Mathematics - Extended Part(M2)

Past Papers Questions

3. ALGEBRA AREA

1. Matrices and Determinants

(1991-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (4 marks)

a3 b3 c3
1. Factorize the determinant a b c .
1 1 1

(1992-AL-P MATH 1 #03) (7 marks)

(1 3) ( 1 λ)
1 0 −2 0
3. Let A = , B= .

(0 b)
a 0
If B −1 exists and B −1 A B = , find λ , a and b .

Hence find A 100 .

(1993-AL-P MATH 1 #06) (7 marks)

6. (a) Show that if A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that A T = − A , then det A = 0 .
(b) Given that
1 −2 74
B= 2 1 −67 ,
−74 67 1

use (a), or otherwise, to show det(I − B ) = 0 .

Hence deduce that det(I − B 4 ) = 0 .

(1994-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks)

(1 5) (1 1 )
3 8 2 −4
1. Let A = and P = .

Find P −1 A P .
Find A n , where n is a positive integer.

(1995-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks)

(0 b)
a 1
1. (a) Let A = where a , b ∈ R and a ≠ b .

an − bn
an
Prove that An = a −b for all positive integers n .
0 bn

95

(0 3)
1 2
(b) Hence, or otherwise, evaluate .

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(1996-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks)

0 0 −2
(1 0 3 )
1. Let A = 1 2 1 .

Evaluate A 3 − 5A 2 + 8A − 4I .
Hence, or otherwise, find A −1 .

(1997-AL-P MATH 1 #07) (7 marks)

7. (a) Let A be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix. Show that
x3
det (A −1 − x I) = − det (A − x −1I) .
det A
0 1 0
(4 −17 8)
(b) Let A = 0 0 1 .

Show that 4 is a root of det(A − x I ) = 0 and hence find the other roots in surd form.

Solve det (A −1 − x I) = 0 .

(1998-AL-P MATH 1 #09) (15 marks)

(c d)
a b
9. Let A = where a , b , c , d ∈ R , a ≠ 0 and det A = 0 .

(k a k b)
a b
(a) Show that A = for some k ∈ R .

( r 1) ( 0 0)
1 0 α β
(b) Find P in the form of such that PA = for some α , β ∈ R .

(0 1) (0 0)
1 s γ 0
If a + d ≠ 0 , find Q in the form of such that PQ P −1Q = for some γ ∈ R .

(6 14) (0 0)
3 7 λ 0
(c) Find S such that S S −1 = for some λ ∈ R .

(6 14)
3 7
Hence, or otherwise, evaluate where n is a positive integer.

(1999-AL-P MATH 1 #09) (15 marks)

9. (a) Let A and B be two square matrices of the same order. If A B = B A = 0 , show that
(A + B )n = A n + B n for any positive integer n .

(0 0)
where a , b are not both zero. If B = (
r s)
a b p q
(b) Let A = , show that A B = B A = 0 if and

only if p = r = 0 and a q + bs = 0 .

(0 z)
x y
(c) Let C = where x , z are non-zero and distinct. Find non-zero matrices D and E such that

C = D + E and DE = E D = 0 .
99

(0 1)
2 5
(d) Evaluate .

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(2000-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (5 marks)

1 0 0
1. Let M = λ b a where b 2 + a c = 1 . Show by induction that
μ c −b

1 0 0
M 2n = [
n λ (1 + b) + μ a ] 1 0 for all positive integers n .
n [λ c + μ(1 − b)] 0 1

1 0 0 2000
( 1 −4 −3)
Hence or otherwise, evaluate −2 3 2 .

(2002-AL-P MATH 1 #12) (15 marks)

12. (a) Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that
A3 + A2 + A + I = 0 ,
where I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
(i) Prove that A has an inverse, and find A −1 in terms of A .
(ii) Prove that A 4 = I .
3 2
(iii) Prove that (A −1) + (A −1) + A −1 + I = 0 .

