than nominal, and was marked by no events
of importance.
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