(iv) Find a 3 × 3 invertible matrix B such that B 3 + B 2 + B + I ≠ 0 .

1 1 1
(−1 0 −1)
(b) Let X = −1 −1 0 .

(i) Using (a)(i) or otherwise, find X −1 .

(ii) Let n be a positive integer. Find X n .
(iii) Find two 3 × 3 matrices Y and Z , other than X , such that Y 3 + Y 2 + Y + I = 0 ,
Z3 + Z 2 + Z + I = 0 .

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(2003-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks)

−2 − α 3
8. (a) If det = 0 , find the two values of α .
3 −α

(b) Let α1 and α 2 be the values obtained in (a), where α1 < α2 . Find θ1 and θ2 such that

( sin θ1 ) (0)
−2 − α1 3 cos θ1 0
= , 0 ≤ θ1 < π ,
3 −α1

( sin θ2 ) (0)
−2 − α2 3 cos θ2 0
= , 0 ≤ θ2 < π .
3 −α2

( sin θ1 sin θ2 )
cos θ1 cos θ2
Let P = . Evaluate P n , where n is a positive integer.

( 0 d 2)
−2 3 d1 0
Prove that P −1 P is a matrix of the form .
3 0

n
−2 3
(c) Evaluate , where n is a positive integer.
3 0

(2004-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks)

( k β +k )
α −k α −β −k
8. Let A = , where α , β , k ∈ R with α ≠ β .

1 1
Define X = (A − βI ) and Y = (A − α I ) , where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
α −β β −α

(a) Evaluate XY , YX , X + Y , X 2 and Y 2 .

(b) Prove that A n = α n X + β nY for all positive integers n .
2004

(2 3)
5 4
(c) Evaluate .

(d) If α and β are non-zero real numbers, guess an expression for A −1 in terms of α , β , X and Y ,
and verify it.

(2007-AL-P MATH 1 #05) (6 marks)

(0 β)
α 0
5. Let P be a non-singular 2 × 2 real matrix and Q = , where α and β are two distinct real numbers.

Define M = P −1Q P and denote the 2 × 2 identity matrix by I .

(a) Find real numbers λ and μ , in terms of α and β , such that M 2 = λ M + μ I .

(b) Prove that det (M 2 + α βI) = α β (α + β )2 .

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(2011-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks)

( b 4 − a) (b 1 )
4−b a a −1
8. (a) Let A = be a real matrix and P = , where a b > 0 .

(i) Prove that P is a non-singular matrix.

(ii) Evaluate P −1 A P .

( 0 d 2)
d1 0
(iii) For any positive integer n , find d1 and d 2 such that A n = P P −1 .

(1 0)
3 4
(b) Let B = . For any positive integer n , find B + B 3 + B 5 + . . . + B 2n−1 .

(SP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #10) (8 marks)

( sin θ cos θ )
cos θ −sin θ
10. Let 0∘ < θ < 180∘ and define A = .

(a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that

( sin n θ cos n θ )
cos n θ −sin n θ
An =

for all positive integers n .

(b) Solve sin 3θ + sin 2θ + sin θ = 0 .

(0 a)
a 0
(c) It is given that A 3 + A 2 + A = .

Find the value(s) of a .

(SP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
(1 0 1) (1 1 1) (0 0 2)
11. Let A = 1 1 0 , P = 0 1 1 and D = 0 1 0 .

(a) Let I and O be the 3 × 3 identity matrix and zero matrix respectively.
(i) Prove that P 3 − 2P 2 − P + I = 0 .
(ii) Using the result of (i), or otherwise, find P −1 .
(b) (i) Prove that D = P −1 A P .
(ii) Prove that D and A are non-singular.
100
(iii) Find (D −1) .

100
Hence, or otherwise, find (A −1) .

(PP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #05) (6 marks)

5. (a) It is given that cos(x + 1) + cos(x − 1) = k cos x for any real x . Find the value of k .
cos 1 cos 2 cos 3
(b) Without using a calculator, find the value of cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 .
cos 7 cos 8 cos 9

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(PP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (14 marks)

( 1 0 )
α + β −α β
11. Let A = where α and β are distinct real numbers. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix.

(a) Show that A 2 = (α + β )A − α βI .

(b) Using (a), or otherwise, show that (A − α l )2 = (β − α)(A − α l ) and (A − βI )2 = (α − β )(A − βI ) .
(c) Let X = s (A − α l ) and Y = t (A − βI ) where s and t are real numbers.
Suppose A = X + Y .
(i) Find s and t in terms of α and β .
(ii) For any positive integer n , prove that
βn αn
Xn = (A − α l ) and Y n = (A − βI ) .
β −α α −β

(iii) For any positive integer n , express A n in the form of p A + ql , where p and q are real numbers.
( Note: It is known that for any 2 × 2 matrices H and K ,

(0 0)
0 0
if HK = K H = , then (H + K )n = H n + K n for any positive integer n. )

(2012-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (13 marks)

11. (a) Solve the equation
1−x 4
= 0 ......................................... (*)
2 3−x

Let x1 , x 2 ( x1 < x 2 ) be the roots of (*). Let P = (

b 1)
a c
(b) . It is given that

(2 3) (b) (2 3) (1)
= x1 ( ) , = x 2 ( ) and
1 4 a a 1 4 c c
P =1 .
b 1

where a , b and c are constants.

(i) Find P .

(2 3)
1 4
(ii) Evaluate P −1 P .

12

(2 3)
1 4
(iii) Using (b)(ii), evaluate .

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(2013-AL-P MATH 1 #11) (15 marks)

(−2 a + 3)
a −2
11. (a) Define A = , where a ∈ R .

(−2) (−2) (1) (1)

1 1 b b
Let λ , μ ∈ R and b > 0 such that A =λ and A =μ .

(i) Express λ in terms of a .

(ii) Prove that b = 2 and express μ in terms of a .

(−2 1)
1 2
(iii) Define M = . Denote the transpose of M by M T .

(1) Evaluate M T M .
1
(2) Using mathematical induction, prove that A n = M D n M T for any n ∈ N ,
5

(0 μ)
λ 0
where D = .

(b) Let x , y ∈ R .
2013

(−2 6 ) (y) = 0 , then x = y = 0 .

3 −2 x
(i) Prove that if (x y)

2013

(−2 4 ) (y) = 0 , then x = y = 0 . Do you agree? Explain

1 −2 x
(ii) Someone claims that if (x y)

your answer.

(2013-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (5 marks)

1 k 0
8. Let M be the matrix 0 1 1 , where k ≠ 0 .
k 0 0

(a) Find M −1 .
x 2
( z ) (1)
(b) If M 1 = 2 , find the value of k .

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(2013-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #13) (13 marks)

(c d)
a b
13. For any matrix M = , define tr(M ) = a + d .

(0 3)
1 0
Let A and B be 2 × 2 matrices such that B A B −1 = .

(g h )
e f
(a) (i) For any matrix N = , prove that tr(M N ) = tr(N M ) .

(ii) Show that tr(A) = 4 .

(iii) Find the value of A .

Let C = (
r s)
. It is given that C (y) = λ1 (y) and C (y) = λ 2 (y) for some
p q x x x x
(b)

non-zero matrices (y) and distinct scalars λ1 and λ 2 .

x

p − λ1 q p − λ2 q
(i) Prove that = 0 and =0 .
r s − λ1 r s − λ2

(ii) Prove that λ1 and λ 2 are the roots of the equation λ 2 − tr(C ) ⋅ λ + C = 0 .

Find the two values of λ such that A (y) = λ (y) for some non-zero matrices (y) .
x x x
(c)

(2014-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #07) (7 marks)

1 0 1
(1 0 1)
7. Let A = 0 2 0 .

(a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that for all positive integer n , A n+1 = 2n A .
(b) Using the result of (a), Willy proceeds in the following way:

Explain why Willy arrives at a wrong conclusion.

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(2014-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #12) (11 marks)

( 1 0) (−1 1)
k −1 k 1 p
12. Let M = and A = , where k and p are real numbers and p ≠ − 1 .

(a) (i) Find A −1 in terms of p .

(0 k )
−1 k − p
(ii) Show that A −1 M A = .

(iii) Suppose p = k . Using (ii), find M n in terms of k and n , where n is a positive integer.

(b) A sequence is defined by

x1 = 0 , x 2 = 1 and x n = x n−1 + 2x n−2 for n = 3 , 4 , 5 ...

(x n−1) (1 0) (x n−2)
xn 1 2 x n−1
It is known that this sequence can be expressed in the matrix form = .

Using the result of (a)(iii), express x n in terms of n .

(2015-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #06) (6 marks)

6. (a) Let M be a 3 × 3 real matrix such that M T = − M , where M T is the transpose of M . Prove that
M =0 .

−1 a b
(b) Let A = −a −1 −8 , where a and b are real numbers. Denote that 3 × 3 identity matrix by I .
−b 8 −1

(i) Using (a), or otherwise, prove that A+I = 0 .

(ii) Someone claims that A 3 + I is a singular matrix. Do you agree: Explain your answer.

(2015-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

11. (a) Let λ and μ be real numbers such that μ − λ ≠ 2 . Denote the 2 × 2 identity matrix by I .

(λ − μ + 1 μ)
1 1 λ 1
Define A = (I − μ I + M ) and B = (I + λ I − M ) , where M = .
λ −μ +2 λ −μ +2

(i) Evaluate AB , BA and A + B .

(ii) Prove that A 2 = A and B 2 = B .
(iii) Prove that M n = (λ + 1)n A + (μ − 1)n B for all positive integers n .
315

(0 6)
4 2
(b) Using (a), or otherwise, evaluate .

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(2016-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (8 marks)

8. Let n be a positive integer.

(1 1)
1 0
(a) Define A = . Evaluate

(i) A2 ,
(ii) An ,
n
(A ) .
(iii) −1

(b) Evaluate
n−1
2k ,
∑
(i)
k=0
n

(1 2)
1 0
(ii) .

(2017-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #12) (12 marks)

(0 3)
3 1
12. Let A = . Denote the 2 × 2 identity matrix by I .

(0 0)
0 1
(a) Using mathematical induction, prove that A n = 3n I + 3n−1n for all positive integers n .

(−4 1)
5 1
(b) Let B = .

( 2 −1)
−1 0
(i) Define P = . Evaluate P −1BP .

(−4 −2)
2 1
(ii) Prove that B n = 3n I + 3n−1n for any positive integer n .

(iii) Does there exist a positive integer m such that A m − B m = 4m 2 ? Explain your answer.

(2018-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #7) (8 marks)

(−1 5) (b c )
7 3 a 6a
7. Define M = . Let X = be a non-zero real matrix such that M X = X M .

(a) Express b and c in terms of a .

(b) Prove that X is a non-singular matrix.
−1
(c) Denote the transpose of X be X T . Express (X T) in terms of a .

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(2019-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #02) (5 marks)

x +λ 1 2
2
2. Let P(x) = 0 (x + λ) 3 , where λ ∈ R . It is given that the coefficient of x 3 in the
4 5 (x + λ)3

expansion of P(x) is 160 . Find

(a) λ ,
(b) P′(0) .

(2019-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

(−1 −6)
2 7
11. Let M = . Denote the 2 × 2 identity matrix by I .

(a) Find a pair of real numbers a and b such that M 2 = a M + bI .

(b) Prove that 6M n = (1 − (−5)n )M + (5 + (−5)n )I for all positive integers n .
1
(c) Does there exist a pair of 2 × 2 real matrices A and B such that (M n )−1 = A + B for all positive
(−5) n
integers n ? Explain your answer.

(2020-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (8 marks)

( 15 6 ) (0 0) (b c)
−5 −2 1 0 1 a
8. Define P = and Q = . Let M = such that M = 1 and PM = MQ , where a ,

b and c are real numbers.

(a) Find a , b and c .

(−15 −5)
6 2
(b) Define R = .

(i) Evaluate M −1R M .

99
(ii) Using the result of (b)(i), prove that (α P + βR) = α 99 P + β 99 R for any real numbers α and β .

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(2021-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

(−cos θ sin θ )
sin θ cos θ π
11. Define P = , where <θ <π .
2

( β −α)
α β
(a) Let A = , where α, β ∈ R .

(−β cos 2θ − α sin 2θ α cos 2θ − β sin 2θ )

−α cos 2θ + β sin 2θ −β cos 2θ − α sin 2θ
Prove that PA P −1 = .

1 3
(b) Let B = .
3 −1

(0 μ)
λ 0
(i) Find θ such that PBP −1 = , where λ , μ ∈ R .

(−1)n + 3 3(−1)n+1 + 3
(ii) Using the result of (b)(i), prove that B n = 2n−2 for any
3(−1)n+1 + 3 3(−1)n + 1

positive integer n .
555
(iii) Evaluate (B −1) .

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ANSWERS

(1991-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (4 marks) (1998-AL-P MATH 1 #09) (15 marks)

1. (a − c)(b − c)(a − b)(a + b + c) −b
(−k 1)
1 0 1
9. (b) P = , Q = a + kb
(1992-AL-P MATH 1 #03) (7 marks) 0 1

3. λ can be any non-zero number. 3 7

a =1 , b =3 (c) S = 17 17
1 0 −2 1
A 100 = 3100 − 1 100

(6 ⋅ 17n−1 14 ⋅ 17n−1)
3 3 ⋅ 17n−1 7 ⋅ 17n−1
2 An =

(1993-AL-P MATH 1 #06) (7 marks) (1999-AL-P MATH 1 #09) (15 marks)

xy −y z
x 0
(1994-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks) 9. (c) D= x −z , E = x −z

(0 1)
7 0 0 0 0 z
1. P −1 A P =
299 5 (299 − 1)
(0 )
6 ( 7n − 1 4 ⋅ 7n + 2)
1 2 ⋅ 7n + 4 8 ⋅ 7n − 8 (d)
An = 1

(2000-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (5 marks)

(1995-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks)
1 0 0
(0 395 )
1 395 − 1
1. (b) 1. −6000 1 0
6000 0 1

(1996-AL-P MATH 1 #01) (6 marks)

(2002-AL-P MATH 1 #12) (15 marks)
0 0 0
(0 0 0) A −1 = − (A 2 + A + I)
1. A 3 − 5A 2 + 8A − 4I = 0 0 0 12. (a) (i)

(iv) I
1 6 0 4
4(
−2 0 0 )
A −1 = −2 2 −2 −1 −1 −1
(1 0)
(b) (i) 1 0 1
1
1 0 0 1 1 1
(0 0 1) (−1 0 −1)
(1997-AL-P MATH 1 #07) (7 marks) (ii) 0 1 0 , −1 −1 0 ,
7. (b) The other roots = 2 ± 3
1 −1 0 0
( 0 −1 0 )
x = or 2 ± 3
4 0 0 −1 ,

−1 −1 −1
(1 0)
1 0 1
1

(iii) −I or X 3

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(2003-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks) (SP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #10) (8 marks)

8. (a) α = 1 or α = − 3 π 2π
10. (b) ,
2 3
− 3 1
(c) a = − 1 or 0
2 2
(b) Pn = if n is odd.
1 3
2 2 (SP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)
0 −1 1
(1 0 0)
11. (a) (ii) P −1 = −1 1 0

(0 1)
1 0
Pn = if n is even.
1 0 0
100 0 1 0
(D )
( 0 1)
−2 3 −3 0 (b) (iii) −1 =
P −1 P= 1
3 0 0 0
2100
(c)
1
0 0
( )
1
1 + (−1)n 3n+1 32 1 + (−1)n+13n 2100
100 1
(A )
−1 =
4 4 −1 1 0
2100
(1 + (−1) ) 3 (1 + (−1)n 3n−1)
1
32 n+13n
1
−1 0 1
4 4 2100

(2004-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks) (PP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #05) (6 marks)

(0 0) (0 0)
0 0 0 0 5. (a) k = 2 cos 1
8. (a) XY = , YX =
(b) 0

X + Y = I , X2 = X , Y 2 = Y
(PP-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (14 marks)
2( 72004 )+1 2( 72004 )−2 β α
11. (c) (i) s= , t =
(c) 3 3 β −α α −β
72004 − 1 72004 + 2 α n − βn α βn − α nβ
(iii) An = A+ I
3 3 α −β α −β

1 1
(d) A −1 = X+ Y (2012-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (13 marks)
α β
11. (a) x = − 1 or 5
2
(2007-AL-P MATH 1 #05) (6 marks) 1
3
5. (a) λ = α + β , μ = − αβ (b) (i)
−1
1
3
(2011-AL-P MATH 1 #08) (15 marks)

(0 4 − a − b) ( 0 5)
4 0 −1 0
8. (a) (ii) (ii)

(iii) d1 = 4n , d 2 = (4 − a − b)n 512 + 2 2 ⋅ 512 − 2

(b) 3 3
(iii)
512 − 1 2 ⋅ 512 + 1
75 ( 42n+1 + 15n − 4 42n+1 − 60n − 4 )
1 42n+2 − 15n − 16 42n+2 + 60n − 16
3 3

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(2013-AL-P MATH 1 #11) (15 marks) (2016-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (8 marks)

(2 1)
11. (a) (i) λ =a+4 1 0
8. (a) (i)
(iii) (1) 5I

(n 1)
1 0
(ii)
(2013-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (5 marks)
0 0 k
(−n 1)
1 1 0
8. (a) M −1 = k 0 −1 (iii)
k2
−k k 2 1
(b) (i) 2n − 1
(b) 1
(2n − 1 2n)
1 0
(ii)

(2013-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #13) (13 marks)

13. (a) (iii) 3
(2017-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #12) (12 marks)
(c) 1 or 3
12. (b) (i) A

(2014-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #07) (7 marks)

(2018-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #7) (8 marks)
7. (b) A =0
7. (a) b = − 2a , c = − 3a

9a (−6 1)
1 −3 2
(2014-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #12) (11 marks) (c)

1 + p (1 1 )
1 1 −p
12. (a) (i) A −1 =
(2019-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #02) (5 marks)
(iii) 2. (a) 2
k n+1 + (−1)n k n+1 + (−1)n+1k
1 + k (k n + (−1)n+1 k n + (−1)n k )
1 (b) 145
Mn =

(2019-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

2n−1 + (−1)n−2
(b) xn = 11. (a) a =−4 , b =5
3
(c) Yes

6 (−1 −1) 6(1 7)

1 7 7 1 −1 −7
(2015-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #06) (6 marks) A= , B=
6. (b) (ii) A 3 + I = 0 , agreed.

(2020-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #08) (8 marks)

(2015-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks) 8. (a) a=2 , b =−3 , c =−5

(0 0) (0 0) (0 1)
0 0 0 0 0 0
11. (a) (i) AB = , BA = (b) (i) M −1R M =

(0 1)
1 0
A+B =
(2021-DSE-MATH-EP(M2) #11) (12 marks)

( 0 6315 )
2630 6315 − 2630 5π
(b) 11. (b) (i)
6

1 1 3
(iii)
2556 3 −1

185
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